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Ansari M, Kulkarni YA, Singh K. Advanced Technologies of Drug Delivery to the Posterior Eye Segment Targeting Angiogenesis and Ocular Cancer. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2024; 41:85-124. [PMID: 37824419 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2023045298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB), a childhood retinal cancer is caused due to RB1 gene mutation which affects the child below 5 years of age. Angiogenesis has been proven its role in RB metastasis due to the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in RB cells. Therefore, exploring angiogenic pathway by inhibiting VEGF in treating RB would pave the way for future treatment. In preclinical studies, anti-VEGF molecule have shown their efficacy in treating RB. However, treatment requires recurrent intra-vitreal injections causing various side effects along with patient nonadherence. As a result, delivery of anti-VEGF agent to retina requires an ocular delivery system that can transport it in a non-invasive manner to achieve patient compliance. Moreover, development of these type of systems are challenging due to the complicated physiological barriers of eye. Adopting a non-invasive or minimally invasive approach for delivery of anti-VEGF agents would not only address the bioavailability issues but also improve patient adherence to therapy overcoming the side effects associated with invasive approach. The present review focuses on the eye cancer, angiogenesis and various novel ocular drug delivery systems that can facilitate inhibition of VEGF in the posterior eye segment by overcoming the eye barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Ansari
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
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Zhou X, Lai Y, Xu X, Wang Q, Sun L, Chen L, Li J, Li R, Luo D, Lin Y, Ding X. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids inhibit pathological neovascularization and vaso-obliteration in ischaemic retinopathy via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13407. [PMID: 36694349 PMCID: PMC10334269 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effect and the molecular mechanism of tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs), a novel self-assembled nanomaterial with excellent biocompatibility and superior endocytosis ability, in inhibition of pathological retinal neovascularization (RNV) and more importantly, in amelioration of vaso-obliteration (VO) in ischaemic retinopathy. tFNAs were synthesized from four single-stranded DNAs (ssDNAs). Cell proliferation, wound healing and tube formation assays were performed to explore cellular angiogenic functions in vitro. The effects of tFNAs on reducing angiogenesis and inhibiting VO were explored by oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model in vivo. In vitro, tFNAs were capable to enter endothelial cells (ECs), inhibit cell proliferation, tube formation and migration under hypoxic conditions. In vivo, tFNAs successfully reduce RNV and inhibit VO in OIR model via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K pathway, while vascular endothelial growth factor fusion protein, Aflibercept, could reduce RNV but not inhibit VO. This study provides a theoretical basis for the further understanding of RNV and suggests that tFNAs might be a novel promising candidate for the treatment of blind-causing RNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Yanting Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Qiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Limei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Limei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiajie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Stomatological HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Rong Li
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Delun Luo
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Stomatological HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
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Shao J, Cai J, Yao Y, Zhu H. Hyperglycemia-induced increasing of RELB/circ_0008590 in NF-κB pathway is repressed by miR-1243 in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1624. [PMID: 34926668 PMCID: PMC8640898 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-5562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background To investigate the abnormal expression of circ_0008590 and its parent gene, reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene related B (RELB) in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (hRECs) in hyperglycemia and the potential mechanism. Methods The levels of RELB, circ_0008590, and miR-1243 in hRECs or clinical samples were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to test the interaction between RELB/circ_0008590 and miR-1243. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), Transwell, flow cytometry (FCM), wound healing, and tube formation assays were used for the physiological investigation. The interaction between human RELB and circ_0008590 was studied in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic retinopathy (DR) C57BL/6 mice. Results The levels of circ_0008590 and RELB were increased in hRECs in hyperglycemia; during the progression of DR, the levels of circ_0008590 and RELB messenger RNA (mRNA) in aqueous humor were first decreased and then increased, whereas miR-1243 showed an opposite trend. Both RELB 3'-untranslated region (UTR) and circ_0008590 shared a similar binding site for miR-1243. Further, miR-1243 mimic suppressed the proliferation and migration of hRECs, promoting the apoptosis ratio, which could be rescued by the overexpression of circ_0008590. In STZ-induced DR mice, miR-1243 agomir rescued the effects of the overexpression of human RELB. Conclusions In hyperglycemia, high expression of RELB/circ_0008590 could be suppressed by miR-1243, and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway is subsequently affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiping Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Sun S, Wang R, Yi S, Li S, Wang L, Wang J. Roles of the microRNA‑338‑3p/NOVA1 axis in retinoblastoma. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:394. [PMID: 33760207 PMCID: PMC8008220 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is an intraocular malignancy that mainly affects young children. Previous reports have demonstrated that mutations or the inactivation of the RB1 gene were the main cause of RB; however, disruption of the intracellular signaling pathways following deficiency of RB1 requires further investigation. Based on the Gene Expression Omnibus data and bioinformatics prediction, the present study aimed to investigate the microRNA (miR)-338-3p/neuro-oncological ventral antigen 1 (NOVA1) axis in RB. Subsequently, overexpression and knockdown of miR-338-3p and NOVA1, respectively, were performed to study the role of miR-338-3p/NOVA1 in the progression of the RB cells. The results demonstrated that overexpression of miR-338-3p significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoted apoptosis of the RB cells. Moreover, knockdown of NOVA1 showed similar results. A dual-luciferase reporter assay and rescue experiments further confirmed the direct binding between miR-338-3p and NOVA1. Taken together, the results indicated that miR-338-3p acted as tumor suppressor by targeting the oncogene of NOVA1 in RB, which may serve as potential therapeutic targets in RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoubin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Runze Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Sisi Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Sijia Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jianwen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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Yuan XW, Yan TQ, Tong H. Effect of miR-515-5p on Proliferation and Drug Sensitivity of Retinoblastoma Cells. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:12087-12098. [PMID: 33262657 PMCID: PMC7700094 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s271165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoblastoma (RB) is a common malignancy in children eyes. Aberrant microRNA (miR) expression is observed in many cancer cases. miR-515-5p is reported to be concerned with the course of many cancers. This study explores the role of miR-515-5p in proliferation and drug sensitivity of RB cells. Methods Human RB cell lines (WERI-RB1, SO-RB50 and Y79) and human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 were utilized in this study. Drug-resistant cells SO-RB50/VCR and SO-RB50/CBP were constructed for the following experiments. The expressions of miR-515-5p and Notch1 in RB cells were detected. Notch1 was significantly upregulated in RB cells while miR-515-5p was notably downregulated. Then, the binding relationship between miR-515-5p and Notch1 was predicted and verified. Results miR-515-5p negatively regulated Notch1 expression. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that overexpressed miR-515-5p inhibited RB cell proliferation and enhanced drug sensitivity. Functional rescue experiment suggested that miR-515-5p regulated RB cell proliferation and drug sensitivity via inhibiting Notch1 expression. Conclusion It could be concluded that overexpressed miR-515-5p suppressed proliferation and drug resistance of RB cells by targeting Notch1 expression, indicating that miR-515-5p might constitute a promising therapy target for RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wen Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan People's Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province 271199, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Qin Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan People's Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province 271199, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Laoshan Branch of the Affifiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, People's Republic of China
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Seo EJ, Choi JA, Koh JY, Yoon YH. Aflibercept ameliorates retinal pericyte loss and restores perfusion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e001278. [PMID: 33077473 PMCID: PMC7574888 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents are used worldwide for advanced-stage diabetic retinopathy (DR). In contrast, apart from blood glucose control, there are no specific treatments that can limit the progression of early-stage DR that starts with pericyte loss and the destruction of the blood-retinal barrier. Here, we examined the efficacy of aflibercept, a potent anti-VEGF agent, against early-DR pathologies in a murine model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DR. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS STZ was intraperitoneally administered in 8-week-old C57BL/6N male mice. After 4 weeks, the mice were divided into aflibercept-treated and saline-treated groups. Eight weeks after the STZ injection, vascular permeability/leakage was measured with fluorescein angiography in live mice. At 4, 6, and 8 weeks after the STZ injection, the eyes were enucleated, flat-mounted, and stained for platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β to assess pericyte abundance, CD45 to assess leukocyte recruitment, and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran to assess perfusion. VEGF levels were quantified in each group. The effects of aflibercept on pericyte number, perfusion status, and leukocyte recruitment/accumulation on mice with diabetes retina were evaluated. RESULTS Our murine model successfully replicated the salient pathologies of DR such as pericytes loss, hyperpermeability, and perfusion blockage. Interestingly, numerous leukocytes and leukocyte clumps were found in diabetic retinal capillaries, especially in the non-perfused border area of the retina, suggesting a possible mechanism for non-perfusion and related pericyte damage. Treatment with aflibercept in mice with diabetes inhibited the upregulation of VEGF and the associated adhesion molecules while reducing the defects in perfusion. Aflibercept also attenuated pericyte loss in the diabetic retina. CONCLUSION VEGF inhibition through aflibercept treatment decreased leukocyte recruitment and aggregation, perfusion blockage, retinal hypoperfusion, and hyperpermeability in mice with diabetes and ultimately attenuated pericyte loss. Our findings suggest that anti-VEGF strategies may prove useful as possible therapies for limiting the progression of early-stage DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoi Jong Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, The Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong A Choi
- Neural Injury Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Koh
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
