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Levy Yurkovski I, Andreazzoli F, Ben-Arye E, Attias S, Tadmor T. Integrative Approaches in the Treatment of Patients Affected by Lymphoma. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:1523-1534. [PMID: 38060095 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-023-01476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lymphoma is the most frequent hematological malignancy with wide disease spectrum of watchful waiting period, active treatment, survivorship, and palliative care. All these steps impose unmet needs in terms of prevention, symptom alleviation, or prognosis. Complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) is widely used by patients with lymphoma to cope with such issues. Here, we describe the different CIM modalities that may be effective and safe for the management of patients with lymphoma. RECENT FINDINGS Low inflammatory diet and ginseng seem effective for lymphoma prevention. Pain and neuropathy may be improved using acupuncture, touch therapy and specific dietary supplements. Nausea/vomiting, fatigue, and insomnia may be relieved by acupuncture, mind-body, touch therapy, and certain dietary supplements. Vitamin D, curcumin, and some traditional medicine herbs may positively impact lymphoma prognosis. Finally, safety issues should be considered especially for the concomitant use of dietary supplements and lymphoma-directed therapies. CIM may be beneficial along the continuum of lymphoma management although safety concerns should be considered when used concomitantly with conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Levy Yurkovski
- Hematology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Golomb 47, 33394, Haifa, Israel.
- Complementary Medicine Service, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | | | - Eran Ben-Arye
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Integrative Oncology Program, The Oncology Service, Lin, Carmel & Zebulun Medical Centers, Clalit Health Services, Western Galilee District, Haifa, Israel
| | - Samuel Attias
- Complementary Medicine Service, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Golomb 47, 33394, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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2
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Zhang X, Tang B, Wen S, Wang Y, Pan C, Qu L, Yin Y, Wei Y. Advancements in the Biotransformation and Biosynthesis of the Primary Active Flavonoids Derived from Epimedium. Molecules 2023; 28:7173. [PMID: 37894651 PMCID: PMC10609448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epimedium is a classical Chinese herbal medicine, which has been used extensively to treat various diseases, such as sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and brain diseases. Flavonoids, such as icariin, baohuoside I, icaritin, and epimedin C, are the main active ingredients with diverse pharmacological activities. Currently, most Epimedium flavonoids are extracted from Epimedium plants, but this method cannot meet the increasing market demand. Biotransformation strategies promised huge potential for increasing the contents of high-value Epimedium flavonoids, which would promote the full use of the Epimedium herb. Complete biosynthesis of major Epimedium flavonoids by microbial cell factories would enable industrial-scale production of Epimedium flavonoids. This review summarizes the structures, pharmacological activities, and biosynthesis pathways in the Epimedium plant, as well as the extraction methods of major Epimedium flavonoids, and advancements in the biotransformation and complete microbial synthesis of Epimedium flavonoids, which would provide valuable insights for future studies on Epimedium herb usage and the production of Epimedium flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Quick Testing and Smart Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Bingling Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Sijie Wen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chengxue Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yongjun Wei
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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3
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Huong NT, Son NT. Icaritin: A phytomolecule with enormous pharmacological values. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023:113772. [PMID: 37356700 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological studies on flavonoids have always drawn much interest for many years. Icaritin (ICT), a representative flavone containing an 8-prenyl group, is a principal compound detected in medicinal plants of the genus Epimedum, the family Berberidaceae. Experimental results in the phytochemistry and pharmacology of this molecule are abundant now, but a deep overview has not been carried out. The goal of this review is to provide an insight into the natural observation, biosynthesis, biotransformation, synthesis, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics of prenyl flavone ICT. The relevant data on ICT was collected from bibliographic sources, like Google Scholar, Web of Science, Sci-Finder, and various published journals. "Icaritin" alone or in combination is the main keyword to seek for references, and references have been updated till now. ICT is among the characteristic phytomolecules of Epimedum plants. Bacteria monitored its biosynthesis and biotransformation, while this agent was rapidly synthesized from phloroglucinol by microwave-assistance Claisen rearrangement. ICT is a potential agent in numerous in vitro and in vivo pharmacological records, which demonstrated its role in cancer treatments via apoptotic-related mechanisms. It also brings in various health benefits since it reduced harmful effects on the liver, lung, heart, bone, blood, and skin, and improved immune responses. Pharmacokinetic outcomes indicated that its metabolic pathway involved hydration, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, glycosylation, and glucuronidation. Molecule mechanisms of action at a cellular level are predominant, but clinical studies are expected to get more. Structure-activity relationship records seem insufficient, and the studies on nano-combined approaches to improve its soluble property in living bodied medium are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Huong
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Hanoi University of Industry, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ninh The Son
