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Kang X, Wang D, Zhang L, Huang T, Liu S, Feng X, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Ren H, Yuan G. Exendin-4 ameliorates tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes through acting on Wnt/β-catenin/NeuroD1 pathway. Mol Med 2023; 29:118. [PMID: 37667187 PMCID: PMC10478475 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an independent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Exendin-4 (Ex-4), a widely used glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist drug in the treatment of T2D, has been demonstrated the therapeutic effects on diabetic encephalopathy (DE). Especially, the Ex-4 ameliorates the tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive impairment in DE. And these crucial alterations are also important bridge between T2D and AD. However, its unique mechanism is unclear. METHODS The db/db mice, high-fat-diet (HFD) / streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (HF-diabetic) mice, and high-glucose-damaged (HGD) HT-22 hippocampal cells were enrolled to examine the effects of Ex-4 on AD-like changes in T2D. The Novel object recognition test (NORT) and Morris water maze test (MWMT) were conducted to evaluate the cognitive impairment. The Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) was employed to weaken the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to explore the mechanism of Ex-4 in protecting the brain functions. The JASPAR was based to predict the interaction between NeuroD1 and the promoter region of Ins2. Moreover, the chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-qPCR) and luciferase reporter assays were performed. RESULTS Ex-4 alleviated the tau hyperphosphorylation, increased the brain-derived insulin, and improved the PI3K/AKT/GSK3-β signalling in db/db mice, HF-diabetic mice, and HGD HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cells. The NORT and MWMT indicated that Ex-4 alleviated the learning and memory deficits in HF-diabetic mice. The inhibitor Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway significantly blocked the protective effects of Ex-4. Regarding further molecular mechanisms, NeuroD1 was affected by Ex-4 in vivo and in vitro, and the knockdown or overexpression of NeuroD1 suggested its crucial role in promoting the brain insulin by Ex-4. Meanwhile, the ChIP‒qPCR and luciferase reporter assays confirmed the combination between NeuroD1 and the promoter region of the insulin-encoding gene Ins2. And this interaction could be promoted by Ex-4. CONCLUSIONS Our study proposes that Ex-4 alleviates tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive dysfunction by increasing Ins2-derived brain insulin through the Wnt/β-catenin/NeuroD1 signaling in T2D. And its also show new lights on part of the progress and mechanism on treatment targets for the DE in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Kang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Teng Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Siyue Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaohui Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yaoyao Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ziyin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhongjing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huihui Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Dakic T, Jevdjovic T, Lakic I, Ruzicic A, Jasnic N, Djurasevic S, Djordjevic J, Vujovic P. The Expression of Insulin in the Central Nervous System: What Have We Learned So Far? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076586. [PMID: 37047558 PMCID: PMC10095302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
After being discovered over a century ago, insulin was long considered to be a hormone exclusively produced by the pancreas. Insulin presence was later discovered in the brain, which was originally accounted for by its transport across the blood-brain barrier. Considering that both insulin mRNA and insulin were detected in the central nervous system (CNS), it is now known that this hormone is also synthesized in several brain regions, including the hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebral and cerebellar cortex, and olfactory bulb. Although many roles of insulin in the CNS have been described, it was initially unknown which of them could be attributed to brain-derived and which to pancreatic insulin or whether their actions in the brain overlap. However, more and more studies have been emerging lately, focusing solely on the roles of brain-derived insulin. The aim of this review was to present the latest findings on the roles of brain-derived insulin, including neuroprotection, control of growth hormone secretion, and regulation of appetite and neuronal glucose uptake. Lastly, the impairment of signaling initiated by brain-derived insulin was addressed in regard to memory decline in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Dakic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Jevdjovic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iva Lakic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Ruzicic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Jasnic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sinisa Djurasevic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Djordjevic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Predrag Vujovic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Grünblatt E, Homolak J, Babic Perhoc A, Davor V, Knezovic A, Osmanovic Barilar J, Riederer P, Walitza S, Tackenberg C, Salkovic-Petrisic M. From attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder to sporadic Alzheimer's disease-Wnt/mTOR pathways hypothesis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1104985. [PMID: 36875654 PMCID: PMC9978448 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1104985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with