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Cheng F, Wang H, Li W, Zhang Y. Clinical pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of tyrosine-kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia: A clinical perspective. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 195:104258. [PMID: 38307392 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, numerous tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been introduced in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Given the significant interpatient variability in TKIs pharmacokinetics, potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can greatly impact patient therapy. This review aims to discuss the pharmacokinetic characteristics of TKIs, specifically focusing on their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profiles. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the utilization of TKIs in special populations such as the elderly, children, and patients with liver or kidney dysfunction. We also highlight known or suspected DDIs between TKIs and other drugs, highlighting various clinically relevant interactions. Moreover, specific recommendations are provided to guide haemato-oncologists, oncologists, and clinical pharmacists in managing DDIs during TKI treatment in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- Department of Hematology, the Central Hospital of Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Hill J, Jones RM, Crich D. Atypical N-Alkyl to N-Noralkoxy Switch in a Dual cSRC/BCR-ABL1 Kinase Inhibitor Improves Drug Efflux and hERG Affinity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1869-1875. [PMID: 38116407 PMCID: PMC10726475 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe an atypical amine bioisostere, the trisubstituted hydroxylamine, that upon incorporation into an approved dual cSRC/BCR-ABL1 kinase inhibitor yields 9, a compound that retains potent biological activity and couples it with improved drug efflux and hERG affinity at the expense of only a 2 atomic mass unit increase in molecular weight. Contrary to the common expectation for hydroxylamines in medicinal chemistry, 9 is well tolerated in vivo and lacks the mutagenicity and genotoxicity so often ascribed to lesser substituted hydroxylamines. A matched molecular pair (MMP) analysis suggests that the beneficial properties conferred by the N-alkyl to N-noralkoxy switch arises from a reduction in basicity of the piperazine unit. Overall, these results lend additional support to the use of trisubstituted hydroxylamines as bioisosteres of N-alkyl groups that are not involved in key polar interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarvis Hill
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Robert M. Jones
- Independent
Researcher, P.O. Box 568, Oakley, Utah 84055-0568, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Verhagen NE, Koenderink JB, Blijlevens NMA, Janssen JJWM, Russel FGM. Transporter-Mediated Cellular Distribution of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors as a Potential Resistance Mechanism in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2535. [PMID: 38004514 PMCID: PMC10675650 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematologic neoplasm characterized by the expression of the BCR::ABL1 oncoprotein, a constitutively active tyrosine kinase, resulting in uncontrolled growth and proliferation of cells in the myeloid lineage. Targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, ponatinib and asciminib has drastically improved the life expectancy of CML patients. However, treatment resistance occurs in 10-20% of CML patients, which is a multifactorial problem that is only partially clarified by the presence of TKI inactivating BCR::ABL1 mutations. It may also be a consequence of a reduction in cytosolic TKI concentrations in the target cells due to transporter-mediated cellular distribution. This review focuses on drug-transporting proteins in stem cells and progenitor cells involved in the distribution of TKIs approved for the treatment of CML. Special attention will be given to ATP-binding cassette transporters expressed in lysosomes, which may facilitate the extracytosolic sequestration of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor E. Verhagen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.E.V.); (J.B.K.)
| | - Jan B. Koenderink
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.E.V.); (J.B.K.)
| | - Nicole M. A. Blijlevens
- Department of Haematology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.M.A.B.); (J.J.W.M.J.)
| | - Jeroen J. W. M. Janssen
- Department of Haematology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.M.A.B.); (J.J.W.M.J.)
| | - Frans G. M. Russel
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.E.V.); (J.B.K.)