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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Hassan STS, Šudomová M. Molecular Mechanisms of Flavonoids against Tumor Gamma-Herpesviruses and Their Correlated Cancers-A Focus on EBV and KSHV Life Cycles and Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010247. [PMID: 36613688 PMCID: PMC9820319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are cancer-causing viruses that belong to human gamma-herpesviruses. They are DNA viruses known to establish lifelong infections in humans, with the ability to develop various types of cancer. Drug resistance remains the main barrier to achieving effective therapies for viral infections and cancer. Thus, new medications with dual antiviral and anticancer actions are highly needed. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites biosynthesized by plants with diverse therapeutic effects on human health. In this review, we feature the potential role of flavonoids (flavones, protoflavones, isoflavones, flavanones, flavonols, dihydroflavonols, catechins, chalcones, anthocyanins, and other flavonoid-type compounds) in controlling gamma-herpesvirus-associated cancers by blocking EBV and KSHV infections and inhibiting the formation and growth of the correlated tumors, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, gastric cancer, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and primary effusion lymphoma. The underlying mechanisms via targeting EBV and KSHV life cycles and carcinogenesis are highlighted. Moreover, the effective concentrations or doses are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif T. S. Hassan
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Miroslava Šudomová
- Museum of Literature in Moravia, Klášter 1, 664 61 Rajhrad, Czech Republic
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Xiao Y, Yao W, Lin M, Huang W, Li B, Peng B, Ma Q, Zhou X, Liang M. Icaritin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles activate immunogenic cell death and facilitate tumor recruitment in mice with gastric cancer. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1712-1725. [PMID: 35635307 PMCID: PMC9176696 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2079769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the anti-tumor effect of icaritin loading poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (refer to PLGA@Icaritin NPs) on gastric cancer (GC) cells. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), size distribution, zeta potential, drug-loading capability, and other physicochemical characteristics of PLGA@Icaritin NPs were carried out. Furthermore, flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), Transwell, Elisa assay and Balb/c mice were applied to explore the cellular uptake, anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis, immune response activation effects, and related anti-tumor mechanism of PLGA@Icaritin NPs in vitro and in vivo. PLGA@Icaritin NPs showed spherical shape, with appropriate particle sizes and well drug loading and releasing capacities. Flow cytometry and CLSM results indicated that PLGA@Icaritin could efficiently enter into GC cells. CCK-8 proved that PLGA@Icaritin NPs dramatically suppressed cell growth, induced Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, arrested more GC cells at G2 phase, and inhibited the invasion and metastasis of GC cells, compared to free icaritin. In addition, PLGA@Icaritin could help generate dozens of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within GC cells, following by significant mitochondrial membrane potentials (MMPs) loss and excessive production of oxidative-mitochondrial DNA (Ox-mitoDNA). Since that, Ox-mitoDNA further activated the releasing of damage associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), and finally led to immunogenic cell death (ICD). Our in vivo data also elaborated that PLGA@Icaritin exerted a powerful inhibitory effect (∼80%), compared to free icaritin (∼60%). Most importantly, our results demonstrated that PLGA@Icaritin could activate the anti-tumor immunity via recruitment of infiltrating CD4+ cells, CD8+ T cells and increased secretion of cytokine immune factors, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ) tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1).++ Our findings validate that the successful design of PLGA@Icaritin, which can effectively active ICD and facilitate tumor recruitment in GC through inducing mitoDNA oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Innovation centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Wenxia Yao
- Department of Oncology, Innovation centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Mingzhen Lin
- Department of Oncology, Innovation centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Oncology, Innovation centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Ben Li
- Department of Oncology, Innovation centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Department of Oncology, Innovation centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Qinhai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510062, China
| | - Xinke Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Innovation centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Oncology, Innovation centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
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Dongye Z, Wu X, Wen Y, Ding X, Wang C, Zhao T, Li J, Wu Y. Icaritin and intratumoral injection of CpG treatment synergistically promote T cell infiltration and antitumor immune response in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109093. [PMID: 35930912 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of combination therapy that can modulate the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment is highly desirable for cancer immunotherapy. Icaritin (ICT), a hydrolytic product of icariin from genus Epimedium, has been used as an anti-cancer immunoregulatory agent for many types of cancers. Herein, we design a novel therapeutic strategy for mice melanoma that combines systemic administration of icaritin with intratumoral injection of unmethylated cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG). Icaritin induces tumor cell apoptosis and increases tumor immunogenicity. The combination of icaritin with CpG synergistically suppresses tumor growth and significantly prolonged survival time of B16F10 melanoma bearing mice. importantly, the anti-tumor effects of this combination strategy are associated with the reversing of immunosuppressive microenvironment through increased recruitment of functional DCs and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in tumors, leading to the infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells expressing elevated levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Furthermore, the combination of icaritin with CpG augments the anti-tumor immune response to anti-PD-1/CTLA-4 immune checkpoint blockade treatment. These results support the combination of icaritin with CpG as a novel strategy to elicit effective T cell-mediated antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangchi Dongye
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China; Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxiang Wen