the majority of patients classified as sporadic AD (sAD), in which etiopathogenesis remains unresolved. Though sAD is argued to be a polygenic disorder, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, was found three decades ago to pose the strongest genetic risk for sAD. Currently, the only clinically approved disease-modifying drugs for AD are aducanumab (Aduhelm) and lecanemab (Leqembi). All other AD treatment options are purely symptomatic with modest benefits. Similarly, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is one of the most common neurodevelopmental mental disorders in children and adolescents, acknowledged to persist in adulthood in over 60% of the patients. Moreover, for ADHD whose etiopathogenesis is not completely understood, a large proportion of patients respond well to treatment (first-line psychostimulants, e.g., methylphenidate/MPH), however, no disease-modifying therapy exists. Interestingly, cognitive impairments, executive, and memory deficits seem to be common in ADHD, but also in early stages of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia, including sAD. Therefore, one of many hypotheses is that ADHD and sAD might have similar origins or that they intercalate with one another, as shown recently that ADHD may be considered a risk factor for sAD. Intriguingly, several overlaps have been shown between the two disorders, e.g., inflammatory activation, oxidative stress, glucose and insulin pathways, wingless-INT/mammalian target of rapamycin (Wnt/mTOR) signaling, and altered lipid metabolism. Indeed, Wnt/mTOR activities were found to be modified by MPH in several ADHD studies. Wnt/mTOR was also found to play a role in sAD and in animal models of the disorder. Moreover, MPH treatment in the MCI phase was shown to be successful for apathy including some improvement in cognition, according to a recent meta-analysis. In several AD animal models, ADHD-like behavioral phenotypes have been observed indicating a possible interconnection between ADHD and AD. In this concept paper, we will discuss the various evidence in human and animal models supporting the hypothesis in which ADHD might increase the risk for sAD, with common involvement of the Wnt/mTOR-pathway leading to lifespan alteration at the neuronal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Babic Perhoc
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Virag Davor
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Riederer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department and Research Unit of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Tackenberg
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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4
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Lee DG, Kim YK, Baek KH. The bHLH Transcription Factors in Neural Development and Therapeutic Applications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213936. [PMID: 36430421 PMCID: PMC9696289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of functional neural circuits in the central nervous system (CNS) requires the production of sufficient numbers of various types of neurons and glial cells, such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, at the appropriate periods and regions. Hence, severe neuronal loss of the circuits can cause neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Treatment of such neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuronal loss includes some strategies of cell therapy employing stem cells (such as neural progenitor cells (NPCs)) and gene therapy through cell fate conversion. In this report, we review how bHLH acts as a regulator in neuronal differentiation, reprogramming, and cell fate determination. Moreover, several different researchers are conducting studies to determine the importance of bHLH factors to direct neuronal and glial cell fate specification and differentiation. Therefore, we also investigated the limitations and future directions of conversion or transdifferentiation using bHLH factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gi Lee
- Joint Section of Science in Environmental Technology, Food Technology, and Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Incheon 21569, Korea
| | - Young-Kwang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-881-7134
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5
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Predes D, Maia LA, Matias I, Araujo HPM, Soares C, Barros-Aragão FGQ, Oliveira LFS, Reis RR, Amado NG, Simas ABC, Mendes FA, Gomes FCA, Figueiredo CP, Abreu JG. The Flavonol Quercitrin Hinders GSK3 Activity and Potentiates the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012078. [PMID: 36292931 PMCID: PMC9602613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway dictates cell proliferation and differentiation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Its deregulation is associated with many pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disease, frequently downregulated. The lack of efficient treatment for these diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), makes Wnt signaling an attractive target for therapies. Interestingly, novel Wnt signaling activating compounds are less frequently described than inhibitors, turning the quest for novel positive modulators even more appealing. In that sense, natural compounds are an outstanding source of potential drug leads. Here, we combine different experimental models, cell-based approaches, neuronal culture assays, and rodent behavior tests with Xenopus laevis phenotypic analysis to characterize quercitrin, a natural compound, as a novel Wnt signaling potentiator. We find that quercitrin potentiates the signaling in a concentration-dependent manner and increases the occurrence of the Xenopus secondary axis phenotype mediated by Xwnt8 injection. Using a GSK3 biosensor, we describe that quercitrin impairs GSK3 activity and increases phosphorylated GSK3β S9 levels. Treatment with XAV939, an inhibitor downstream of GSK3, impairs the quercitrin-mediated effect. Next, we show that quercitrin potentiates the Wnt3a-synaptogenic effect in hippocampal neurons in culture, which is blocked by XAV939. Quercitrin treatment also rescues the hippocampal synapse loss induced by intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-β oligomers (AβO) in mice. Finally, quercitrin rescues AβO-mediated memory impairment, which is prevented by XAV939. Thus, our study uncovers a novel function for quercitrin as a Wnt/β-catenin signaling potentiator, describes its mechanism of action, and opens new avenues for AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Predes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Lorena A. Maia
