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Jing XY, Jiang F, Li DZ. Unmasking a recessive allele by a deletion: Early prenatal diagnosis of Bardet-Biedl syndrome in a Chinese family. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2021; 61:138-139. [PMID: 33580594 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yi Jing
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Li
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Refined premature chromosome condensation (G 0-PCC) with cryo-preserved mitotic cells for rapid radiation biodosimetry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13498. [PMID: 34188100 PMCID: PMC8242027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic cell fusion induced Premature Chromosome Condensation (G0-PCC) assay in human lymphocytes allows rapid detection of cytogenetic damage in interphase stage, within few hours after blood collection. Hence, it is the most suitable method for rapid and high dose biodosimetry. Mitotic cells, used for G0-PCC could be either freshly isolated or previously cryo-preserved. However, under emergency scenarios, only cryo-preserved cells can be relied upon, fresh isolation will only delay the process by 18–24 h. Impact of cryopreservation on mitotic cells and their efficacy to induce PCC are not reported. In the present study, we investigated effect of cryopreservation on mitotic cells and refined the parameters for G0-PCC. More than 95% of the cells were recoverable after 4 months of cryopreservation, within 20 min recovery at 37 °C, without significant change in the mitotic index or viability. Recovered mitotic cells have shown mitotic index of 89 ± 4% and viability of 90 ± 4%, similar to that of freshly isolated cells. Decrease in metaphases was observed within 40 min after recovery as the mitotic cells progressed through cell cycle and reduced to 21% at 1 h. Nevertheless, in presence of Colcemid, the cells progressed slowly and considerably high metaphase index (60%) persisted up to ~ 2 h. The recovered cells efficiently fused with lymphocytes and induced PCC. Average PCC index varied from 10 to 20%, which did not change with cryopreservation duration. Post fusion incubation duration of 2 h was found to be optimum for proper chromosome condensation. In conclusion, use of cryo-preserved mitotic cells is the most practical approach for rapid biodosimetry. The cells can be recovered quickly and efficiently without alteration in viability or mitotic index. Recovered cells are fully competent to induce G0-PCC.
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3
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Rare chromosomal aberrations detected in children with multiple congenital anomalies: utility of multiple ligation dependant probe amplification for developing countries. Clin Dysmorphol 2021; 30:125-129. [PMID: 33859080 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations are an important cause of multiple malformation syndromes. Multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) a molecular cytogenetic technique has been suggested as a screening tool for the detection of chromosomal aberrations in resource-limited settings. MLPA can detect chromosomal microdeletions or duplications at approximately 40 chromosomal regions in a single experiment. Several MLPA kits are available to target the chromosomal regions of interest. In the present study, we aimed to detect the yield and utility of MLPA in a cohort of children with multiple malformations and developmental delay. MLPA was performed using kits P245, P070 and P036. The overall yield of MLPA in our cohort was 8%. The manuscript describes very rare and interesting cases of congenital anomalies, such as severe buphthalmos and biphalangeal fingers with a chromosomal etiology. The study demonstrates the usefulness of MLPA as screening technique for chromosomal aberrations in children with multiple malformation syndromes, especially for developing countries such as India.
