1
|
Park D, Fujise K, Wu Y, Luján R, Del Olmo-Cabrera S, Wesseling JF, De Camilli P. Overlapping role of synaptophysin and synaptogyrin family proteins in determining the small size of synaptic vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2409605121. [PMID: 38985768 PMCID: PMC11260120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2409605121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Members of the synaptophysin and synaptogyrin family are vesicle proteins with four transmembrane domains. In spite of their abundance in synaptic vesicle (SV) membranes, their role remains elusive and only mild defects at the cellular and organismal level are observed in mice lacking one or more family members. Here, we show that coexpression with synapsin in fibroblasts of each of the four brain-enriched members of this family-synaptophysin, synaptoporin, synaptogyrin 1, and synaptogyrin 3-is sufficient to generate clusters of small vesicles in the same size range of SVs. Moreover, mice lacking all these four proteins have larger SVs. We conclude that synaptophysin and synaptogyrin family proteins play an overlapping function in the biogenesis of SVs and in determining their small size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daehun Park
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon14662, South Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon14662, South Korea
| | - Kenshiro Fujise
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Yumei Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Rafael Luján
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Biomedicina de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Medicina, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete02006, Spain
| | - Sergio Del Olmo-Cabrera
- Institute for Neurosciences Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante03550, Spain
| | - John F. Wesseling
- Institute for Neurosciences Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante03550, Spain
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ravindran R, Michnick SW. Biomolecular condensates as drivers of membrane trafficking and remodelling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 89:102393. [PMID: 38936257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Membrane remodelling is essential for the trafficking of macromolecules throughout the cell, a process that regulates various aspects of cellular health and pathology. Recent studies implicate the role of biomolecular condensates in regulating multiple steps of the membrane trafficking pathway including but not limited to the organization of the trafficking machinery, dynamic remodeling of membranes, spatial and functional regulation, and response to cellular signals. The implicated proteins contain key structural elements, most notably prion-like domains within intrinsically disordered regions that are necessary for biomolecular condensate formation at fusion sites in processes like endocytic assembly, autophagy, organelle biosynthesis and synaptic vesicle fusion. Experimental and theoretical advances in the field continue to demonstrate that protein condensates can perform mechanical work, the implications of which can be extrapolated to diverse areas of membrane biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rini Ravindran
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephen W Michnick
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gupta MN, Uversky VN. Biological importance of arginine: A comprehensive review of the roles in structure, disorder, and functionality of peptides and proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128646. [PMID: 38061507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Arginine shows Jekyll and Hyde behavior in several respects. It participates in protein folding via ionic and H-bonds and cation-pi interactions; the charge and hydrophobicity of its side chain make it a disorder-promoting amino acid. Its methylation in histones; RNA binding proteins; chaperones regulates several cellular processes. The arginine-centric modifications are important in oncogenesis and as biomarkers in several cardiovascular diseases. The cross-links involving arginine in collagen and cornea are involved in pathogenesis of tissues but have also been useful in tissue engineering and wound-dressing materials. Arginine is a part of active site of several enzymes such as GTPases, peroxidases, and sulfotransferases. Its metabolic importance is obvious as it is involved in production of urea, NO, ornithine and citrulline. It can form unusual functional structures such as molecular tweezers in vitro and sprockets which engage DNA chains as part of histones in vivo. It has been used in design of cell-penetrating peptides as drugs. Arginine has been used as an excipient in both solid and injectable drug formulations; its role in suppressing opalescence due to liquid-liquid phase separation is particularly very promising. It has been known as a suppressor of protein aggregation during protein refolding. It has proved its usefulness in protein bioseparation processes like ion-exchange, hydrophobic and affinity chromatographies. Arginine is an amino acid, whose importance in biological sciences and biotechnology continues to grow in diverse ways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munishwar Nath Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hazra M, Levy Y. Cross-Talk of Cation-π Interactions with Electrostatic and Aromatic Interactions: A Salt-Dependent Trade-off in Biomolecular Condensates. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8460-8469. [PMID: 37721444 PMCID: PMC10544028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are essential for cellular functionality, yet the complex interplay among the diverse molecular interactions that mediate their formation remains poorly understood. Here, using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we address the contribution of cation-π interactions to the stability of condensates formed via liquid-liquid phase separation. We found greater stabilization of up to 80% via cation-π interactions in condensates formed from peptides with higher aromatic residue content or less charge clustering. The contribution of cation-π interactions to droplet stability increases with increasing ionic strength, suggesting a trade-off between cation-π and electrostatic interactions. Cation-π interactions, therefore, can compensate for reduced electrostatic interactions, such as occurs at higher salt concentrations and in sequences with less charged residue content or clustering. Designing condensates with desired biophysical characteristics therefore requires quantification not only of the individual interactions but also cross-talks involving charge-charge, π-π, and cation-π interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan