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Transport and metabolism of tyrosine kinase inhibitors associated with chronic myeloid leukemia therapy: a review. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1261-1279. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Restoration of MARCKS enhances chemosensitivity in cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:843-858. [PMID: 32056006 PMCID: PMC7085482 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Increased ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) transporter activity is a major cause of chemotherapy resistance in cancer. The ABC transporter family member ABCB1 is often overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC). Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphat (PI(4,5)P2)-dependent pathways are involved in the regulation of ABCB1 function. The protein Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C-Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) is a pivotal regulator of PI(4,5)P2 and inactivated in many CRC cancers via genetic deletion or hyperphosphorylation. Therefore, MARCKS may critically impact ABCB1. Methods CRC samples as well as CRC cell lines were tested for a connection between MARCKS and ABCB1 via immunofluorescence and Western-blot analysis. ABCB1 function was studied via calcein influx assay under treatment with known ABCB1 inhibitors (verapamil, tariquidar) as well as the kinase inhibitor bosutinib. ABCB1 internalization and MARCKS translocation was analyzed via confocal microscopy exploiting the endocytosis inhibitors chlorpromazine and dynasore. Abundance of PI(4,5)P2 was monitored by intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Reproductive cell survival was studied via colorimetric WST-1 and clonogenic assays in combination with exposure to the chemotherapeutics doxorubicin and 5-fuorouracil (5-FU). Results We found increased ABCB1 expression in MARCKS negative CRC patient tumor samples and established CRC cell lines. Mechanistically, the reconstitution of MARCKS function via recombinant expression or the pharmacological inhibition of MARCKS phosphorylation led to a substantial decrease in ABCB1 activity. In CRC cells, bosutinib treatment resulted in a MARCKS translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membrane, while simultaneously, ABCB1 was relocated to intracellular compartments. Inhibition of MARCKS phosphorylation via bosutinib rendered cells more sensitive to the chemotherapeutics doxorubicin and 5-FU. Conclusions Cells devoid of MARCKS function showed incomplete ABCB1 internalization, leading to higher ABCB1 activity enhancing chemoresistance. Vice versa our data suggest the prevention of MARCKS inhibition by reversing hyperphosphorylation or genomic restoration after deletion as two promising approaches to overcome tumor cell resistance towards chemotherapeutic ABCB1 substrates.
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Pharmacology of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia; a clinician's perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:371-385. [PMID: 31900888 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this review, we have summarized the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and adverse effects of imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib, ponatinib and radotinib with focus on pharmacogenomic studies with clinical end points. We have discussed the key phase 3 trials of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) comparing with each other, treatment free remission (TFR) and selection of TKI. Upcoming concepts and related trials in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) along with future directions have been touched upon. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed, Embase, Google, Cochrane library and Medline were searched to identify relevant literature for the review. Clinicaltrial.gov was searched for upcoming data and trials. RESULTS There are lot of gap in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TKI. Imatinib appears to be the safest TKI. Newer TKI's achieve better achievement of therapeutic milestones, deeper molecular response and less chances of progression of CML compared to imatinib. Newer TKI appears to be better choice for achieving TFR. When the objective is survival, imatinib is still the TKI of choice. Primary prophylaxis with antiplatelet drugs for TKI having cardiovascular and thromboembolic side effects should be considered. CONCLUSION Pharmacogenetic data of TKI is still immature to guide in therapeutic decision making in clinical practice. There is need for further research in pharmacology and pharmacogenomics of newer TKI's. Randomized controlled trials are required to decide the optimum TKI for TFR. Safe and effective TKI for targeting T315I mutation, CML accelerated phase and blast crisis are an active area of research.