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xuelei Ding
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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Zhang C, Xu H, Sui X, Chen L, Chen B, Lv H, Wang S, Wang X. Icaritin inhibits PLK1 to activate DNA damage response in NK/T cell lymphoma and increases sensitivity to GELOX regime. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 25:288-304. [PMID: 35663228 PMCID: PMC9127125 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is a highly aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, and L-asparaginase (GELOX) is one of the first-line chemotherapy regimens of NKTCL. Yet, the prognosis of NKTCL is poor. Icaritin is an herb-derived monomer from icariin with antitumor effects. We found that icaritin induced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis of NKTCL both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, icaritin inhibited the dissemination of NKTCL in vivo. RNA sequencing revealed the Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) gene and DNA damage response (DDR) as the targets of icaritin. Mechanistically, icaritin inhibited PLK1 to promote checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) homodimerization and its T387 phosphorylation, which further activated p53, leading to the activation of the DDR pathway. Moreover, inhibiting PLK1 increased Forkhead box O3a nuclear localization, the latter of which activated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), an early sensor of DNA damage. Then ATM phosphorylated Chk2 T68 and initiated Chk2 activation. Remarkably, the combined treatment of icaritin and GELOX achieved better antitumor efficacy than single treatment in vivo. In summary, our results proved the efficacy of icaritin treating NKTCL, provided insights into its antitumor molecular mechanism, and revealed the application value of icaritin in facilitating clinical NKTCL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education & Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education & Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianxian Sui
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education & Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bobin Chen
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Haozhen Lv
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Songmei Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education & Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Plant-Derived Chinese Medicine Monomers on Ovarian Cancer via the Wnt/ β-Catenin Signaling Pathway: Review of Mechanisms and Prospects. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:6852867. [PMID: 34912456 PMCID: PMC8668291 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6852867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system and has a high morbidity and mortality rate. The progression and metastasis of OC are complex and involve multiple signaling pathways. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is closely related to OC, and therefore blocking the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling directly or inhibiting related genes, and molecular targets is of great value in treating OC. Toxicities such as myelotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, genotoxicity, and vasospasm are the major side effects for common anticancer drugs and are well documented. There is, therefore, a need to develop new, effective, safer, and more affordable anticancer drugs from alternative sources. In recent years, plant-derived Chinese medicine monomers have drawn increasing attention due to their high safety, low toxicity, minimal side effects, and antitumor effects. Plant-derived Chinese medicine monomers are effective against multiple targets and can regulate the growth, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration of OC as well as reverse drug resistance by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize and provide mechanisms and prospects for the use of plant-derived Chinese medicines for the prevention and treatment of OC.
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Zheng X, Gou Y, Jiang Z, Yang A, Yang Z, Qin S. Icaritin-Induced FAM99A Affects GLUT1-Mediated Glycolysis via Regulating the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:740557. [PMID: 34765550 PMCID: PMC8576446 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.740557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Icaritin is a potential treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on the results of its phase 2 stage trial. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), a critical gene in regulating glycolysis, has been recognized as a promising target in HCC treatment. Previous studies have reported that FAM99A, a new long noncoding (lncRNA), is associated with HCC metastasis. It has also been demonstrated that the JAK2/STAT3 pathway is related to HCC and is the target of icaritin treatment. However, whether FAM99A participates in icaritin treatment and regulates GLUT1-mediated glycolysis via the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in HCC cells remains to be explored. Our study aimed to clarify the mechanisms underlying glycolysis and understand the regulating effects of the FAM99A and JAK2/STAT3 pathway in HCC cells in icaritin treatment. Molecular mechanism studies were conducted to verify whether FAM99A could bind to the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and to identify the regulatory mechanisms in the HCC cells. It was revealed that icaritin inhibited proliferation, GLUT1 level, and the glycolysis of the HCC cells. FAM99A in HCC cells was upregulated after a high concentration treatment of icaritin. FAM99A inhibited GLUT1 by blocking the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Mechanically, FAM99A interacted with EIF4B to inhibit gp130 and gp80 translation, which then interacted with miR-299-5p to upregulate SOCS3, causing the JAK2 pathway to inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation, so that JAK2/STAT3 was blocked in HCC cells. Overall, our study proved that icaritin-induced FAM99A can inhibit HCC cell viability and GLUT1-mediated glycolysis via blocking the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zheng
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Oncology Department, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yudong Gou
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyu Jiang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Oncology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Aizhen Yang
- Laboratory Department, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Pathology Department, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shukui Qin