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Zhou Z, Jiang H, Xia J, Zhang J. Comparison of the therapeutic effects of lobaplatin and carboplatin on retinoblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:697-706. [PMID: 32582992 PMCID: PMC7384850 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is one of the most aggressive malignancies affecting infants and children. Platinum drugs are commonly used in the treatment of RB; however, their efficacy is often compromised by drug resistance and severe toxicity. The present study aimed to investigate and compare the toxicity and antitumor activity of the third-generation platinum drugs, carboplatin and lobaplatin, in vitro and in vivo. The Y79 RB cell line was treated with carboplatin or lobaplatin in vitro and then used to establish xenografts in immunodeficient nude mice in vivo; the effects of pharmacological doses of these drugs were then assessed. High concentrations of carboplatin and lobaplatin markedly inhibited Y79 RB cell proliferation in vitro. In addition, the lobaplatin group exhibited higher proportions of early-stage apoptotic cells than the carboplatin group, while no significant differences in the proportions of cells in the S phase were observed between the 2 groups, as shown by flow cytometry. Significant changes in the E2F1/Cdc25a/Cdk2 pathway in the RB cells were detected by RNA-seq following carboplatin or lobaplatin intervention. RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical analyses in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that the trends of drug-induced inhibition of tumor pathological changes may have been regulated through the E2F1/Cdc25a/Cdk2 pathway, and that lobaplatin was more effective than carboplatin in controlling tumors in vivo. On the whole, the findings of the present study demonstrate that lobaplatin is associated with lower cytotoxicity and exerts more prominent therapeutic effects than carboplatin on Y79 RB cells in vitro and in mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510627, P.R. China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510627, P.R. China
| | - Jiejun Xia
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510627, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510627, P.R. China
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Yang Y, Wu N, Wu Y, Chen H, Qiu J, Qian X, Zeng J, Chiu K, Gao Q, Zhuang J. Artesunate induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of human retinoblastoma cells by upregulating Kruppel-like factor 6. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:862. [PMID: 31723124 PMCID: PMC6853908 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in children. Intravitreal chemotherapy achieves favorable clinical outcomes in controlling RB vitreous seeds, which are a common reason for treatment failure. Thus, a novel, effective and safe intravitreal chemotherapeutic drug is urgently required. The malaria drug artesunate (ART) recently demonstrated remarkable anticancer effects with mild side effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-RB efficacy, the underlying mechanism and the intraocular safety of ART. Herein, we verified that ART inhibits RB cell viability and induces cell apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Microarray analysis revealed that Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) was upregulated after ART treatment, and this was further confirmed by real-time PCR and western blot assays. Silencing of KLF6 expression significantly reversed ART-induced RB cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. Furthermore, ART activated mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of RB cells, while silencing KLF6 expression significantly inhibited this effect. In murine xenotransplantation models of RB, we further confirmed that ART inhibits RB tumor growth, induces tumor cell apoptosis and upregulates KLF6 expression. In addition, KLF6 silencing attenuates ART-mediated inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, we proved that intravitreal injection of ART in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats is safe, with no obvious retinal function damage or structural disorders observed by electrophysiology (ERG), fundal photographs, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) or optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations. Collectively, our study revealed that ART induces mitochondrial apoptosis of RB cells via upregulating KLF6, and our results may extend the application of ART to the clinic as an effective and safe intravitreal chemotherapeutic drug to treat RB, especially RB with vitreous seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Nandan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Haoting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Jin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Jieting Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Kin Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Qianying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliate Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China.
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Yang Q, Tripathy A, Yu W, Eberhart CG, Asnaghi L. Hypoxia inhibits growth, proliferation, and increases response to chemotherapy in retinoblastoma cells. Exp Eye Res 2017; 162:48-61. [PMID: 28689747 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the retina and the most frequent intraocular cancer in children. Low oxygen tension (hypoxia) is a common phenomenon in advanced retinoblastomas, but its biological effect on retinoblastoma growth is not clearly understood. Here we studied how hypoxia altered retinoblastoma gene expression and modulated growth and response to chemotherapy. The hypoxic marker lysyl oxidase (LOX) was expressed in 8 of 12 human retinoblastomas analyzed by immunohistochemistry, suggesting that a hypoxic microenvironment is present in up to two thirds of the cases. WERI Rb1 and Y79 retinoblastoma lines were exposed to 1% or 5% pO2, cobalt chloride (CoCl2), or to normoxia (21% pO2) for up to 8 days. Both 1% and 5% pO2 inhibited growth of both lines by more than 50%. Proliferation was reduced by 25-50% when retinoblastoma cells were exposed to 1% vs 21% pO2, as determined by Ki67 assay. Surprisingly, Melphalan, Carboplatin, and Etoposide produced greater reduction in growth and survival of hypoxic cells than normoxic ones. Gene expression profile analysis of both lines, exposed for 48 h to 1%, 5%, or 21% pO2, showed that glycolysis and glucose transport were the most up-regulated pathways, whereas oxidative phosphorylation was the most down-regulated pathway in hypoxia as compared to normoxia. These data support a role for hypoxia in suppressing growth, proliferation, and enhancing response of retinoblastoma cells to chemotherapy, possibly by impairing energy production through activation of glycolysis and inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Targeting glucose metabolism or enhancing delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to hypoxic regions may improve treatment of advanced retinoblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arushi Tripathy
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wayne Yu
- Microarray Core Facility, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Laura Asnaghi
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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