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Willers C, Svitina H, Rossouw MJ, Swanepoel RA, Hamman JH, Gouws C. Models used to screen for the treatment of multidrug resistant cancer facilitated by transporter-based efflux. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1949-1976. [PMID: 31292714 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Efflux transporters of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC)-superfamily play an important role in the development of multidrug resistance (multidrug resistant; MDR) in cancer. The overexpression of these transporters can directly contribute to the failure of chemotherapeutic drugs. Several in vitro and in vivo models exist to screen for the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs against MDR cancer, specifically facilitated by efflux transporters. RESULTS This article reviews a range of efflux transporter-based MDR models used to test the efficacy of compounds to overcome MDR in cancer. These models are classified as either in vitro or in vivo and are further categorised as the most basic, conventional models or more complex and advanced systems. Each model's origin, advantages and limitations, as well as specific efflux transporter-based MDR applications are discussed. Accordingly, future modifications to existing models or new research approaches are suggested to develop prototypes that closely resemble the true nature of multidrug resistant cancer in the human body. CONCLUSIONS It is evident from this review that a combination of both in vitro and in vivo preclinical models can provide a better understanding of cancer itself, than using a single model only. However, there is still a clear lack of progression of these models from basic research to high-throughput clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Willers
- Pharmacen™, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Hanna Svitina
- Pharmacen™, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Michael J Rossouw
- Pharmacen™, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Roan A Swanepoel
- Pharmacen™, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Josias H Hamman
- Pharmacen™, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Chrisna Gouws
- Pharmacen™, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Transporter and Lysosomal Mediated (Multi)drug Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Potential Strategies to Overcome Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120503. [PMID: 30544701 PMCID: PMC6315453 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are a class of chemotherapeutic drugs that target specific protein kinases. These tyrosine kinase inhibitors constitute a relatively new class of drugs which target for instance Bcr-Abl, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR). Despite some initial successes, the overall therapeutic benefit of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the clinic has been mixed. Next to mutations in the target, multidrug resistance is a major obstacle for which still no clinically effective strategies have been developed. Major mechanisms of multidrug resistance are mediated by drug efflux transporter proteins. Moreover, there is accumulating evidence that multidrug resistance can also be caused by lysosomal sequestration of drugs, effectively trapping tyrosine kinase inhibitors and preventing them from reaching their target. Lysosomal drug sequestration seems to work together with ATP-binding cassette transporters, increasing the capacity of lysosomes to mediate sequestration. Both membrane efflux transporter proteins and lysosomes present potential therapeutic targets that could reverse multidrug resistance and increase drug efficacy in combination therapy. This review describes both mechanisms and discusses a number of proposed strategies to circumvent or reverse tyrosine kinase inhibitor-related multidrug resistance.
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Osaki T, Uzel SGM, Kamm RD. Microphysiological 3D model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) from human iPS-derived muscle cells and optogenetic motor neurons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat5847. [PMID: 30324134 PMCID: PMC6179377 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat5847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving loss of motor neurons (MNs) and muscle atrophy, still has no effective treatment, despite much research effort. To provide a platform for testing drug candidates and investigating the pathogenesis of ALS, we developed an ALS-on-a-chip technology (i.e., an ALS motor unit) using three-dimensional skeletal muscle bundles along with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived and light-sensitive channelrhodopsin-2-induced MN spheroids from a patient with sporadic ALS. Each tissue was cultured in a different compartment of a microfluidic device. Axon outgrowth formed neuromuscular junctions on the muscle fiber bundles. Light was used to activate muscle contraction, which was measured on the basis of pillar deflections. Compared to a non-ALS motor unit, the ALS motor unit generated fewer muscle contractions, there was MN degradation, and apoptosis increased in the muscle. Furthermore, the muscle contractions were recovered by single treatments and cotreatment with rapamycin (a mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitor) and bosutinib (an Src/c-Abl inhibitor). This recovery was associated with up-regulation of autophagy and degradation of TAR DNA binding protein-43 in the MNs. Moreover, administering the drugs via an endothelial cell barrier decreased the expression of P-glycoprotein (an efflux pump that transports bosutinib) in the endothelial cells, indicating that rapamycin and bosutinib cotreatment has considerable potential for ALS treatment. This ALS-on-a-chip and optogenetics technology could help to elucidate the pathogenesis of ALS and to screen for drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Osaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sebastien G. M. Uzel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Corresponding author.