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Oncology Department, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Li H, Li Y, Ao H, Fu J, Guo Y, Han M, Yan X, Chen X, Wang X. A comparative study on the in vitro and in vivo antitumor efficacy of icaritin and hydrous icaritin nanorods. Drug Deliv 2021; 27:1176-1187. [PMID: 32762483 PMCID: PMC7470086 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1801892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Icaritin (ICT) and hydrous icaritin (HICT) are two similar flavonoids compounds isolated from Epimedium Genus. This is the first comparative study on their in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects. Nanorods (NRs) were prepared for ICT and HICT by anti-solvent precipitation method using D-alpha tocopherol acid polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as a stabilizer. The prepared ICT-NRs and HICT-NRs had similar diameter (155.5 nm and 201.7 nm), high drug loading content (43.30 ± 0.22% and 41.08 ± 0.19%), excellent stability and a similar sustaining drug release manner. Nanorods improved the in vitro toxicity against 4 different cancer cells in contrast to free ICT or free HICT; however, no significant difference was observed in this regard between ICT-NRs and HICT NRs. In the in vivo study on the anticancer efficacy on MCF-7 and PLC/PRE/5 tumor-bearing mice model, HICR-NRs displayed certain advantage over ICT NRs with higher tumor inhibition rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yijing Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hui Ao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingxin Fu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yifei Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Meihua Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xueying Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiangtao Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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Hu Y, Ma X. Icariin Treatment Protects Against Gentamicin-Induced Ototoxicity via Activation of the AMPK-SIRT3 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:620741. [PMID: 33679402 PMCID: PMC7930742 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.620741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ototoxicity is a serious health problem that greatly affects millions of people worldwide. This condition is caused by the entry of aminoglycosides into auditory hair cells, subsequently inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and accumulation. Several strategies have been adopted to overcome irreversible ROS-induced hair cell loss in mammals. In recent years, icariin, a major active component of the traditional herb Epimedium, has been widely studied and revealed to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. In this study, we found that icariin pretreatment improved the survival rate of gentamicin-treated House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) cells and cochlear explants. Icariin remarkably suppressed HEI-OC1 cell apoptosis and inhibited ROS production in cells. Notably, icariin upregulated PGC-1α (SIRT3 promoter) and SIRT3 expression in HEI-OC1 cells. In addition, SIRT3 inhibition significantly attenuated the anti-apoptotic effect of icariin. We also found that icariin can increase AMPK phosphorylation. Further studies showed that inhibition of SIRT3 activity had no significant effect on AMPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, the AMPK inhibitor compound C significantly suppressed SIRT3 expression, meaning that AMPK, as an upstream molecule, regulates SIRT3 expression. Meanwhile, inhibition of AMPK activity significantly reduced the protective effect of icariin on gentamicin ototoxicity. Based on these results, icariin exerts its protective effect on gentamicin-induced ototoxicity via activation of the AMPK-SIRT3 signaling pathway, thus providing a new strategy for treating ototoxicity caused by aminoglycoside antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiulan Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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12
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Yang F, Gao Y, Chang YT, Zou Y, Houk KN, Lu JR, He J, Tang WZ, Liao HZ, Han H, Lin HW. Aromatic Ring Substituted Aaptamine Analogues as Potential Cytotoxic Agents against Extranodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:3758-3763. [PMID: 33170001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A chemical modification study was conducted on the marine natural product aaptamine (1), isolated from the marine sponge Aaptos aaptos. Thirty new derivatives substituted by various aromatic rings at the 3- and 7-positions of aaptamine were prepared by bromination, followed by the Suzuki coupling reaction. Sixteen compounds displayed cytotoxicities to four cancer cell lines (IC50 < 10 μM). In particular, compound 5i demonstrated a significant antiproliferative effect on the extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKT) cell line SNK-6 with an IC50 value of 0.6 μM. Additionally, compound 5i showed cytotoxicities to multiple lymphoma cell lines, including Ramos, Raji, WSU-DLCL2, and SU-DHL-4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Yung-Ting Chang
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Yike Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Jing-Rong Lu
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing He
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Zhuo Tang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ze Liao
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Han
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Hou-Wen Lin
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
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13
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Yiu SPT, Dorothea M, Hui KF, Chiang AKS. Lytic Induction Therapy against Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies: Past, Present, and Future. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082142. [PMID: 32748879 PMCID: PMC7465660 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic induction therapy is an emerging virus-targeted therapeutic approach that exploits the presence of EBV in tumor cells to confer specific killing effects against EBV-associated malignancies. Efforts have been made in the past years to uncover the mechanisms of EBV latent-lytic switch and discover different classes of chemical compounds that can reactivate the EBV lytic cycle. Despite the growing list of compounds showing potential to be used in the lytic induction therapy, only a few are being tested in clinical trials, with varying degrees of success. This review will summarize the current knowledge on EBV lytic reactivation, the major hurdles of translating the lytic induction therapy into clinical settings, and highlight some potential strategies in the future development of this therapy for EBV-related lymphoid and epithelial malignancies.