Kumar Hazra
- Department of Chemical and
Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yaakov Levy
- Department of Chemical and
Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sansevrino R, Hoffmann C, Milovanovic D. Condensate biology of synaptic vesicle clusters. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:293-306. [PMID: 36725404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal communication crucially relies on exocytosis of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles (SVs) which are clustered at synapses. To ensure reliable neurotransmitter release, synapses need to maintain an adequate pool of SVs at all times. Decades of research have established that SVs are clustered by synapsin 1, an abundant SV-associated phosphoprotein. The classical view postulates that SVs are crosslinked in a scaffold of protein-protein interactions between synapsins and their binding partners. Recent studies have shown that synapsins cluster SVs via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), thus providing a new framework for the organization of the synapse. We discuss the evidence for phase separation of SVs, emphasizing emerging questions related to its regulation, specificity, and reversibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sansevrino
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dragomir Milovanovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nam J, Gwon Y. Neuronal biomolecular condensates and their implications in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1145420. [PMID: 37065458 PMCID: PMC10102667 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1145420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are subcellular organizations where functionally related proteins and nucleic acids are assembled through liquid-liquid phase separation, allowing them to develop on a larger scale without a membrane. However, biomolecular condensates are highly vulnerable to disruptions from genetic risks and various factors inside and outside the cell and are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to the classical view of the nucleation-polymerization process that triggers the protein aggregation from the misfolded seed, the pathologic transition of biomolecular condensates can also promote the aggregation of proteins found in the deposits of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, it has been suggested that several protein or protein-RNA complexes located in the synapse and along the neuronal process are neuron-specific condensates displaying liquid-like properties. As their compositional and functional modifications play a crucial role in the context of neurodegeneration, further research is needed to fully understand the role of neuronal biomolecular condensates. In this article, we will discuss recent findings that explore the pivotal role of biomolecular condensates in the development of neuronal defects and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Youngdae Gwon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu X, Qiu H, Zhang M. Interactions between Membraneless Condensates and Membranous Organelles at the Presynapse: A Phase Separation View of Synaptic Vesicle Cycle. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167629. [PMID: 35595170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Action potential-induced neurotransmitter release in presynaptic boutons involves coordinated actions of a large list of proteins that are associated directly or indirectly with membrane structures including synaptic vesicles and plasma membranes. These proteins are often highly abundant in different synaptic bouton sub-compartments, and they rarely act alone. Instead, these proteins interact with each other forming intricate and distinct molecular complexes. Many of these complexes form condensed clusters on membrane surfaces. This review summarizes findings in recent years showing that many of presynaptic protein complex assemblies are formed via phase separation. These protein condensates extensively interact with lipid membranes via distinct modes, forming various mesoscale structures by different mode of organizations between membraneless condensates and membranous organelles. We discuss that such mesoscale interactions could have deep implications on mobilization, exocytosis, and retrieval of synaptic vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiandeng Wu
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Qiu
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518036, China; School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brodin L, Milovanovic D, Rizzoli SO, Shupliakov O. α-Synuclein in the Synaptic Vesicle Liquid Phase: Active Player or Passive Bystander? Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:891508. [PMID: 35664678 PMCID: PMC9159372 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.891508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein α-synuclein, which is well-known for its links to Parkinson’s Disease, is associated with synaptic vesicles (SVs) in nerve terminals. Despite intensive studies, its precise physiological function remains elusive. Accumulating evidence indicates that liquid-liquid phase separation takes part in the assembly and/or maintenance of different synaptic compartments. The current review discusses recent data suggesting α-synuclein as a component of the SV liquid phase. We also consider possible implications of these data for disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Brodin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Lennart Brodin, ; Oleg Shupliakov,
| | - Dragomir Milovanovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvio O. Rizzoli
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oleg Shupliakov
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- *Correspondence: Lennart Brodin, ; Oleg Shupliakov,
| |
Collapse
|