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Isadora Matias
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Soares
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz F. S. Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Renata R. Reis
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Nathalia G. Amado
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Alessandro B. C. Simas
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Fabio A. Mendes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Flávia C. A. Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Claudia P. Figueiredo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Jose G. Abreu
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-3938-6486
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6
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Cho JH, Kim K, Cho HC, Lee J, Kim EK. Silencing of hypothalamic FGF11 prevents diet-induced obesity. Mol Brain 2022; 15:75. [PMID: 36064426 PMCID: PMC9447329 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 11 (FGF11) is a member of the intracellular fibroblast growth factor family. Here, we report the central role of FGF11 in the regulation of metabolism. Lentiviral injection of Fgf11 shRNA into the arcuate nucleus of the mouse hypothalamus decreased weight gain and fat mass, increased brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, and improved glucose and insulin intolerances under high-fat diet conditions. Fgf11 was expressed in the NPY–expressing neurons, and Fgf11 knockdown considerably decreased Npy expression and projection, leading to increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the paraventricular nucleus. Mechanistically, FGF11 regulated Npy gene expression through the glycogen synthase kinase 3–cAMP response element-binding protein pathway. Our study defines the physiological significance of hypothalamic FGF11 in the regulation of metabolism in response to overnutrition such as high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Cho
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Kyungchan Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Han Chae Cho
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Jaemeun Lee
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea. .,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea.
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7
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Mitchell CS, Begg DP. The regulation of food intake by insulin in the central nervous system. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12952. [PMID: 33656205 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Food intake and energy expenditure are regulated by peripheral signals providing feedback on nutrient status and adiposity to the central nervous system. One of these signals is the pancreatic hormone, insulin. Unlike peripheral administration of insulin, which often causes weight gain, central administration of insulin leads to a reduction in food intake and body weight when administered long-term. This is a result of feedback processes in regions of the brain that regulate food intake. Within the hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus (ARC) contains subpopulations of neurones that produce orexinergic neuropeptides agouti-related peptide (AgRP)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) and anorexigenic neuropeptides, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)/cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). Intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin down-regulates the expression of AgRP/NPY at the same time as up-regulating expression of POMC/CART. Recent evidence suggests that insulin activity within the amygdala may play an important role in regulating energy balance. Insulin infusion into the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) can decrease food intake, possibly by modulating activity of NPY and other neurone subpopulations. Insulin signalling within the CeA can also influence stress-induced obesity. Overall, it is evident that the CeA is a critical target for insulin signalling and the regulation of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denovan P Begg
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Sallam NA, Borgland SL. Insulin and endocannabinoids in the mesolimbic system. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12965. [PMID: 33856071 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Easy access to palatable food and an abundance of food-related cues exacerbate non-homeostatic feeding. The metabolic and economical sequelae of non-homeostatic feeding outweigh those of homeostatic feeding and contribute significantly to the global obesity pandemic. The mesolimbic dopamine system is the primary central circuit that governs the motivation to consume food. Insulin and endocannabinoids (eCBs) are two major, presumably opposing, players in regulating homeostatic and non-homeostatic feeding centrally and peripherally. Insulin is generally regarded as a postprandial satiety signal, whereas eCBs mainly function as pre-prandial orexinergic signals. In this review, we discuss the effects of insulin and eCB-mediated actions within the mesolimbic pathways. We propose that insulin and eCBs have regional- and time course-dependent roles. We discuss their mechanisms of actions in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, as well as how their mechanisms converge to finely tune dopaminergic activity and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Sallam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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9
