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Nawaz K, Alifah N, Hussain T, Hameed H, Ali H, Hamayun S, Mir A, Wahab A, Naeem M, Zakria M, Pakki E, Hasan N. From genes to therapy: A comprehensive exploration of congenital heart disease through the lens of genetics and emerging technologies. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102726. [PMID: 38944223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects approximately 1 % of live births worldwide, making it the most common congenital anomaly in newborns. Recent advancements in genetics and genomics have significantly deepened our understanding of the genetics of CHDs. While the majority of CHD etiology remains unclear, evidence consistently indicates that genetics play a significant role in its development. CHD etiology holds promise for enhancing diagnosis and developing novel therapies to improve patient outcomes. In this review, we explore the contributions of both monogenic and polygenic factors of CHDs and highlight the transformative impact of emerging technologies on these fields. We also summarized the state-of-the-art techniques, including targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS), whole genome and whole exome sequencing (WGS, WES), single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and others, that have revolutionized our understanding of cardiovascular disease genetics both from diagnosis perspective and from disease mechanism perspective in children and young adults. These molecular diagnostic techniques have identified new genes and chromosomal regions involved in syndromic and non-syndromic CHD, enabling a more defined explanation of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. As our knowledge and technologies continue to evolve, they promise to enhance clinical outcomes and reduce the CHD burden worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Nawaz
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 25100, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Nur Alifah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 10, Makassar, 90245, Republic of Indonesia
| | - Talib Hussain
- Women Dental College, Khyber Medical University, Abbottabad, 22080, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Hameed
- Department of Cardiology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, 04485, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Haider Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shah Hamayun
- Department of Cardiology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, 04485, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Awal Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 25100, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wahab
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Zakria
- Advanced Center for Genomic Technologies, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 25100, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ermina Pakki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 10, Makassar, 90245, Republic of Indonesia
| | - Nurhasni Hasan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 10, Makassar, 90245, Republic of Indonesia.
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Khayat AM, Alshareef BG, Alharbi SF, AlZahrani MM, Alshangity BA, Tashkandi NF. Consanguineous Marriage and Its Association With Genetic Disorders in Saudi Arabia: A Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e53888. [PMID: 38465157 PMCID: PMC10924896 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Consanguineous marriages, where spouses are related by blood, have been a longstanding practice in human history. The primary medical concern with consanguineous marriages is the increased risk of genetic disorders. When closely related individuals reproduce, there is a higher probability that both parents carry the same genetic mutation. In Arab countries, especially Saudi Arabia, the rate of consanguineous marriage is high compared with Western European and Asian countries. This high rate is directly proportionate with elevated risk of genetic disorders, including congenital heart diseases, renal diseases, and rare blood disorders. Additionally, it was noted that the rate of negative postnatal outcomes is higher in consanguineous marriages compared with the general population. These observations indicate the necessity of tackling this area and highlighting the consequences of this practice. In this review, we aim to discuss the current evidence regarding the association between consanguineous marriages and genetic disorders in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara F Alharbi
- Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, SAU
| | | | | | - Noha Farouk Tashkandi
- Medical Research, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
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Albesher N, Massadeh S, Hassan SM, Alaamery M. Consanguinity and Congenital Heart Disease Susceptibility: Insights into Rare Genetic Variations in Saudi Arabia. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020354. [PMID: 35205398 PMCID: PMC8871910 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) encompasses a wide range of structural defects of the heart and, in many cases, the factors that predispose an individual to disease are not well understood, highlighting the remarkable complexity of CHD etiology. Evidence of familial aggregation of CHD has been demonstrated in different communities and for different cardiac lesions. Consanguinity, particularly among first cousins, is an added risk factor for these families, particularly in societies where it is considered a common cultural practice, as confirmed in previous studies conducted in Saudi Arabia and other countries. Through comprehensive genetic testing of affected families, we have been able to better understand the genetic basis of the various cardiac lesions and to delineate the molecular mechanisms involved in cardiac morphogenesis. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology and genetics of CHD in consanguineous populations focusing on Saudi Arabia as an extensive study model to address current advances and challenges in the clinical genetic diagnosis and prevention of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Albesher
- KACST-BWH Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (S.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salam Massadeh
- KACST-BWH Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (S.M.)
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabah M. Hassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Princess Najla Bent Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11241, Egypt
| | - Manal Alaamery
- KACST-BWH Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (S.M.)