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Effects of polymorphisms in NR1I2, CYP3A4, and ABC transporters on the steady-state plasma trough concentrations of bosutinib in Japanese patient with chronic myeloid leukemia. Med Oncol 2018; 35:90. [PMID: 29736778 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-018-1146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of polymorphisms in NR1I2 (7635A>G, 8055C>T), CYP3A4 (20230G>A), ABCB1 (1199G>A, 1236C>T, 2677G>T/A, 3435C>T), and ABCG2 (421C>A) on the mean plasma trough concentrations (C0) of bosutinib at the steady-state in 30 Japanese patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Bosutinib C0 values were monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography. The median coefficient of variation (CV) value of the bosutinib C0 for one patient (intrapatient) during bosutinib therapy was 25.9% (range: 7.66-44.24%). During bosutinib therapy, 17 of 30 patients received 300 mg/day bosutinib. The interpatient CV value for the bosutinib C0 after administration of 300 mg/day was 45.0%. There were no significant differences in the bosutinib C0 between genotypes for ABCB1, ABCG2, and CYP3A4 polymorphisms. However, the bosutinib C0 in patients with the NR1I2 7635G/G or 8055T/T genotype was significantly lower than those in patients with the 7635A allele or 8055C allele, respectively (P = 0.050 and 0.022, respectively). In addition, the bosutinib C0 in patients with both NR1I2 7635G/G and 8055T/T genotypes was significantly lower than those in patients with other genotypes (P = 0.022). Because patients with the NR1I2 7635G/G or 8055T/T genotype may have increased activity of pregnane X receptor-regulated genes and thereafter higher intestinal expression of CYP3A4 and ABC efflux drug transporters, these patients may have a lower bosutinib C0. Therefore, information on the NR1I2 genotype may be useful for achieving optimal systemic exposure of bosutinib.
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11
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Concomitant BCORL1 and BRAF Mutations in Vemurafenib-Resistant Melanoma Cells. Neoplasia 2018; 20:467-477. [PMID: 29605720 PMCID: PMC5915992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF is the most frequently mutated gene in melanoma. Constitutive activation of mutant BRAFV600E leads to aberrant Ras-independent MAPK signaling and cell transformation. Inhibition of mutant BRAF is a current frontline therapy for such cases, with improved survival compared with chemotherapy. Unfortunately, reactivation of MAPK signaling by several mechanisms has been shown to cause drug resistance and disease recurrence. In this work, we describe the co-occurrence of an in-frame deletion within an amplified BRAFV600E locus and a missense point mutation of the transcriptional repressor BCORL1 in vemurafenib-resistant A375 melanoma cells. Functional data confirmed that truncated p47BRAFV600E and mutant BCORL1Q1076H both contribute to resistance. Interestingly, either endogenous BCORL1 silencing or ectopic BCORL1Q1076H expression mimicked the effects of a CRISPR/Cas9-edited BCORL1Q1076H locus, suggesting a complex mixture of loss- and gain-of-function effects caused by the mutation. Transcriptomic data confirmed this hypothesis. Finally, we show that the pan-RAF inhibitor sorafenib is not affected by expression of BRAF deletion variant and effectively synergizes with vemurafenib to block resistant cells, suggesting a possible intervention for this class of mutants.