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14
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Icariin Promotes the Osteogenic Action of BMP2 by Activating the cAMP Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213875. [PMID: 31661767 PMCID: PMC6864436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Icariin (ICA) is the main active flavonoid glucoside from herbs of the genus Epimedium; in traditional Chinese medicine, these herbs have long been prescribed for the treatment of bone fractures and osteoporosis. Several studies have shown that treatment with ICA can increase osteogenic differentiation and reduce bone loss in vivo and in vitro. However, the definite signaling pathway of this osteogenic effect remains unclear. In this study, we selected bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-induced osteoblastic differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal progenitor C2C12 cells as a model of osteoblast differentiation. We investigated the effects of ICA on C2C12 cells osteogenic differentiation and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that ICA could enhance BMP2-mediated osteoblastic differentiation of C2C12 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with ICA activated the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling axis in a time-dependent manner. Blocking cAMP signaling using the PKA selective inhibitor H89 significantly inhibited the stimulatory effect of ICA on osteogenesis. Therefore, the osteoinductive potential and the low cost of ICA indicate that it is a promising alternative treatment or promoter for enhancing the therapeutic effects of BMP2.
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15
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Sun K, Mei W, Mo S, Xin L, Lei X, Huang M, Chen Q, Han L, Zhu X. Lead exposure inhibits osteoblastic differentiation and inactivates the canonical Wnt signal and recovery by icaritin in MC3T3-E1 subclone 14 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 303:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Icaritin: A Novel Natural Candidate for Hematological Malignancies Therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4860268. [PMID: 31032347 PMCID: PMC6458936 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4860268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hematological malignancies including leukemia and lymphoma can severely impact human health. With the current therapies combined with chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, the prognosis of hematologic malignancies improved significantly. However, most hematological malignancies are still incurable. Therefore, research for novel treatment options was continuing with the natural product as one source. Icaritin is a compound extracted from a traditional Chinese herb, Epimedium Genus, and demonstrated an antitumor effect in various neoplasms including hematological malignancies such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. In hematological malignancies, icaritin showed multiple cytotoxic effects to induce apoptosis, arrest the cell cycle, inhibit proliferation, promote differentiation, restrict metastasis and infiltration, and suppress the oncogenic virus. The proved underlying mechanisms of the cytotoxic effects of icaritin are different in various cell types of hematological malignancies but associated with the critical cell signal pathway, including PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT3, and MAPK/ERK/JNK. Although the primary target of icaritin is still unspecified, the existing evidence indicates that icaritin is a potential novel therapeutic agent for neoplasms as with hematological malignancies. Here, in the field of hematology, we reviewed the reported activity of icaritin in hematologic malignancies and the underlying mechanisms and recognized icaritin as a candidate for therapy of hematological malignancies.
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17
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Li H, Hu J, Luo X, Bode AM, Dong Z, Cao Y. Therapies based on targeting Epstein-Barr virus lytic replication for EBV-associated malignancies. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2101-2108. [PMID: 29751367 PMCID: PMC6029825 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) lytic infection has been shown to significantly contribute to carcinogenesis. Thus, therapies aimed at targeting the EBV lytic cycle have been developed as novel strategies for treatment of EBV‐associated malignancies. In this review, focusing on the viral lytic proteins, we describe recent advances regarding the involvement of the EBV lytic cycle in carcinogenesis. Moreover, we further discuss 2 distinct EBV lytic cycle‐targeted therapeutic strategies against EBV‐induced malignancies. One of the strategies involves inhibition of the EBV lytic cycle by natural compounds known to have anti‐EBV properties; another is to intentionally induce EBV lytic replication in combination with nucleotide analogues. Recent advances in EBV lytic‐based strategies are beginning to show promise in the treatment and/or prevention of EBV‐related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongde Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China.,Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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18
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Histone deacetylase inhibitor chidamide induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in NK/T lymphoma cells through ATM-Chk2-p53-p21 signalling pathway. Invest New Drugs 2018; 36:571-580. [PMID: 29504068 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the anti-tumour effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of a new oral histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), chidamide, in NK/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL), a rare and highly aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma with poor outcomes. SNT-8 and SNK-10 NKTCL cell lines were exposed to different concentrations of chidamide for the indicated time. The treated cells were analysed for cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cell apoptosis. Proteins in the AKT/mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways and the DNA damage response (DDR) cell cycle checkpoint pathway were measured by Western blotting. Chidamide inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, arrested cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 phase, and induced apoptosis in the NKTCL cell lines. In addition, we found that chidamide suppressed the phosphorylation levels of proteins in the AKT/mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways and activated the DDR cell cycle checkpoint pathway, that is, the ATM-Chk2-p53-p21 pathway. Expression of EBV genes was also assessed by Real-Time PCR. Chidamide induced EBV lytic-phase gene expression in EBV-positive NKTCL. Our results provide evidence that chidamide shows antitumour effects by inhibiting the AKT/mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways and activating the ATM-Chk2-p53-p21 signalling pathway in vitro.