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Phosphofructokinase-1 Inhibition Promotes Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells and Functional Recovery After Stroke. Neuroscience 2021; 459:27-38. [PMID: 33556456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of long-term disability. Neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is crucial for brain repair after stroke. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the role and potential mechanisms of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, was investigated in stroke using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and oxygen-glucose deprivation models. We found that stroke increased the PFK-1 expression of NSCs. However, PFK-1 inhibition promoted neuronal differentiation of NSCs and facilitated the dendritic maturation of newborn neurons in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, PFK-1 inhibition also improved the spatial memory performance of MCAO rats. Additionally, we proved that the effect of PFK-1 inhibition above might be achieved by promoting β-catenin nuclear translocation and activating its downstream signaling, independent of Wnt signaling. Thus, these observations reveal a critical role of PFK-1 in stroke, which may provide a novel target for regenerative repair after stroke.
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10
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Lee J, Kim K, Cho JH, Bae JY, O'Leary TP, Johnson JD, Bae YC, Kim EK. Insulin synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates pituitary growth hormone production. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135412. [PMID: 32644973 PMCID: PMC7455129 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has mounted that insulin can be synthesized in various brain regions, including the hypothalamus. However, the distribution and functions of insulin-expressing cells in the hypothalamus remain elusive. Herein, we show that in the mouse hypothalamus, the perikarya of insulin-positive neurons are located in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and their axons project to the median eminence; these findings define parvocellular neurosecretory PVN insulin neurons. Contrary to corticotropin-releasing hormone expression, insulin expression in the PVN was inhibited by restraint stress (RS) in both adult and young mice. Acute RS–induced inhibition of PVN insulin expression in adult mice decreased both pituitary growth hormone (Gh) mRNA level and serum GH concentration, which were attenuated by overexpression of PVN insulin. Notably, PVN insulin knockdown or chronic RS in young mice hindered normal growth via the downregulation of GH gene expression and secretion, whereas PVN insulin overexpression in young mice prevented chronic RS–induced growth retardation by elevating GH production. Our results suggest that in both normal and stressful conditions, insulin synthesized in the parvocellular PVN neurons plays an important role in the regulation of pituitary GH production and body length, unveiling a physiological function of brain-derived insulin. Insulin produced in the paraventricular nucleus regulates body length by modulating pituitary growth hormone expression and secretion under both normal and stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemeun Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyungchan Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Cho
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Bae
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Timothy P O'Leary
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James D Johnson
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
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11
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Dohare P, Kidwai A, Kaur J, Singla P, Krishna S, Klebe D, Zhang X, Hevner R, Ballabh P. GSK3β Inhibition Restores Impaired Neurogenesis in Preterm Neonates With Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3482-3495. [PMID: 30192926 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a common complication of prematurity in infants born at 23-28 weeks of gestation. Survivors exhibit impaired growth of the cerebral cortex and neurodevelopmental sequeale, but the underlying mechanism(s) are obscure. Previously, we have shown that neocortical neurogenesis continues until at least 28 gestational weeks. This renders the prematurely born infants vulnerable to impaired neurogenesis. Here, we hypothesized that neurogenesis is impaired by IVH, and that signaling through GSK3β, a critical intracellular kinase regulated by Wnt and other pathways, mediates this effect. These hypotheses were tested observationally in autopsy specimens from premature infants, and experimentally in a premature rabbit IVH model. Significantly, in premature infants with IVH, the number of neurogenic cortical progenitor cells was reduced compared with infants without IVH, indicating acutely decreased neurogenesis. This finding was corroborated in the rabbit IVH model, which further demonstrated reduction of upper layer cortical neurons after longer survival. Both the acute reduction of neurogenic progenitors, and the subsequent decrease of upper layer neurons, were rescued by treatment with AR-A014418, a specific inhibitor of GSK3β. Together, these results indicate that IVH impairs late stages of cortical neurogenesis, and suggest that treatment with GSK3β inhibitors may enhance neurodevelopment in premature infants with IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dohare