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Maia RC, Vasconcelos FC, Souza PS, Rumjanek VM. Towards Comprehension of the ABCB1/P-Glycoprotein Role in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010119. [PMID: 29316665 PMCID: PMC6017716 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: The introduction of imatinib (IM), a BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has represented a significant advance in the first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, approximately 30% of patients need to discontinue IM due to resistance or intolerance to this drug. Both resistance and intolerance have also been observed in treatment with the second-generation TKIs-dasatinib, nilotinib, and bosutinib-and the third-generation TKI-ponatinib. The mechanisms of resistance to TKIs may be BCR-ABL1-dependent and/or BCR-ABL1-independent. Although the role of efflux pump P-glycoprotein (Pgp), codified by the ABCB1 gene, is unquestionable in drug resistance of many neoplasms, a longstanding question exists about whether Pgp has a firm implication in TKI resistance in the clinical scenario. The goal of this review is to offer an overview of ABCB1/Pgp expression/activity/polymorphisms in CML. Understanding how interactions, associations, or cooperation between Pgp and other molecules-such as inhibitor apoptosis proteins, microRNAs, or microvesicles-impact IM resistance risk may be critical in evaluating the response to TKIs in CML patients. In addition, new non-TKI compounds may be necessary in order to overcome the resistance mediated by Pgp in CML.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/physiology
- Animals
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel C Maia
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular and Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, 6° andar, CEP 20230-130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Flavia C Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular and Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, 6° andar, CEP 20230-130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Paloma S Souza
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular and Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, 6° andar, CEP 20230-130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Vivian M Rumjanek
- Laboratório de Imunologia Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Galimberti S, Bucelli C, Arrigoni E, Baratè C, Grassi S, Ricci F, Guerrini F, Ciabatti E, Fava C, D'Avolio A, Fontanelli G, Cambrin GR, Isidori A, Loscocco F, Caocci G, Greco M, Bocchia M, Aprile L, Gozzini A, Scappini B, Cattaneo D, Scortechini AR, La Nasa G, Bosi A, Leoni P, Danesi R, Saglio G, Visani G, Cortelezzi A, Petrini M, Iurlo A, Di Paolo A. The hOCT1 and ABCB1 polymorphisms do not influence the pharmacodynamics of nilotinib in chronic myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88021-88033. [PMID: 29152138 PMCID: PMC5675690 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
First-line nilotinib in chronic myeloid leukemia is more effective than imatinib to achieve early and deep molecular responses, despite poor tolerability or failure observed in one-third of patients. The toxicity and efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors might depend on the activity of transmembrane transporters. However, the impact of transporters genes polymorphisms in nilotinib setting is still debated. We investigated the possible correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms of hOCT1 (rs683369 [c.480C>G]) and ABCB1 (rs1128503 [c.1236C>T], rs2032582 [c.2677G>T/A], rs1045642 [c.3435C>T]) and nilotinib efficacy and toxicity in a cohort of 78 patients affected by chronic myeloid leukemia in the context of current clinical practice. The early molecular response was achieved by 81% of patients while 64% of them attained deep molecular response (median time, 26 months). The 36-month event-free survival was 86%, whereas 58% of patients experienced toxicities. Interestingly, hOCT1 and ABCB1 polymorphisms alone or in combination did not influence event-free survival or the adverse events rate. Therefore, in contrast to data obtained in patients treated with imatinib, hOCT1 and ABCB1 polymorphisms do not impact on nilotinib efficacy or toxicity. This could be relevant in the choice of the first-line therapy: patients with polymorphisms that negatively condition imatinib efficacy might thus receive nilotinib as first-line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Galimberti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Bucelli
- Oncohematology Division, IRCCS Ca' Granda, Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Arrigoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Baratè
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Grassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,GeNOMEC, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Guerrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Ciabatti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmen Fava
- Hematology Division, Ospedale Mauriziano, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Fontanelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Rege Cambrin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Isidori
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Federica Loscocco
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Caocci
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marianna Greco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Bocchia
- Division of Hematology, Ospedale Le Scotte, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lara Aprile
- Division of Hematology, Ospedale Le Scotte, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Gozzini
- Division of Hematology, AOU Careggi, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Barbara Scappini