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4
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Chen Q, Xu Z, Chen G, Liu S, Xia Y. Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of three chromosomal abnormalities with favorable outcomes. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 59:338-341. [PMID: 32127162 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here we present three cases of chromosomal abnormalities with favorable outcomes. CASE REPORT In Case 1, conventional karyotyping revealed a karyotype of 46, XY,t(7; 14) (q35; q13)[4]/46,XY[26]. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis revealed no genomic imbalance. In Case 2, conventional karyotyping revealed a norma karyotype but aCGH analysis revealed a 3.2M chromosomal duplication (13q12.11q12.12(22, 073, 046_25, 230, 759)x3). In Case 3, aCGH analysis revealed a 5.5M chromosomal deletion (9q21.13q21.32 (78, 645, 382_84, 115, 555) x1). In all three cases, ultrasound examination showed no dysmorphisms and intrauterine growth restrictions (IUGRs) in the fetus. All three pregnancies resulted in phenotypically normal babies. CONCLUSION Chromosomal abnormalities may be associated with favorable outcomes. Combining conventional karyotyping, aCGH analysis and ultrasound results can provide a more accurate risk assessment for pregnant women with advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuqing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, Hubei, PR China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Shiyan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yanzhi Xia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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5
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The genomic landscape of CAKUT; you gain some, you lose some. Kidney Int 2020; 96:267-269. [PMID: 31331462 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Lopatkina ME, Lebedev IN. Transcriptome Analysis as a Tool for Investigation of Pathogenesis of Chromosomal Diseases. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Towards New Approaches to Evaluate Dynamic Mosaicism in Ring Chromosome 13 Syndrome. Case Rep Genet 2020; 2019:7250838. [PMID: 31976095 PMCID: PMC6949681 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7250838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with ring chromosome 13 may show characteristics observed in a deletion syndrome and could present a set of dismorphies along with intellectual disability, according to chromosomal segments involved in the genetic imbalance. Nevertheless, ring anomalies likewise is called "dynamic mosaicism", phenomena triggered by the inner instability concerning the ring structure, thus leading to the establishment of different cell clones with secondary aberrations. Phenotypic features, such as growth failure and other anomalies in patients with this condition have been associated with an inherent ring chromosome mitotic instability, while recent studies offer evidence on a role played by the differential loss of genes implicated in development. Here, we observed similar mosaicism rates and specific gene loss profile among three individuals with ring chromosome 13 using GTW-banding karyotype analyses along with FISH and CGH-array approaches. Karyotypes results were: patient 1-r(13)(p13q32.3), patient 2-r(13)(p11q33.3), and patient 3-r(13)(p12q31.1). Array-CGH has revealed qualitative genetic differences among patients in this study and it was elusive in precise chromosomal loss statement, ranging from 13 Mb, 6.8 Mb, and 30 Mb in size. MIR17HG and ZIC2 loss was observed in a patient with digital anomalies, severe growth failure, microcephaly and corpus callosum agenesis while hemizygotic EFNB2 gene loss was identified in two patients, one of them with microphtalmia. According to these findings, it can be concluded that specific hemizygotic loss of genes related to development, more than dynamic mosaicism, may be causative of congenital anomalies shown in patients with ring 13 chromosome.
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8
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Long-read sequencing for rare human genetic diseases. J Hum Genet 2019; 65:11-19. [PMID: 31558760 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, the search for pathogenic mutations in rare human genetic diseases has involved huge efforts to sequence coding regions, or the entire genome, using massively parallel short-read sequencers. However, the approximate current diagnostic rate is <50% using these approaches, and there remain many rare genetic diseases with unknown cause. There may be many reasons for this, but one plausible explanation is that the responsible mutations are in regions of the genome that are difficult to sequence using conventional technologies (e.g., tandem-repeat expansion or complex chromosomal structural aberrations). Despite the drawbacks of high cost and a shortage of standard analytical methods, several studies have analyzed pathogenic changes in the genome using long-read sequencers. The results of these studies provide hope that further application of long-read sequencers to identify the causative mutations in unsolved genetic diseases may expand our understanding of the human genome and diseases. Such approaches may also be applied to molecular diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for patients with genetic diseases in the future.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Y. Iourov
- Yurov's Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenomics of the Brain, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow 117152, Russian Federation
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10