- Department of Pediatrics.,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Hevner
- Department of Pathology, 9500 Gilman Dr, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Praveen Ballabh
- Department of Pediatrics.,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience.,Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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12
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Shay DA, Welly RJ, Givan SA, Bivens N, Kanaley J, Marshall BL, Lubahn DB, Rosenfeld CS, Vieira-Potter VJ. Changes in nucleus accumbens gene expression accompany sex-specific suppression of spontaneous physical activity in aromatase knockout mice. Horm Behav 2020; 121:104719. [PMID: 32081742 PMCID: PMC7387966 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase catalyzes conversion of testosterone to estradiol and is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the brain. Suppression of aromatase adversely affects metabolism and physical activity behavior, but mechanisms remain uncertain. The hypothesis tested herein was that whole body aromatase deletion would cause gene expression changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain regulating motivated behaviors such as physical activity, which is suppressed with loss of estradiol. Metabolic and behavioral assessments were performed in male and female wild-type (WT) and aromatase knockout (ArKO) mice. NAc-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with RNAseq, and associations between the measured phenotypic traits were determined. Female ArKO mice had greater percent body fat, reduced spontaneous physical activity (SPA), consumed less energy, and had lower relative resting energy expenditure (REE) than WT females. Such differences were not observed in ArKO males. However, in both sexes, a top DEG was Pts, a gene encoding an enzyme necessary for catecholamine (e.g., dopamine) biosynthesis. In comparing male and female WT mice, top DEGs were related to sexual development/fertility, immune regulation, obesity, dopamine signaling, and circadian regulation. SPA correlated strongly with Per3, a gene regulating circadian function, thermoregulation, and metabolism (r = -0.64, P = .002), which also correlated with adiposity (r = 0.54, P = .01). In conclusion, aromatase ablation leads to gene expression changes in NAc, which may in turn result in reduced SPA and related metabolic abnormalities. These findings may have significance to post-menopausal women and those treated with an aromatase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusti A Shay
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca J Welly
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
| | - Scott A Givan
- Informatics Research Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
| | - Nathan Bivens
- DNA Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
| | - Jill Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
| | - Brittney L Marshall
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA; Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA; MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
| | - Victoria J Vieira-Potter
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA.
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13
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Zhao F, Liu X, Wang Z, Lang H, Zhang T, Wang R, Lin X, He D, Shi P, Pang X. Novel Mouse miRNA Chr13_novelMiR7354-5p Improves Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation into Insulin-Producing Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 19:1110-1122. [PMID: 32059337 PMCID: PMC7016162 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) that play key roles in the generation of insulin-producing cells from stem cells provide a cell-based approach for insulin replacement therapy. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to detect the miRNA expression profile of normal mouse pancreatic β cells, non-β cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and determined relative miRNA expression levels in mouse pancreatic β cells. After the novel mouse miRNA candidates were identified using miRDeep 2.0, we found that Chr13_novelMiR7354-5p, a novel miRNA candidate, significantly promoted the differentiation of BM-MSCs into insulin-producing cells in vitro. Furthermore, Chr13_novelMiR7354-5p-transfected BM-MSCs reversed hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic mice. In addition, bioinformatics analyses, a luciferase reporter assay, and western blotting demonstrated that Chr13_novelMiR7354-5p targeted Notch1 and Rbpj. Our results provide compelling evidence of the existence of 65 novel mouse miRNA candidates and present a new treatment strategy to generate insulin-producing cells from stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Assisted Reproduction, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Street, Tiexi District, Shenyang City 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang City 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hongxin Lang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xuewen Lin
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dan He
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ping Shi
- Shenyang Amnion Bioengineering and Technology R&D Center, 155-5 Chuangxin Street, Hunnan District, Shenyang City 110015, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xining Pang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang City 110122, Liaoning Province, China; Shenyang Amnion Bioengineering and Technology R&D Center, 155-5 Chuangxin Street, Hunnan District, Shenyang City 110015, Liaoning Province, China.
