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Ujiie R, Kawamura K, Yamashita S, Mitsutake N, Suzuki K. Anti-CENP-C Antibody-Based Immunofluorescence Dicentric Assay: Radiation Dose-Response, Validation Studies, and Radiation Dose-Dependency on Sister Centromere Fluorescence. Radiat Res 2023; 199:74-82. [PMID: 36442049 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00050.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dicentric chromosome assay (DCA) is the most accepted cytological technique for the purpose of biological dosimetry in radiological and nuclear accidents, however, it is not always easy to evaluate dicentric chromosomes because of the technical difficulty in identifying dicentric chromosomes on Giemsa-stained metaphase chromosome samples. Here, we applied an antibody recognizing centromere protein (CENP) C, CENP-C, whose antigenicity is resistant to the fixation with Carnoy's solution. Normal human diploid cells were irradiated with various doses of 137Cs γ rays at 1 Gy/ min, treated with hypotonic solution, fixed with Carnoy's fixative, and metaphase chromosome spreads were stained with anti-CENP-C antibody. Dose-dependent induction of dicentric chromosomes was confirmed between 1 and 10 Gy of γ rays, and the results were compatible with those obtained by the conventional Giemsa-stained chromosome samples. The CENP-C assay also uncovered the difference in the fluorescence from the sister centromeres on the same chromosome, which was more pronounced after radiation exposure. Although the underlying mechanism is still to be determined, the result suggests a novel effect of radiation on centromeres. The innovative protocol for CENP-C-based DCA, which enables ideal visualization of centromeres, is simple, effective and reliable. It does not require skilled examiners, so that it may be an alternative method, avoiding uneasiness of the current DCA using Giemsa-stained metaphase chromosome samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Ujiie
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Life Sciences and Radiation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kasumi Kawamura
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shunichi Yamashita
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.,National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Life Sciences and Radiation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Life Sciences and Radiation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Chan DY, Moralli D, Wheatley L, Jankowska JD, Monaco ZL. Multigene human artificial chromosome vector delivery with herpes simplex virus 1 amplicons. Exp Cell Res 2020; 388:111840. [PMID: 31930965 PMCID: PMC7066578 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression studies and gene therapy require efficient gene delivery into cells. Different technologies by viral and non-viral mechanisms have been used for gene delivery into cells. Small gene vectors transfer across the cell membrane with a relatively high efficiency, but not large genes or entire loci spanning several kilobases, which do not remain intact following introduction. Previously, we developed an efficient delivery system based on herpes virus simplex type 1 (HSV-1) amplicons to transfer large fragments of DNA incorporated in human artificial chromosome (HAC) vectors into the nucleus of human cells. The HSV-1 amplicon lacks the signals for cleavage and replication of its own genome, yet each amplicon has the capacity to incorporate up to 150 kb of exogenous DNA. In this study, we investigated whether the capacity of gene delivery could be increased by simultaneously introducing multiple HSV-1 modified amplicons carrying a gene expressing HAC vector into cells with the aim of generating a single artificial chromosome containing the desired genes. Following co-transduction of two HSV-1 HAC amplicons, artificial chromosomes were successfully generated containing the introduced genes, which were appropriately expressed in different human cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Yl Chan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Assisted Reproductive Technology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Daniela Moralli
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy Wheatley
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julia D Jankowska
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zoia L Monaco
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
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Ling YH, Lin Z, Yuen KWY. Genetic and epigenetic effects on centromere establishment. Chromosoma 2019; 129:1-24. [PMID: 31781852 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-019-00727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous chromosomes contain centromeres to direct equal chromosomal segregation in mitosis and meiosis. The location and function of existing centromeres is usually maintained through cell cycles and generations. Recent studies have investigated how the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CENP-A is assembled and replenished after DNA replication to epigenetically propagate the centromere identity. However, existing centromeres occasionally become inactivated, with or without change in underlying DNA sequences, or lost after chromosomal