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A survey of undetected, clinically relevant chromosome abnormalities when replacing postnatal karyotyping by Whole Genome Sequencing. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 62:103543. [PMID: 30248410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) holds the potential to identify pathogenic gene mutations, copy number variation, uniparental disomy and structural rearrangements in a single genetic test. With its high diagnostic yield and decreasing costs, the question arises whether WGS can serve as a single test for all referrals to diagnostic genome laboratories ("one test fits all"). Here, we provide an estimate for the proportion of clinically relevant aberrations identified by light microscopy in postnatal referrals that would go undetected by WGS. To this end, we compiled the clinically relevant abnormal findings for each of the different referral categories in our laboratory during the period 2006-2015. We assumed that WGS would be performed on 300-500 bp DNA fragments with 150-bp paired sequence reads, and that the mean genome coverage is 30x, corresponding to current practice. For the detection of chromosomal mosaicism we set minimum thresholds of 10% for monosomy and 20% for trisomy. Based on the literature we assumed that balanced Robertsonian translocations and ∼9% of other, balanced chromosome rearrangements would not be detectable because of breakpoints in sequences of repetitive DNA. Based on our analysis of all 14,957 referrals, including 1455 abnormal cases, we show that at least 8.1% of these abnormalities would escape detection (corresponding to 0.79% of all referrals). The highest rate occurs in referrals of premature ovarian failure, as 73.3% of abnormalities would not be identified because of the frequent occurrence of low-level sex chromosome mosaicism. Among referrals of recurrent miscarriage, 25.6% of abnormalities would go undetected, mainly because of a high proportion of balanced Robertsonian translocations. In referrals of mental retardation (with or without multiple congenital anomalies) the abnormality would be missed in only 0.35% of referrals. These include cases without imbalances of unique DNA sequences but of clinical relevance, as for example, r(20) epilepsy syndrome. The expected shift to large-scale implementation of WGS ("one test fits most") as initial genetic test will be beneficial to patients and their families, since a cause for the clinical phenotype can be identified in more cases by a single genetic test at an early phase in the diagnostic process. However, a niche for genome analysis by light microscopy will remain. For example, in referrals of newborns with a suspicion of Down syndrome, karyotyping is not only a cost-effective method for providing a quick diagnosis, but also discriminates between trisomy 21 and a Robertsonian translocation involving chromosome 21. Thus, when replacing karyotyping by WGS, one must be aware of the rates and spectra of undetected abnormalities. In addition, it is equally important that requirements for cytogenetic follow-up studies are recognized.
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3D Genome Organization Influences the Chromosome Translocation Pattern. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1044:113-133. [PMID: 29956294 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0593-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent imaging, molecular, and computational modeling studies have greatly enhanced our knowledge of how eukaryotic chromosomes are folded in the nuclear space. This work has begun to reveal how 3D genome structure contributes to various DNA-mediated metabolic activities such as replication, transcription, recombination, and repair. Failure of proper DNA repair can lead to the chromosomal translocations observed in human cancers and other diseases. Questions about the role of 3D genome structure in translocation mechanisms have interested scientists for decades. Recent applications of imaging and Chromosome Conformation Capture approaches have clarified the influence of proximal positioning of chromosomal domains and gene loci on the formation of chromosomal translocations. These approaches have revealed the importance of 3D genome structure not only in translocation partner selection, but also in repair efficiency, likelihood of DNA damage, and the biological implications of translocations. This chapter focuses on our current understanding of the role of 3D genome structure in chromosome translocation formation and its potential implications in disease outcome.
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12
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Osio D, Rankin J, Koillinen H, Reynolds A, Van Esch H. Interstitial microdeletion of 17q11.2 is associated with hypotonia, fatigue, intellectual disability, and a subtle facial phenotype in three unrelated patients. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:209-213. [PMID: 29130599 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade chromosomal microarray analysis (array CGH) has allowed the discovery of many novel disease-causing recurrent microdeletion and microduplication syndromes. Here we present three unrelated patients (2F; 1M) from three different countries, with developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, fatigue, and highly similar dysmorphic facial features. Shared facial features are a broad and wide forehead, similar shape of the eyes with long palpebral fissures, a bulbous tip of the nose and thick lips. Intellectual disabilities range from mild to severe. One female patient and the male patient were investigated in childhood for significant hypotonia thought to be suggestive of a neuromuscular disorder. The two female patients also show excessive fatigue with daytime somnolence. The patients carry overlapping, de novo microdeletions of chromosome 17q11.2, with sizes ranging from 0.97 to 1.18 Mb. The smallest region of overlap (SRO) between the three patients is 863 kb, and contains seven genes, five of which are predicted to exhibit haploinsufficiency (CDK5R1, PSMD11, RHOT1, SUZ12, ZNF207) although none has yet been associated with genetic syndromes. Of these five genes, the brain expressed CDK5R1 gene constitutes a good candidate for the developmental delay, while the RHOT1 gene, involved in mitochondrial trafficking, might underlie the hypotonia and the excessive fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Osio
- The West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Julia Rankin
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Hannele Koillinen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Central, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adele Reynolds