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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Congenital heart diseases: genetics, non-inherited risk factors, and signaling pathways. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-020-0050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most common congenital anomalies with an estimated prevalence of 8 in 1000 live births. CHDs occur as a result of abnormal embryogenesis of the heart. Congenital heart diseases are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The damage of the heart is irreversible due to a lack of regeneration potential, and usually, the patients may require surgical intervention. Studying the developmental biology of the heart is essential not only in understanding the mechanisms and pathogenesis of congenital heart diseases but also in providing us with insight towards developing new preventive and treatment methods.
Main body
The etiology of congenital heart diseases is still elusive. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated to play a role in the pathogenesis of the diseases. Recently, cardiac transcription factors, cardiac-specific genes, and signaling pathways, which are responsible for early cardiac morphogenesis have been extensively studied in both human and animal experiments but leave much to be desired. The discovery of novel genetic methods such as next generation sequencing and chromosomal microarrays have led to further study the genes, non-coding RNAs and subtle chromosomal changes, elucidating their implications to the etiology of congenital heart diseases. Studies have also implicated non-hereditary risk factors such as rubella infection, teratogens, maternal age, diabetes mellitus, and abnormal hemodynamics in causing CHDs.
These etiological factors raise questions on multifactorial etiology of CHDs. It is therefore important to endeavor in research based on finding the causes of CHDs. Finding causative factors will enable us to plan intervention strategies and mitigate the consequences associated with CHDs. This review, therefore, puts forward the genetic and non-genetic causes of congenital heart diseases. Besides, it discusses crucial signaling pathways which are involved in early cardiac morphogenesis. Consequently, we aim to consolidate our knowledge on multifactorial causes of CHDs so as to pave a way for further research regarding CHDs.
Conclusion
The multifactorial etiology of congenital heart diseases gives us a challenge to explicitly establishing specific causative factors and therefore plan intervention strategies. More well-designed studies and the use of novel genetic technologies could be the way through the discovery of etiological factors implicated in the pathogenesis of congenital heart diseases.
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Dasouki MJ, Wakil SM, Al-Harazi O, Alkorashy M, Muiya NP, Andres E, Hagos S, Aldusery H, Dzimiri N, Colak D. New Insights into the Impact of Genome-Wide Copy Number Variations on Complex Congenital Heart Disease in Saudi Arabia. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 24:16-28. [PMID: 31855513 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are complex traits that manifest in diverse clinical phenotypes such as the Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), valvular and ventricular/atrial septal defects. Genetic mechanisms of CHDs have remained largely unclear to date. Copy number variations (CNVs) have been implicated in many complex diseases but their impact has not been examined extensively in various forms of CHD lesions. We report in this study, to the best of our knowledge, the largest cohort of Saudi Arab CHD patients to date who were evaluated using genome-wide CNV analysis. In a sample of 134 Saudi Arab patients with CHD, 66 exhibited pathogenic or likely pathogenic CNVs. Notably, 21 copy number gains and 11 copy number losses were detected that encompassed 141 genes and 146 genes, respectively. The most frequent gains were on 17q21.31, 8p11.21, and 22q11.23, whereas the losses were primarily localized to 16p11.2. Interestingly, all lesions have had gains at 17q21.31. Septal defects had also gains at 8p11.21 and 22q11.23, valvular lesions at 8p11.21, 22q11.23, and 2q13, and TOF at 16p11.2. Functional and network analyses demonstrated that cardiovascular and nervous system development and function as well as cell death/survival were most significantly associated with CNVs, thus highlighting the potentially important genes likely to be involved in CHD, including NPHP1, PLCB1, KANSL1, and NR3C1. In conclusion, this genome-wide analysis identifies a high frequency of CNVs mostly in patients with septal defects, primarily influencing cardiovascular developmental and functional pathways, thereby offering a deeper insight into the complex networks involved in CHD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed J Dasouki
- Departments Genetics and Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma M Wakil
- Departments Genetics and Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olfat Al-Harazi
- Departments Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maarab Alkorashy
- Departments Genetics and Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nzioka P Muiya
- Departments Genetics and Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Editha Andres
- Departments Genetics and Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samya Hagos
- Departments Genetics and Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya Aldusery
- Departments Genetics and Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nduna Dzimiri
- Departments Genetics and Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dilek Colak
- Departments Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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