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19
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Qin Z, Li S, Yao Z, Hong X, Wu B, Krausz KW, Gonzalez FJ, Gao H, Yao X. Chemical inhibition and stable knock-down of efflux transporters leads to reduced glucuronidation of wushanicaritin in UGT1A1-overexpressing HeLa cells: the role of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) in the excretion of glucuronides. Food Funct 2018; 9:1410-1423. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01298e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We determine the contributions of BCRP and MRP transporters in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Qin
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research
| | - Shishi Li
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research
| | - Xiaodan Hong
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangzhou Research and Creativity Biotechnology Co. Ltd
| | - Baojian Wu
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism
- Center for Cancer Research
- National Cancer Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- Bethesda
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism
- Center for Cancer Research
- National Cancer Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- Bethesda
| | - Hao Gao
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research
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20
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In Vitro Glucuronidation of Wushanicaritin by Liver Microsomes, Intestine Microsomes and Expressed Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091983. [PMID: 28925930 PMCID: PMC5618632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wushanicaritin, a natural polyphenol compound, exerts many biological activities. This study aimed to characterize wushanicaritin glucuronidation by pooled human liver microsomes (HLM), human intestine microsomes and individual uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme. Glucuronidation rates were determined by incubating wushanicaritin with uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid-supplemented microsomes. Kinetic parameters were derived by appropriate model fitting. Reaction phenotyping, the relative activity factor (RAF) and activity correlation analysis were performed to identify the main UGT isoforms. Wushanicaritin glucuronidation in HLM was efficient with a high CLint (intrinsic clearance) value of 1.25 and 0.69 mL/min/mg for G1 and G2, respectively. UGT1A1 and 1A7 showed the highest activities with the intrinsic clearance (CLint) values of 1.16 and 0.38 mL/min/mg for G1 and G2, respectively. In addition, G1 was significantly correlated with β-estradiol glucuronidation (r = 0.847; p = 0.0005), while G2 was also correlated with chenodeoxycholic acid glucuronidation (r = 0.638, p = 0.026) in a bank of individual HLMs (n = 12). Based on the RAF approach, UGT1A1 contributed 51.2% for G1, and UGT1A3 contributed 26.0% for G2 in HLM. Moreover, glucuronidation of wushanicaritin by liver microsomes showed marked species difference. Taken together, UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9 and 2B7 were identified as the main UGT contributors responsible for wushanicaritin glucuronidation.
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21
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Wu Z, Ou L, Wang C, Yang L, Wang P, Liu H, Xiong Y, Sun K, Zhang R, Zhu X. Icaritin induces MC3T3-E1 subclone14 cell differentiation through estrogen receptor-mediated ERK1/2 and p38 signaling activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:1-9. [PMID: 28742995 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Icaritin (ICT), a hydrolytic product of icariin from the genus Epimedium, has many indicated pharmacological and biological activities. Several studies have shown that ICT has potential osteoprotective effects, including stimulation of osteoblast differentiation and inhibition of osteoclast differentiation. However, the molecular mechanism for this anabolic action of ICT remains largely unknown. Here, we found that ICT could enhance MC3T3-E1 subclone 14 preosteoblastic cell differentiation associated with increased mRNA levels and protein expression of the differentiation markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type 1 collagen (COL1), osteocalcin (OC), osteoponin (OPN) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and improved mineralization, confirmed by bone nodule formation and collagen synthesis. To characterize the underlying mechanisms, we examined the effect of ICT on estrogen receptor (ER) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. ICT treatment induced p38 kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation, but it demonstrated at the same time point no effect on activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). ER antagonist ICI182780, p38 antagonist SB203580 and ERK1/2 antagonist PD98059 markedly inhibited the ICT-induced the mRNA expression of ALP, COL1, OC and OPN. ICI182780 attenuated the ICT-induced phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2. These observations indicate a potential mechanism of osteogenic effects of ICT involving the ERK1/2 and p38 pathway activation through the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidi Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, PR China
| | - Ling Ou
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, PR China
| | - Chaopeng Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, PR China
| | - Panpan Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, PR China
| | - Hengrui Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, PR China
| | - Yingquan Xiong
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, PR China
| | - Kehuan Sun
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, PR China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, PR China.