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Podolska A, Kobelt A, Fuchs S, Hackmann K, Rump A, Schröck E, Kutsche K, Di Donato N. Functional monosomy of 6q27-qter and functional disomy of Xpter-p22.11 due to X;6 translocation with an atypical X-inactivation pattern. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1334-1341. [PMID: 28371302 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pattern of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is typically random in females. However, chromosomal rearrangements affecting the X chromosome can result in XCI skewing due to cell growth disadvantage. In case of an X;autosome translocation, this usually leads to an XCI pattern of 100:0 with the derivative X being the active one in the majority of females. A de novo balanced X;6 translocation [46,X,t(X;6)(p22.1;q27)] and a completely skewed XCI pattern (100:0) were detected in a female patient with microcephaly, cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, heart defect, and severe developmental delay. We mapped the breakpoint regions using fluorescence in situ hybridization and found the X-linked gene POLA1 to be disrupted. POLA1 codes for the catalytic subunit of the polymerase α-primase complex which is responsible for initiation of the DNA replication process; absence of POLA1 is probably incompatible with life. Consequently, by RBA banding we determined which of the X chromosomes was the active one in the patient. In all examined lymphocytes the wild-type X chromosome was active. We propose that completely skewed XCI favoring the normal X chromosome resulted from death of cells with an active derivative X that was caused by a non-functional POLA1 gene. In summary, we conclude that functional monosomy of 6q27-qter and functional disomy of Xpter-p22.11 are responsible for the clinical phenotype of the patient. This case demonstrates the importance of determining which one of the X chromosomes underwent inactivation to correlate clinical features of a female with an X;autosome translocation with the nature of the genetic alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Podolska
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sigrid Fuchs
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl Hackmann
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Rump
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Evelin Schröck
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Middelkamp S, van Heesch S, Braat AK, de Ligt J, van Iterson M, Simonis M, van Roosmalen MJ, Kelder MJE, Kruisselbrink E, Hochstenbach R, Verbeek NE, Ippel EF, Adolfs Y, Pasterkamp RJ, Kloosterman WP, Kuijk EW, Cuppen E. Molecular dissection of germline chromothripsis in a developmental context using patient-derived iPS cells. Genome Med 2017; 9:9. [PMID: 28126037 PMCID: PMC5270341 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Germline chromothripsis causes complex genomic rearrangements that are likely to affect multiple genes and their regulatory contexts. The contribution of individual rearrangements and affected genes to the phenotypes of patients with complex germline genomic rearrangements is generally unknown. Methods To dissect the impact of germline chromothripsis in a relevant developmental context, we performed trio-based RNA expression analysis on blood cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and iPSC-derived neuronal cells from a patient with de novo germline chromothripsis and both healthy parents. In addition, Hi-C and 4C-seq experiments were performed to determine the effects of the genomic rearrangements on transcription regulation of genes in the proximity of the breakpoint junctions. Results Sixty-seven genes are located within 1 Mb of the complex chromothripsis rearrangements involving 17 breakpoints on four chromosomes. We find that three of these genes (FOXP1, DPYD, and TWIST1) are both associated with developmental disorders and differentially expressed in the patient. Interestingly, the effect on TWIST1 expression was exclusively detectable in the patient’s iPSC-derived neuronal cells, stressing the need for studying developmental disorders in the biologically relevant context. Chromosome conformation capture analyses show that TWIST1 lost genomic interactions with several enhancers due to the chromothripsis event, which likely led to deregulation of TWIST1 expression and contributed to the patient’s craniosynostosis phenotype. Conclusions We demonstrate that a combination of patient-derived iPSC differentiation and trio-based molecular profiling is a powerful approach to improve the interpretation of pathogenic complex genomic rearrangements. Here we have applied this approach to identify misexpression of TWIST1, FOXP1, and DPYD as key contributors to the complex congenital phenotype resulting from germline chromothripsis rearrangements. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0399-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors Middelkamp
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan van Heesch
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - A Koen Braat
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 6, Utrecht, 3584CT, The Netherlands
| | - Joep de Ligt
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Iterson
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, 2333ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Simonis
- Cergentis B.V., Yalelaan 62, Utrecht, 3584CM, The Netherlands
| | - Markus J van Roosmalen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J E Kelder
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Evelien Kruisselbrink
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology & Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584EA, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Hochstenbach
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke E Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584EA, The Netherlands
| | - Elly F Ippel
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584EA, The Netherlands
| | - Youri Adolfs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Wigard P Kloosterman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Ewart W Kuijk
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands.
