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Gao F, Wu Y, Wang R, Yao Y, Liu Y, Fan L, Xu J, Zhang J, Han X, Guan X. Precise nano-system-based drug delivery and synergistic therapy against androgen receptor-positive triple-negative breast cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2685-2697. [PMID: 38828153 PMCID: PMC11143519 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting androgen receptor (AR) has shown great therapeutic potential in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), yet its efficacy remains unsatisfactory. Here, we aimed to identify promising targeted agents that synergize with enzalutamide, a second-generation AR inhibitor, in TNBC. By using a strategy for screening drug combinations based on the Sensitivity Index (SI), we found that MK-8776, a selective checkpoint kinase1 (CHK1) inhibitor, showed favorable synergism with enzalutamide in AR-positive TNBC. The combination of enzalutamide and MK-8776 was found to exert more significant anti-tumor effects in TNBC than the single application of enzalutamide or MK-8776, respectively. Furthermore, a nanoparticle-based on hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified hollow-manganese dioxide (HMnO2), named HMnE&M@H, was established to encapsulate and deliver enzalutamide and MK-8776. This HA-modified nanosystem managed targeted activation via pH/glutathione responsiveness. HMnE&M@H repressed tumor growth more obviously than the simple addition of enzalutamide and MK-8776 without a carrier. Collectively, our study elucidated the synergy of enzalutamide and MK-8776 in TNBC and developed a novel tumor-targeted nano drug delivery system HMnE&M@H, providing a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyan Gao
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yueyao Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Runtian Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yuhui Yao
- Department of Oncology, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yiqiu Liu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lingling Fan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jingtong Xu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Han
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Guan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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Baker R, Dell'Acqua G, Richards A, Thornton MJ. Nutraceuticals known to promote hair growth do not interfere with the inhibitory action of tamoxifen in MCF7, T47D and BT483 breast cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297080. [PMID: 38408073 PMCID: PMC10896530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair loss/thinning is a common side effect of tamoxifen in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer therapy. Some nutraceuticals known to promote hair growth are avoided during breast cancer therapy for fear of phytoestrogenic activity. However, not all botanical ingredients have similarities to estrogens, and in fact, no information exists as to the true interaction of these ingredients with tamoxifen. Therefore, this study sought to ascertain the effect of nutraceuticals (+/- estrogen/tamoxifen), on proliferation of breast cancer cells and the relative expression of ERα/β. METHODS Kelp, Astaxanthin, Saw Palmetto, Tocotrienols, Maca, Horsetail, Resveratrol, Curcumin and Ashwagandha were assessed on proliferation of MCF7, T47D and BT483 breast cancer cell lines +/- 17β-estradiol and tamoxifen. Each extract was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) prior to use. Cellular ERα and ERβ expression was assessed by qRT-PCR and western blot. Changes in the cellular localisation of ERα:ERβ and their ratio following incubation with the nutraceuticals was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Estradiol stimulated DNA synthesis in three different breast cancer cell lines: MCF7, T47D and BT483, which was inhibited by tamoxifen; this was mirrored by a specific ERa agonist in T47D and BT483 cells. Overall, nutraceuticals did not interfere with tamoxifen inhibition of estrogen; some even induced further inhibition when combined with tamoxifen. The ERα:ERβ ratio was higher at mRNA and protein level in all cell lines. However, incubation with nutraceuticals induced a shift to higher ERβ expression and a localization of ERs around the nuclear periphery. CONCLUSIONS As ERα is the key driver of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, if nutraceuticals have a higher affinity for ERβ they may offer a protective effect, particularly if they synergize and augment the actions of tamoxifen. Since ERβ is the predominant ER in the hair follicle, further studies confirming whether nutraceuticals can shift the ratio towards ERβ in hair follicle cells would support a role for them in hair growth. Although more research is needed to assess safety and efficacy, this promising data suggests the potential of nutraceuticals as adjuvant therapy for hair loss in breast cancer patients receiving endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Baker
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - M Julie Thornton
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