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14
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Park S, Oh TS, Kim S, Kim EK. Palmitate-induced autophagy liberates monounsaturated fatty acids and increases Agrp expression in hypothalamic cells. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:384-391. [PMID: 31853375 PMCID: PMC6913639 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1696407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids regulate food intake, although the exact mechanism remains unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that intracellular free fatty acids generated by starvation-induced autophagy regulate food intake. Starvation for 6 h elevated fatty acids such as palmitate, oleate, arachidonate, eicosatrienoate, and docosahexaenoate in the mouse serum. Among them, palmitate induced lipophagy, an autophagic degradation of cellular lipid droplets, in agouti-related peptide (Agrp)-expressing hypothalamic cells. Palmitate-induced lipophagy increased both Agrp expression and the contents of monounsaturated fatty acids such as palmitoleate, oleate, and (E)-9-octadecanoate, whereas these effects were blunted by autophagy deficiency. These findings support the role of free fatty acids in hypothalamic autophagy that regulates the appetite by changing the expression of orexigenic neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokjae Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Seok Oh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seolsong Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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15
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Nakabeppu Y. Origins of Brain Insulin and Its Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1128:1-11. [PMID: 31062322 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3540-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The brain or central nervous system (CNS) utilizes a vast amount of energy to sustain its basic functions, and most of the energy in the brain is derived from glucose. Whole-body energy and glucose homeostasis in the periphery of the human body are regulated by insulin, while the brain had been considered as an "insulin-insensitive" organ, because bulk brain glucose uptake is not affected by insulin in either rodents and humans. However, recently it has become clear that the actions of insulin are more widespread in the CNS and are a critical part of normal development, food intake, and energy balance, as well as plasticity throughout adulthood. Moreover, there are substantial evidence demonstrating that brain insulin is derived from pancreas, neurons, and astrocytes. In this chapter, I reviewed recent progress in roles of insulin in the brain, expression of insulin genes, and multiple origins of the brain insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Nakabeppu
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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16
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Puttanna A. Mechanisms of diabetes and dementia. PRACTICAL DIABETES 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pdi.2234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amar Puttanna
- Consultant in Diabetes and EndocrinologyGood Hope Hospital Sutton Coldfield West Midlands UK
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17
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Dohare P, Cheng B, Ahmed E, Yadala V, Singla P, Thomas S, Kayton R, Ungvari Z, Ballabh P. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition enhances myelination in preterm newborns with intraventricular hemorrhage, but not recombinant Wnt3A. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 118:22-39. [PMID: 29940337 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants results in reduced proliferation and maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), and survivors exhibit reduced myelination and neurological deficits. Wnt signaling regulates OPC maturation and myelination in a context dependent manner. Herein, we hypothesized that the occurrence of IVH would downregulate Wnt signaling, and that activating Wnt signaling by GSK-3β inhibition or Wnt3A recombinant human protein (rh-Wnt3A) treatment might promote maturation of OPCs, myelination of the white matter, and neurological recovery in premature rabbits with IVH. These hypotheses were tested in autopsy samples from preterm infants and in a rabbit model of IVH. Induction of IVH reduced expressions of activated β-catenin, TCF-4, and Axin2 transcription factors in