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands.
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15
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Giltay JC, Klijn AJ, de Jong TPVM, Kats P, van Breugel M, Lens S, Vromans M, van der Veken LT, Hochstenbach R. Tetraploid/Diploid Mosaicism in Cultured Genital Skin Fibroblasts: Is It Causally Related to Penoscrotal Hypospadias? Mol Syndromol 2016; 7:153-9. [PMID: 27587991 DOI: 10.1159/000446203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraploid/diploid mosaicism is a rare chromosomal abnormality that is infrequently reported in patients with severe developmental delay, growth retardation, and short life span. Here, we present a 6-year-old patient with severe penoscrotal hypospadias and a coloboma of the left eye but with normal growth, normal psychomotor development, and without dysmorphisms. We considered a local, mosaic sex chromosomal aneuploidy as a possible cause of his genital anomaly and performed karyotyping in cultured fibroblasts from the genital skin, obtained during surgical correction. Tetraploid/diploid (92,XXYY/46,XY) mosaicism was found in 43/57 and 6/26 metaphases in 2 separate cultures, respectively. Buccal smear cells, blood lymphocytes, and cells from urine sediment all showed diploidy. We investigated whether this chromosomal abnormality could be found in other patients with severe hypospadias and karyotyped genital fibroblasts of 6 additional patients but found only low frequencies (<11%) of tetraploid cells, not statistically different from those found in control males with no hypospadias. This is the first time tetraploid mosaicism is found in such a high percentage in a patient without psychomotor retardation, dysmorphisms or growth delay. Although the relationship between this observed mosaicism in cultured cells and the underlying pathogenetic mechanism in penoscrotal hypospadias remains to be determined, our data clearly illustrate the power of cytogenetic techniques in detecting mosaicism compared to next-generation sequencing techniques, in which DNA pooled from multiple cells is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques C Giltay
- Departments of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aart J Klijn
- Departments of Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom P V M de Jong
- Departments of Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Kats
- Departments of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn van Breugel
- Departments of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Lens
- Departments of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vromans
- Departments of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lars T van der Veken
- Departments of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Hochstenbach
- Departments of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Korostelev SA, Vasin KS, Zelenova MA, Kurinnaia OS, Yurov YB. [Structural variations of the genome in autistic spectrum disorders with intellectual disability]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2016; 116:50-54. [PMID: 27500877 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20161167150-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyze structural variations in the genome in children with autism and intellectual disability. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using high-resolution karyotyping (AffymetrixCytoScan HD Array) and original bioinformatic technology, 200 children with autism and intellectual disability were studied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Data on structural variations in the genome in children with autism and intellectual disability are provided. Causative genomic pathology (chromosome abnormalities and copy number variations - CNV) was determined in 97 cases (48.5%). Based on these RESULTS 24 candidate genes for autism with intellectual disability were selected. In 16 cases (8%), the chromosome mosaicism manifested as aneuploidy of whole autosomes and sex chromosomes (gonosomes) was identified. In 87 children (43.5%), there were genomic variations, which are characteristic of the so-called «grey zone» of genetic pathology in mental illnesses. Bioinformatic analysis showed that these genomic variations had a pleiotropic effect on the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yu Iourov
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia; Veltishev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - S G Vorsanova
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia; Veltishev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - K S Vasin
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia; Veltishev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Zelenova
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia; Veltishev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - O S Kurinnaia
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia; Veltishev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu B Yurov
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia; Veltishev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