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Crespo B, Illera JC, Silvan G, Lopez-Plaza P, Herrera de la Muela M, de la Puente Yagüe M, Diaz del Arco C, Illera MJ, Caceres S. Androgen and Estrogen β Receptor Expression Enhances Efficacy of Antihormonal Treatments in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1471. [PMID: 38338747 PMCID: PMC10855276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype is characterized by the lack of expression of ERα (estrogen receptor α), PR (progesterone receptor) and no overexpression of HER-2. However, TNBC can express the androgen receptor (AR) or estrogen receptor β (ERβ). Also, TNBC secretes steroid hormones and is influenced by hormonal fluctuations, so the steroid inhibition could exert a beneficial effect in TNBC treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dutasteride, anastrozole and ASP9521 in in vitro processes using human TNBC cell lines. For this, immunofluorescence, sensitivity, proliferation and wound healing assays were performed, and hormone concentrations were studied. Results revealed that all TNBC cell lines expressed AR and ERβ; the ones that expressed them most intensely were more sensitive to antihormonal treatments. All treatments reduced cell viability, highlighting MDA-MB-453 and SUM-159. Indeed, a decrease in androgen levels was observed in these cell lines, which could relate to a reduction in cell viability. In addition, MCF-7 and SUM-159 increased cell migration under treatments, increasing estrogen levels, which could favor cell migration. Thus, antihormonal treatments could be beneficial for TNBC therapies. This study clarifies the importance of steroid hormones in AR and ERβ-positive cell lines of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Crespo
- Department Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.C.); (G.S.); (P.L.-P.); (M.J.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Department Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.C.); (G.S.); (P.L.-P.); (M.J.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Gema Silvan
- Department Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.C.); (G.S.); (P.L.-P.); (M.J.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Paula Lopez-Plaza
- Department Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.C.); (G.S.); (P.L.-P.); (M.J.I.); (S.C.)
| | - María Herrera de la Muela
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Instituto de Salud de la Mujer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IsISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Miriam de la Puente Yagüe
- Department of Public and Maternal Child Health University, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Maria Jose Illera
- Department Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.C.); (G.S.); (P.L.-P.); (M.J.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Caceres
- Department Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.C.); (G.S.); (P.L.-P.); (M.J.I.); (S.C.)
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Yan S, Wang J, Chen H, Zhang D, Imam M. Divergent features of ERβ isoforms in triple negative breast cancer: progress and implications for further research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1240386. [PMID: 37936981 PMCID: PMC10626554 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1240386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) was discovered more than 20 years ago. However, the extent and role of ERβ expression in breast cancer remain controversial, especially in the context of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). ERβ exists as multiple isoforms, and a series of studies has revealed an inconsistent role of ERβ isoforms in TNBC. Our recent results demonstrated contrasting functions of ERβ1 and ERβ2/β5 in TNBC. Additional research should be conducted to explore the functions of individual ERβ isoforms and develop targeted drugs according to the relevant mechanisms. Consequently, a systematic review of ERβ isoforms is necessary. In this review, we overview the structure of ERβ isoforms and detail what is known about the function of ERβ isoforms in normal mammary tissue and breast cancer. Moreover, this review highlights the divergent features of ERβ isoforms in TNBC. This review also provides insights into the implications of targeting ERβ isoforms for clinical treatment. In conclusion, this review provides a framework delineating the roles and mechanisms of different ERβ isoforms in TNBC and sheds light on future directions for basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchao Yan
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Kirkby M, Popatia AM, Lavoie JR, Wang L. The Potential of Hormonal Therapies for Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4702. [PMID: 37835396 PMCID: PMC10571841 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is considered one of the most aggressive forms of breast cancer with poor survival rates compared to other breast cancer subtypes. TNBC is characterized by the absence of the estrogen receptor alpha, progesterone receptor, and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, limiting those viable treatment options available to patients with other breast cancer subtypes. Furthermore, due to the particularly high heterogeneity of TNBC, conventional treatments such as chemotherapy are not universally effective, leading to drug resistance and intolerable side effects. Thus, there is a pressing need to discover new therapies beneficial to TNBC patients. This review highlights current findings regarding the roles of three steroid hormone receptors, estrogen receptor beta, the androgen receptor, and the glucocorticoid receptor, in the progression of TNBC. In addition, we discussed several ongoing and completed clinical trials targeting these hormone receptors in TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kirkby
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.K.); (A.M.P.)