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22
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Jin L, Miao J, Liu Y, Li X, Jie Y, Niu Q, Han X. Icaritin induces mitochondrial apoptosis by up-regulating miR-124 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:287-295. [PMID: 27889233 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The present study is aimed to investigate the apoptosis-inducing effect of icaritin in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells and the associated mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS KB and SCC9 cell lines were used as model cell lines. Effect of icaritin on apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The effect of icaritin on mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was demonstrated by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytocrome C from mitochondria. MiR-124 mimic and miR-124 inhibitor were used to manipulate the expression of miR-124 in OSCC cells. SiRNA targeting Sp1 and DNMT1 as well as Sp1 and DNMT1 overexpressing vector were utilized to confirm their roles in the apoptosis-inducing effect of icaritin in OSCC cells. Activation of relevant signaling pathway by icaritin and effect of icaritin on expression of targeting molecules were determined by western blots or qRT-PCR. RESULTS Our results showed that icaritin inhibited tumor cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and induced cell apoptosis via intrinsic mitochondrial pathway by upregulating miR-124. Moreover, our results showed that the icaritin exerted regulatory effect on miR-124 through suppressing Sp1/DNMT1 signaling. CONCLUSION Our data provide the first experimental evidence that icaritin induces mitochondrial apoptosis in OSCC cells by upregulating miR-124 and suggest a new mechanism to explain its anti-tumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Jin
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Jinhong Miao
- Department of Nursing Management,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Yanjin Liu
- Department of Nursing Management,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Xingdan Li
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Yaqiong Jie
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Qianyun Niu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Nanyang, China
| | - Xinguang Han
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China.
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23
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Li Z, Meng X, Jin L. Icaritin induces apoptotic and autophagic cell death in human glioblastoma cells. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:4628-4643. [PMID: 27904667 PMCID: PMC5126309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GBM represents the most aggressive type of glioma which is featured by extremely aggressive invasion and destructive malignancy with a high proliferation rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro anti-tumor effect of icaritin in human GBM cell line U87. METHODS The effect of icaritin on In vitro cell viability was determined by MTT assay and colony formation assay. The inducing effect of icaritin on cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, apoptosis, autophagy and intracellular ROS generation was assessed by flow cytometry. The apoptotic cell death was also confirmed by TUNEL assay. The expression levels of target or marker molecules were examined by western blot. The activity of caspase-3, -8 and -9 was detected with ELISA kit. RESULTS Our results showed that icaritin significantly induced both caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in human GBM cell line U87. Additionally, our findings revealed that icaritin exerted anti-tumor effect by modulating Stat3 through generating ROS and subsequent activation of AMPK and inhibition of mTOR. Further investigation also showed that icaritin-induced autophagy served as a pro-death function and possibly contributed to icaritin-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Icaritin potently inhibit the cell growth of human GBM cell line U87 through inducing both caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagy. Base on our findings, icaritin can be considered as a promising candidate therapeutic agent for treatment of GBM, though further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaopei Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangwen Meng
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
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Bharadwaj U, Kasembeli MM, Tweardy DJ. STAT3 Inhibitors in Cancer: A Comprehensive Update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42949-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Wu H, Kim M, Han J. Icariin Metabolism by Human Intestinal Microflora. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091158. [PMID: 27589718 PMCID: PMC6273050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Icariin is a major bioactive compound of Epimedii Herba, a traditional oriental medicine exhibiting anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporosis activities. Recently, the estrogenic activities of icariin drew significant attention, but the published scientific data seemed not to be so consistent. To provide fundamental information for the study of the icaritin metabolism, the biotransformation of icariin by the human intestinal bacteria is reported for the first time. Together with human intestinal microflora, the three bacteria Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B, Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E, and Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 isolated from human intestine were reacted with icariin under anaerobic conditions. The metabolites including icariside II, icaritin, and desmethylicaritin, but not icariside I, were produced. The MRG-ICA-B and E strains hydrolyzed only the glucose moiety of icariin, and icariside II was the only metabolite. However, the MRG-PMF-1 strain metabolized icariin further to desmethylicaritin via icariside II and icaritin. From the results, along with the icariin metabolism by human microflora, it was evident that most icariin is quickly transformed to icariside II before absorption in the human intestine. We propose the pharmacokinetics of icariin should focus on metabolites such as icariside II, icaritin and desmethylicaritin to explain the discrepancy between the in vitro bioassay and pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Wu
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
| | - Mihyang Kim
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
| | - Jaehong Han
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