preterm newborns. Both AR-A014418 (ARA) and Wnt-3A treatment activated Wnt signaling. GSK-3β inhibition by intramuscular ARA treatment accelerated maturation of OPCs, myelination, and neurological recovery in preterm rabbits with IVH compared to vehicle controls. In contrast, intracerebroventricular rh-Wnt3A treatment failed to enhance myelination and neurological function in rabbits with IVH. ARA treatment reduced microglia infiltration and IL1β expression in rabbits with IVH relative to controls, whereas Wnt3A treatment elevated TNFα, IL1β, and IL6 expression without affecting microglia density. GSK-3β inhibition downregulated, while rh-Wnt3A treatment upregulated Notch signaling; and none of the two treatments affected the Sonic-Hedgehog pathway. The administration of ARA or rh-Wnt3A did not affect gliosis. The data suggest that GSK-3β inhibition promoted myelination by suppressing inflammation and Notch signaling; and Wnt3A treatment failed to enhance myelination because of its pro-inflammatory activity and synergy with Notch signaling. GSK-3β inhibitors might improve the neurological outcome of preterm infants with IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dohare
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bokun Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ehsan Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Vivek Yadala
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pranav Singla
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sunisha Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Robert Kayton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma University, OK, USA
| | - Praveen Ballabh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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18
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Effect of developmental NMDAR antagonism with CGP 39551 on aspartame-induced hypothalamic and adrenal gene expression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194416. [PMID: 29561882 PMCID: PMC5862471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Aspartame (L-aspartyl phenylalanine methyl ester) is a non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) approved for use in more than 6000 dietary products and pharmaceuticals consumed by the general public including adults and children, pregnant and nursing mothers. However a recent prospective study reported a doubling of the risk of being overweight amongst 1-year old children whose mothers consumed NNS-sweetened beverages daily during pregnancy. We have previously shown that chronic aspartame (ASP) exposure commencing in utero may detrimentally affect adulthood adiposity status, glucose metabolism and aspects of behavior and spatial cognition, and that this can be modulated by developmental N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) blockade with the competitive antagonist CGP 39551 (CGP). Since glucose homeostasis and certain aspects of behavior and locomotion are regulated in part by the NMDAR-rich hypothalamus, which is part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal- (HPA) axis, we have elected to examine changes in hypothalamic and adrenal gene expression in response to ASP exposure in the presence or absence of developmental NMDAR antagonism with CGP, using Affymetrix microarray analysis. Results Using 2-factor ANOVA we identified 189 ASP-responsive differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the adult male hypothalamus and 2188 in the adrenals, and a further 23 hypothalamic and 232 adrenal genes significantly regulated by developmental treatment with CGP alone. ASP exposure robustly elevated the expression of a network of genes involved in hypothalamic neurosteroidogenesis, together with cell stress and inflammatory genes, consistent with previous reports of aspartame-induced CNS stress and oxidative damage. These genes were not differentially expressed in ASP mice with CGP antagonism. In the adrenal glands of ASP-exposed mice, GABA and Glutamate receptor subunit genes were amongst those most highly upregulated. Developmental NMDAR antagonism alone had less effect on adulthood gene expression and affected mainly hypothalamic neurogenesis and adrenal steroid metabolism. Combined ASP + CGP treatment mainly upregulated genes involved in adrenal drug and cholesterol metabolism. Conclusion ASP exposure increased the expression of functional networks of genes involved in hypothalamic neurosteroidogenesis and adrenal catecholamine synthesis, patterns of expression which were not present in ASP-exposed mice with developmental NMDAR antagonism.