- Division of Hematology, AOU Careggi, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Daniele Cattaneo
- Oncohematology Division, IRCCS Ca' Granda, Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio La Nasa
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto Bosi
- Division of Hematology, AOU Careggi, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Pietro Leoni
- Division of Hematology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Visani
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, San Salvatore Hospital, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Agostino Cortelezzi
- Oncohematology Division, IRCCS Ca' Granda, Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Petrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Iurlo
- Oncohematology Division, IRCCS Ca' Granda, Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonello Di Paolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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14
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Heidari N, Abroun S, Bertacchini J, Vosoughi T, Rahim F, Saki N. Significance of Inactivated Genes in Leukemia: Pathogenesis and Prognosis. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 19:9-26. [PMID: 28580304 PMCID: PMC5448318 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2017.4908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic and genetic alterations are two mechanisms participating in leukemia, which can inactivate genes involved in leukemia pathogenesis or progression. The purpose of this review was to introduce various inactivated genes and evaluate their possible role in leukemia pathogenesis and prognosis. By searching the mesh words "Gene, Silencing AND Leukemia" in PubMed website, relevant English articles dealt with human subjects as of 2000 were included in this study. Gene inactivation in leukemia is largely mediated by promoter's hypermethylation of gene involving in cellular functions such as cell cycle, apoptosis, and gene transcription. Inactivated genes, such as ASPP1, TP53, IKZF1 and P15, may correlate with poor prognosis in acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), respectively. Gene inactivation may play a considerable role in leukemia pathogenesis and prognosis, which can be considered as complementary diagnostic tests to differentiate different leukemia types, determine leukemia prognosis, and also detect response to therapy. In general, this review showed some genes inactivated only in leukemia (with differences between B-ALL, T-ALL, CLL, AML and CML). These differences could be of interest as an additional tool to better categorize leukemia types. Furthermore; based on inactivated genes, a diverse classification of Leukemias could represent a powerful method to address a targeted therapy of the patients, in order to minimize side effects of conventional therapies and to enhance new drug strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Heidari
- Health Research Institute, Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeid Abroun
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jessika Bertacchini
- Signal Transduction Unit, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tina Vosoughi
- Health Research Institute, Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- Health Research Institute, Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Health Research Institute, Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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15
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Hsyu PH, Pignataro DS, Matschke K. Effect of bosutinib on the absorption of dabigatran etexilate mesylate, a P-glycoprotein substrate, in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 73:57-63. [PMID: 27717999 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-016-2115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bosutinib, a dual Src and Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated digoxin efflux in vitro, suggesting that bosutinib may inhibit P-gp substrates. The effect of bosutinib on dabigatran etexilate mesylate (EM) absorption, a P-gp substrate, was evaluated. METHODS In this open-label, randomized, single-dose, one-cohort, two-sequence, two-period crossover study, healthy, fed subjects received dabigatran EM (150 mg × 1 orally) alone or 1 h after receiving bosutinib tablets (100 mg × 5 orally). RESULTS Dabigatran EM monotherapy and concurrent administration of dabigatran EM with bosutinib resulted in similar values for concentration time curves from time zero extrapolated to infinity (AUCinf), but slightly lower maximum plasma concentration (C max) values (AUCinf, 1182 and 1186 ng·h/mL, respectively; C max, 129.8 and 114.1 ng/mL). The time to maximum concentration for dabigatran was 2.99 and 3.99 h for combination therapy. The ratio of the adjusted geometric means (test/reference) of dabigatran AUCinf and C max (90 % confidence interval) were 101.4 % (89.6-114.9 %) and 89.7 % (77.8-103.4 %), respectively, following administration of dabigatran EM with bosutinib (test) relative to dabigatran EM administered alone (reference). Six subjects receiving combination treatment reported a total of seven adverse events (AEs) versus none for subjects receiving monotherapy alone. All AEs were mild to moderate and considered treatment related. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that single doses of bosutinib do not affect dabigatran exposure, suggesting that bosutinib is not a clinical inhibitor of P-gp. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02102633. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02102633?term=NCT02102633&rank=1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poe-Hirr Hsyu
- Pfizer Inc, 10646 Science Center Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92121, USA.