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Poot M. Chromothripsis after Stumbling through DNA Replication. Mol Syndromol 2016; 6:207-9. [PMID: 26997940 DOI: 10.1159/000441081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Demidova IA, Aliamovskaia GA, Keshishian ES, Yurov YB. 5p13.3p13.2 duplication associated with developmental delay, congenital malformations and chromosome instability manifested as low-level aneuploidy. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:616. [PMID: 26543751 PMCID: PMC4628017 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in molecular cytogenetics allow the detection of genomic rearrangements at an unprecedented level leading to discoveries of previously unknown chromosomal imbalances (zygotic and post-zygotic/mosaic). These can be accompanied by a different kind of pathological genome variations, i.e. chromosome instability (CIN) manifested as structural chromosomal rearrangements and low-level mosaic aneuploidy. Fortunately, combining whole-genome and single-cell molecular cytogenetic techniques with bioinformatics offers an opportunity to link genomic changes to specific molecular or cellular pathology. High-resolution chromosomal SNP microarray analysis was performed to study the genome of a 15-month-aged boy presented with developmental delay, congenital malformations, feeding problems, deafness, epileptiform activity, and eye pathology. In addition, somatic chromosomal mutations (CIN) were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Interstitial 5p13.3p13.2 duplication was revealed in the index patient. Moreover, CIN manifested almost exclusively as chromosome losses and gains (aneuploidy) was detected. Using bioinformatic analysis of SNP array data and FISH results, CIN association with the genomic imbalance resulted from the duplication was proposed. The duplication was demonstrated to encompass genes implicated in cell cycle, programmed cell death, chromosome segregation and genome stability maintenance pathways as shown by an interactomic analysis. Genotype-phenotype correlations were observed, as well. To the best our knowledge, identical duplications have not been reported in the available literature. Apart from genotype-phenotype correlations, it was possible to propose a link between the duplication and CIN (aneuploidy). This case study demonstrates that combining SNP array genomic analysis, bioinformatics and molecular cytogenetic evaluation of somatic genome variations is able to provide a view on cellular and molecular pathology in a personalized manner. Therefore, one can speculate that similar approaches targeting both interindividual and intercellular genomic variations could be useful for a better understanding of disease mechanisms and disease-related biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Y Iourov
- Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 117152 Russia ; Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov, Separated Structural Unit "Clinical Research Institute of Pediatrics", Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 125412 Russia ; Department of Medical Genetics, Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, 123995 Russia
| | - Svetlana G Vorsanova
- Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 117152 Russia ; Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov, Separated Structural Unit "Clinical Research Institute of Pediatrics", Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 125412 Russia
| | - Irina A Demidova
- Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 117152 Russia ; Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov, Separated Structural Unit "Clinical Research Institute of Pediatrics", Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 125412 Russia
| | - Galina A Aliamovskaia
- Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov, Separated Structural Unit "Clinical Research Institute of Pediatrics", Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 125412 Russia
| | - Elena S Keshishian
- Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov, Separated Structural Unit "Clinical Research Institute of Pediatrics", Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 125412 Russia
| | - Yuri B Yurov
- Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 117152 Russia ; Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov, Separated Structural Unit "Clinical Research Institute of Pediatrics", Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 125412 Russia
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Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) refer to a spectrum of structural renal malformations and are the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in children. The genetic diagnosis of CAKUT has proven to be challenging due to genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity and incomplete genetic penetrance. Monogenic causes of CAKUT have been identified using different approaches, including single gene screening, and gene panel and whole exome sequencing. The majority of the identified mutations, however, lack substantial evidence to support a pathogenic role in CAKUT. Copy number variants or single nucleotide variants that are associated with CAKUT have also been identified. Numerous studies support the influence of epigenetic and environmental factors on kidney development and the natural history of CAKUT, suggesting that the pathogenesis of this syndrome is multifactorial. In this Review we describe the current knowledge regarding the genetic susceptibility underlying CAKUT and the approaches used to investigate the genetic basis of CAKUT. We outline the associated environmental risk factors and epigenetic influences on CAKUT and discuss the challenges and strategies used to fully address the involvement and interplay of these factors in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Poot