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Tan HL, Chan KG, Pusparajah P, Saokaew S, Duangjai A, Lee LH, Goh BH. Anti-Cancer Properties of the Naturally Occurring Aphrodisiacs: Icariin and Its Derivatives. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:191. [PMID: 27445824 PMCID: PMC4925704 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epimedium (family Berberidaceae), commonly known as Horny Goat Weed or Yin Yang Huo, is commonly used as a tonic, aphrodisiac, anti-rheumatic and anti-cancer agent in traditional herbal formulations in Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Korea. The major bioactive compounds present within this plant include icariin, icaritin and icariside II. Although it is best known for its aphrodisiac properties, scientific and pharmacological studies suggest it possesses broad therapeutic capabilities, especially for enhancing reproductive function and osteoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and immunoprotective effects. In recent years, there has been great interest in scientific investigation of the purported anti-cancer properties of icariin and its derivatives. Data from in vitro and in vivo studies suggests these compounds demonstrate anti-cancer activity against a wide range of cancer cells which occurs through various mechanisms such as apoptosis, cell cycle modulation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-metastasis and immunomodulation. Of note, they are efficient at targeting cancer stem cells and drug-resistant cancer cells. These are highly desirable properties to be emulated in the development of novel anti-cancer drugs in combatting the emergence of drug resistance and overcoming the limited efficacy of current standard treatment. This review aims to summarize the anti-cancer mechanisms of icariin and its derivatives with reference to the published literature. The currently utilized applications of icariin and its derivatives in cancer treatment are explored with reference to existing patents. Based on the data compiled, icariin and its derivatives are shown to be compounds with tremendous potential for the development of new anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Tan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Surasak Saokaew
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand; Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan UniversityPhitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Acharaporn Duangjai
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand; Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
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Liu L, Liu Y, Zhang T, Wu H, Lin M, Wang C, Zhan Y, Zhou Q, Qiao B, Sun X, Zhang Q, Guo X, Zhao G, Zhang W, Huang W. Synthetic Bax-Anti Bcl2 combination module actuated by super artificial hTERT promoter selectively inhibits malignant phenotypes of bladder cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:3. [PMID: 26743236 PMCID: PMC4705585 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synthetic biology technology which enhances the specificity and efficacy of treatment is a novel try in biomedical therapy during recent years. A high frequency of somatic mutations was shown in the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter in bladder cancer, indicating that a mutational hTERT promoter might be a tumor-specific element for bladder cancer therapy. In our study, we aimed to construct a synthetic combination module driven by a super artificial hTERT promoter and to investigate its influence on the malignant phenotypes of bladder cancer. METHODS The dual luciferase assay system was used to verify the driven efficiency and tumor-specificity of the artificial hTERT promoter and to confirm the relationship between ETS-1 and the driven efficiency of the artificial hTERT promoter. CCK-8 assay and MTT assay were used to test the effects of the Bax-Anti Bcl2 combination module driven by the artificial hTERT promoter on cell proliferation. Simultaneously, the cell apoptosis was detected by the caspase 3ELISA assay and the flow cytometry analysis after transfection. The results of CCK-8 assay and MTT assay were analyzed by ANOVA. The independent samples t-test was used to analyze other data. RESULTS We demonstrated that the artificial hTERT promoter had a higher driven efficiency which might be regulated by transcription factor ETS-1 in bladder cancer cells, compared with wild-type hTERT promoter. Meanwhile, the artificial hTERT promoter showed a strong tumor-specific effect. The cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction were observed in artificial hTERT promoter- Bax-Anti Bcl2 combination module -transfected bladder cancer 5637 and T24 cells, but not in the module -transfected normal human fibroblasts. CONCLUSION This module offers us a useful synthetic biology platform to inhibit the malignant phenotypes of bladder cancer in a more specific and effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Tianbiao Zhang
- Urology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Hanwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Muqi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chaoliang Wang
- Urology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yonghao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Qing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Baoping Qiao
- Urology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qiaoxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixing Zhang
- Urology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Weiren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Centre, Beijing, 100034, China.
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Mei Q, Wang C, Zhao Z, Yuan W, Zhang G. Synthesis of icariin from kaempferol through regioselective methylation and para-Claisen-Cope rearrangement. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1220-5. [PMID: 26425179 PMCID: PMC4578360 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemisynthesis of the naturally occurring bioactive flavonoid glycoside icariin (1) has been accomplished in eleven steps with 7% overall yield from kaempferol. The 4′-OH methylation of kaempferol, the 8-prenylation of 3-O-methoxymethyl-4′-O-methyl-5-O-prenyl-7-O-benzylkaempferol (8) via para-Claisen–Cope rearrangement catalyzed by Eu(fod)3 in the presence of NaHCO3, and the glycosylation of icaritin (3) are the key steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Mei
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China ; Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weicheng Yuan
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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