rearrangements, resulting in acentric chromosomes. New centromeres, known as neocentromeres, may form on ectopic, non-centromeric chromosomal regions to rescue acentric chromosomes from being lost, or form dicentric chromosomes if the original centromere is still active. In addition, de novo centromeres can form after chromatinization of purified DNA that is exogenously introduced into cells. Here, we review the phenomena of naturally occurring and experimentally induced new centromeres and summarize the genetic (DNA sequence) and epigenetic features of these new centromeres. We compare the characteristics of new and native centromeres to understand whether there are different requirements for centromere establishment and propagation. Based on our understanding of the mechanisms of new centromere formation, we discuss the perspectives of developing more stably segregating human artificial chromosomes to facilitate gene delivery in therapeutics and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yick Hin Ling
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Zhongyang Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Karen Wing Yee Yuen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
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Lemskaya NA, Kulemzina AI, Beklemisheva VR, Biltueva LS, Proskuryakova AA, Hallenbeck JM, Perelman PL, Graphodatsky AS. A combined banding method that allows the reliable identification of chromosomes as well as differentiation of AT- and GC-rich heterochromatin. Chromosome Res 2018; 26:307-315. [PMID: 30443803 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-018-9589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Сonstitutive heterochromatin areas are revealed by differential staining as C-positive chromosomal regions. These C-positive bands may greatly vary by location, size, and nucleotide composition. CBG-banding is the most commonly used method to detect structural heterochromatin in animals. The difficulty in identification of individual chromosomes represents an unresolved problem of this method as the body of the chromosome is stained uniformly and does not have banding pattern beyond C-bands. Here, we present the method that we called CDAG for sequential heterochromatin staining after differential GTG-banding. The method uses G-banding followed by heat denaturation in the presence of formamide with consecutive fluorochrome staining. The new technique is valid for the concurrent revealing of heterochromatin position due to differential banding of chromosomes and heterochromatin composition (AT-/GC-rich) in animal karyotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya A Lemskaya
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | | | | | - Larisa S Biltueva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Proskuryakova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - John M Hallenbeck
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NINDS/NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Polina L Perelman
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander S Graphodatsky
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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The Hidden Genomic and Transcriptomic Plasticity of Giant Marker Chromosomes in Cancer. Genetics 2017; 208:951-961. [PMID: 29279323 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome amplification in the form of rings or giant rod-shaped marker chromosomes (RGMs) is a common genetic alteration in soft tissue tumors. The mitotic stability of these structures is often rescued by perfectly functioning analphoid neocentromeres, which therefore significantly contribute to cancer progression. Here, we disentangled the genomic architecture of many neocentromeres stabilizing marker chromosomes in well-differentiated liposarcoma and lung sarcomatoid carcinoma samples. In cells carrying heavily rearranged RGMs, these structures were assembled as patchworks of multiple short amplified sequences, disclosing an extremely high level of complexity and definitely ruling out the existence of regions prone to neocentromere seeding. Moreover, by studying two well-differentiated liposarcoma samples derived from the onset and the recurrence of the same tumor, we documented an expansion of the neocentromeric domain that occurred during tumor progression, which reflects a strong selective pressure acting toward the improvement of the neocentromeric functionality in cancer. In lung sarcomatoid carcinoma cells we documented, extensive "centromere sliding" phenomena giving rise to multiple, closely mapping neocentromeric epialleles on separate coexisting markers occur, likely due to the instability of neocentromeres arising in cancer cells. Finally, by investigating the transcriptional activity of neocentromeres, we came across a burst of chimeric transcripts, both by extremely complex genomic rearrangements, and cis/trans-splicing events. Post-transcriptional editing events have been reported to expand and variegate the genetic repertoire of higher eukaryotes, so they might have a determining role in cancer. The increased incidence of fusion transcripts, might act as a driving force for the genomic amplification process, together with the increased transcription of oncogenes.
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