M, Haaf T. Mechanisms of Origin, Phenotypic Effects and Diagnostic Implications of Complex Chromosome Rearrangements. Mol Syndromol 2015; 6:110-34. [PMID: 26732513 DOI: 10.1159/000438812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRs) are currently defined as structural genome variations that involve more than 2 chromosome breaks and result in exchanges of chromosomal segments. They are thought to be extremely rare, but their detection rate is rising because of improvements in molecular cytogenetic technology. Their population frequency is also underestimated, since many CCRs may not elicit a phenotypic effect. CCRs may be the result of fork stalling and template switching, microhomology-mediated break-induced repair, breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, or chromothripsis. Patients with chromosomal instability syndromes show elevated rates of CCRs due to impaired DNA double-strand break responses during meiosis. Therefore, the putative functions of the proteins encoded by ATM, BLM, WRN, ATR, MRE11, NBS1, and RAD51 in preventing CCRs are discussed. CCRs may exert a pathogenic effect by either (1) gene dosage-dependent mechanisms, e.g. haploinsufficiency, (2) mechanisms based on disruption of the genomic architecture, such that genes, parts of genes or regulatory elements are truncated, fused or relocated and thus their interactions disturbed - these mechanisms will predominantly affect gene expression - or (3) mixed mutation mechanisms in which a CCR on one chromosome is combined with a different type of mutation on the other chromosome. Such inferred mechanisms of pathogenicity need corroboration by mRNA sequencing. Also, future studies with in vitro models, such as inducible pluripotent stem cells from patients with CCRs, and transgenic model organisms should substantiate current inferences regarding putative pathogenic effects of CCRs. The ramifications of the growing body of information on CCRs for clinical and experimental genetics and future treatment modalities are briefly illustrated with 2 cases, one of which suggests KDM4C (JMJD2C) as a novel candidate gene for mental retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Poot
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Hehir-Kwa JY, Pfundt R, Veltman JA. Exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing for the detection of copy number variation. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:1023-32. [PMID: 26088785 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1053467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many laboratories now use genomic microarrays as their first-tier diagnostic test for copy number variation (CNV) detection. In addition, whole exome sequencing is increasingly being offered as a diagnostic test for heterogeneous disorders. Although mostly used for the detection of point mutations and small insertion-deletions, exome sequencing can also be used to call CNVs, allowing combined small and large variant analysis. Whole genome sequencing in addition to these advantages also offers the potential to characterize CNVs to unprecedented levels of accuracy, providing position and orientation information. In this review, we discuss the clinical potential of CNV identification in whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing data and the implications this has on diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Y Hehir-Kwa
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kim J, Won HH, Kim Y, Choi JR, Yu N, Lee KA. Breakpoint mapping by whole genome sequencing identifies PTH2R gene disruption in a patient with midline craniosynostosis and a de novo balanced chromosomal rearrangement. J Med Genet 2015; 52:706-9. [PMID: 26044810 PMCID: PMC4621369 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniosynostosis (CRS) is a premature closure of calvarial sutures caused by gene mutation or environmental factors or interaction between the two. Only a small proportion of non-syndromic CRS (NSC) patients have a known genetic cause, and thus, it would be meaningful to search for a causative gene disruption for the development NSC. We applied a whole genome sequencing approach on a 15-month-old boy with sagittal and metopic synostosis to identify a gene responsible for the development of the disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Conventional chromosome study revealed a complex paracentric inversion involving 2q14.3 and 2q34. Array comparative genomic hybridisation did not show any copy number variation. Multicolour banding analysis was carried out and the breakpoints were refined to 2q14 and 2q34. An intronic break of the PTH2R gene was detected by whole genome sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis confirmed disruption of PTH2R. CONCLUSIONS We report PTH2R as a gene that is disrupted in NSC. The disruption of the PTH2R gene may cause uncontrolled proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, which in turn results in premature closure of sutures. This addition of PTH2R to the list of genes associated with NSC expands our understanding of the development of NSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Won
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoonjung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jong Rak Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nae Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-A Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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