| | | | - Kyle Matschke
- Pfizer Inc, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
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16
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Neul C, Schaeffeler E, Sparreboom A, Laufer S, Schwab M, Nies AT. Impact of Membrane Drug Transporters on Resistance to Small-Molecule Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:904-932. [PMID: 27659854 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of tyrosine kinases (TKIs) are the mainstay of treatment for many malignancies and represent novel treatment options for other diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Twenty-five TKIs are currently FDA-approved and >130 are being evaluated in clinical trials. Increasing evidence suggests that drug exposure of TKIs may significantly contribute to drug resistance, independently from somatic variation of TKI target genes. Membrane transport proteins may limit the amount of TKI reaching the target cells. This review highlights current knowledge on the basic and clinical pharmacology of membrane transporters involved in TKI disposition and their contribution to drug efficacy and adverse drug effects. In addition to non-genetic and epigenetic factors, genetic variants, particularly rare ones, in transporter genes are promising novel factors to explain interindividual variability in the response to TKI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Neul
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Anne T Nies
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Xu N, Li YL, Li X, Zhou X, Cao R, Li H, Li L, Lu ZY, Huang JX, Fan ZP, Huang F, Zhou HS, Zhang S, Liu Z, Zhu HQ, Liu QF, Liu XL. Correlation between deletion of the CDKN2 gene and tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in adult Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:40. [PMID: 27090891 PMCID: PMC4836197 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0270-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequency relapses are common in Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph-positive) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) following tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). CDKN2A/B is believed to contribute to this chemotherapy resistance. METHODS To further investigate the association between CDKN2 status and TKI resistance, the prevalence of CDKN2 deletions and its correlation with a variety of clinical features was assessed in 135 Ph-positive ALL patients using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (I-FISH). RESULTS Results showed that no difference occurred between patients with CDKN2 deletion (44/135) and wild-type patients in sex, age, and complete remission (CR) rate following induction chemotherapy combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, CDKN2 deletion carriers demonstrated higher white blood cell (WBC) count, enhanced rates of hepatosplenomegaly (P = 0.006), and upregulation of CD20 expression (P = 0.001). Moreover, deletions of CDKN2 resulted in lower rates of complete molecular response (undetectable BCR/ABL), increased cumulative incidence of relapse, short overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) time (P < 0.05) even though these patients received chemotherapy plus TKIs followed by allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT). In the case of 44 patients who presented with CDKN2 deletion, 18 patients were treated with dasatinib treatment, and another 26 patients were treated with imatinib therapy, and our study found that there were no differences associated with OS (P = 0.508) and DFS (P = 0.555) between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS CDKN2 deletion is frequently acquired during Ph-positive ALL progression and serves as a poor prognostic marker of long-term outcome in Ph-positive ALL patients with CDKN2 deletion even after the second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yu-ling Li
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zi-yuan Lu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ji-xian Huang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhi-ping Fan
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fen Huang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hong-sheng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Guangzhou Air Force Headquarters Hospital, No. 475, Huanshi East Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510071, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510317, China
| | - Hong-qian Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Hospital of Guizhou Province, Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Qi-fa Liu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiao-li Liu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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18
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Polillo M, Galimberti S, Baratè C, Petrini M, Danesi R, Di Paolo A. Pharmacogenetics of BCR/ABL Inhibitors in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22811-29. [PMID: 26402671 PMCID: PMC4613337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia was the first haematological neoplasia that benefited from a targeted therapy with imatinib nearly 15 years ago. Since then, several studies have investigated the role of genes, their variants (i.e., polymorphisms) and their encoded proteins in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase activity inhibitors (TKIs). Transmembrane transporters seem to influence in a significant manner the disposition of TKIs, especially that of imatinib at both cellular and systemic levels. In particular, members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family (namely ABCB1 and ABCG2) together with solute carrier (SLC) transporters (i.e., SLC22A1) are responsible for the differences in drug pharmacokinetics. In the case of the newer TKIs, such as nilotinib and dasatinib, the substrate affinity of these drugs for transporters is variable but lower than that measured for imatinib. In this scenario, the investigation of genetic variants as possible predictive markers has led to some discordant results. With the partial exception of imatinib, these discrepancies seem to limit the application of discovered biomarkers in the clinical settings. In order to overcome these issues, larger prospective confirmative trials are needed.
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MESH Headings
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Animals
- Biological Transport
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Organic Cation Transport Proteins/genetics
- Organic Cation Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Pharmacogenetics
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Polillo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Sara Galimberti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Claudia Baratè
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mario Petrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Romano Danesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Antonello Di Paolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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