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19
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Dennis DJ, Han S, Schuurmans C. bHLH transcription factors in neural development, disease, and reprogramming. Brain Res 2018; 1705:48-65. [PMID: 29544733 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The formation of functional neural circuits in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) requires that appropriate numbers of the correct types of neuronal and glial cells are generated in their proper places and times during development. In the embryonic CNS, multipotent progenitor cells first acquire regional identities, and then undergo precisely choreographed temporal identity transitions (i.e. time-dependent changes in their identity) that determine how many neuronal and glial cells of each type they will generate. Transcription factors of the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family have emerged as key determinants of neural cell fate specification and differentiation, ensuring that appropriate numbers of specific neuronal and glial cell types are produced. Recent studies have further revealed that the functions of these bHLH factors are strictly regulated. Given their essential developmental roles, it is not surprising that bHLH mutations and de-regulated expression are associated with various neurological diseases and cancers. Moreover, the powerful ability of bHLH factors to direct neuronal and glial cell fate specification and differentiation has been exploited in the relatively new field of cellular reprogramming, in which pluripotent stem cells or somatic stem cells are converted to neural lineages, often with a transcription factor-based lineage conversion strategy that includes one or more of the bHLH genes. These concepts are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Dennis
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON M4N3M5, Canada
| | - Sisu Han
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON M4N3M5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON M4N3M5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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20
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Cholerton B, Baker LD, Montine TJ, Craft S. Type 2 Diabetes, Cognition, and Dementia in Older Adults: Toward a Precision Health Approach. Diabetes Spectr 2016; 29:210-219. [PMID: 27899872 PMCID: PMC5111529 DOI: 10.2337/ds16-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IN BRIEF There has been a concurrent dramatic rise in type 2 diabetes and dementia in the United States, and type 2 diabetes shares common genetic and environmental risk factors and underlying pathology with both vascular and Alzheimer's dementias. Given the ability to identify this at-risk population and a variety of potential targeted treatments, type 2 diabetes represents a promising focus for a precision health approach to reduce the impact of cognitive decline and dementia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura D. Baker
- Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Suzanne Craft
- Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
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21
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Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in pancreatic beta cells during the compensatory islet hyperplasia in prediabetic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1534-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G. Commentary: The Flavonoid Baicalein Rescues Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Deficits in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2016; 7:141. [PMID: 27618870 PMCID: PMC5002405 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Science, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine , Mo i Rana , Norway
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23
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Oh TS, Cho H, Cho JH, Yu SW, Kim EK. Hypothalamic AMPK-induced autophagy increases food intake by regulating NPY and POMC expression. Autophagy 2016; 12:2009-2025. [PMID: 27533078 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1215382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays important roles in the regulation of food intake by altering the expression of orexigenic or anorexigenic neuropeptides. However, little is known about the mechanisms of this regulation. Here, we report that hypothalamic AMPK modulates the expression of NPY (neuropeptide Y), an orexigenic neuropeptide, and POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin-α), an anorexigenic neuropeptide, by regulating autophagic activity in vitro and in vivo. In hypothalamic cell lines subjected to low glucose availability such as 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG)-induced glucoprivation or glucose deprivation, autophagy was induced via the activation of AMPK, which regulates ULK1 and MTOR complex 1 followed by increased Npy and decreased Pomc expression. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of autophagy diminished the effect of AMPK on neuropeptide expression in hypothalamic cell lines. Moreover, AMPK knockdown in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus decreased autophagic activity and changed Npy and Pomc expression, leading to a reduction in food intake and body weight. AMPK knockdown abolished the orexigenic effects of intraperitoneal 2DG injection by decreasing autophagy and changing Npy and Pomc expression in mice fed a high-fat diet. We suggest that the induction of autophagy is a possible mechanism of AMPK-mediated regulation of neuropeptide expression and control of feeding in response to low glucose availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Seok Oh
- a Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology , Dalseong-gun , Daegu , Korea
| | - Hanchae Cho
- a Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology , Dalseong-gun , Daegu , Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Cho
- a Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology , Dalseong-gun , Daegu , Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- a Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology , Dalseong-gun , Daegu , Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- a Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology , Dalseong-gun , Daegu , Korea.,b Neurometabolomics Research Center , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology , Dalseong-gun , Daegu , Korea
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