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- The Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Alyanna M. Popatia
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.K.); (A.M.P.)
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- The Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jessie R. Lavoie
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.K.); (A.M.P.)
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.K.); (A.M.P.)
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- The Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
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Anticancer or carcinogenic? The role of estrogen receptor β in breast cancer progression. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 242:108350. [PMID: 36690079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) is closely related to breast cancer (BC) progression. Traditional concepts regard ERβ as a tumor suppressor. As studies show the carcinogenic effect of ERβ, some people have come to a new conclusion that ERβ serves as a tumor suppressor in estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer, while it is a carcinogen in ERα-negative breast cancer. However, we re-examine the role of ERβ and find this conclusion to be misleading based on the last decade's research. A large number of studies have shown that ERβ plays an anticancer role in both ERα-positive and ERα-negative breast cancers, and its carcinogenicity does not depend solely on the presence of ERα. Herein, we review the anticancer and oncogenic effects of ERβ on breast cancer progression in the past ten years, discuss the mechanism respectively, analyze the main reasons for the inconsistency and update ERβ selective ligand library. We believe a detailed and continuously updated review will help correct the one-sided understanding of ERβ, promoting ERβ-targeted breast cancer therapy.
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Li K, Zong D, Sun J, Chen D, Ma M, Jia L. Rewiring of the Endocrine Network in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:830894. [PMID: 35847875 PMCID: PMC9280148 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.830894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunohistochemical definition of estrogen/progesterone receptors dictates endocrine feasibility in the treatment course of breast cancer. Characterized by the deficiency of estrogen receptor α, ERα-negative breast cancers are dissociated from any endocrine regimens in the routine clinical setting, triple-negative breast cancer in particular. However, the stereotype was challenged by triple-negative breast cancers’ retained sensitivity and vulnerability to endocrine agents. The interplay of hormone action and the carcinogenic signaling program previously underscored was gradually recognized along with the increasing investigation. In parallel, the overlooked endocrine-responsiveness in ERα-negative breast cancers attracted attention and supplied fresh insight into the therapeutic strategy in an ERα-independent manner. This review elaborates on the genomic and non-genomic steroid hormone actions and endocrine-related signals in triple-negative breast cancers attached to the hormone insensitivity label. We also shed light on the non-canonical mechanism detected in common hormone agents to showcase their pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jianrong Sun
- School of Clinical Medicine. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Danxiang Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Minkai Ma
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, The Fourth Central Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Liqun Jia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liqun Jia,
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Abstract
Despite the improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, breast cancer still remains one of the world’s leading causes of death among women. Particularly, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by aggressiveness, metastatic spreading, drug resistance and a very high percentage of death in patients. Nowadays, identification of new targets in TNBC appears very compelling. TNBC are considered negative for the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression. Nevertheless, they often express ERβ and its variants. As such, this TNBC subtype still responds to estrogens. While the ERβ1 variant seems to act as a tumor-suppressor, the two variants ERβ2 and 5 exhibit pro-oncogenic activities in TNBC. Thus, ERβ1 activation might be used to limit the growth and spreading as well as to increase the drug sensitivity of TNBC. In contrast, the pro-oncogenic properties of ERβ2 and ERβ5 suggest the possible development and clinical use of specific antagonists in TNBC treatment. Furthermore, the role of ERβ might be regarded in the context of the androgen receptor (AR) expression, which represents another key marker in TNBC. The relationship between AR and ERβ as well as the ability to modulate the receptor-mediated effects through agonists/antagonists represent a challenge to develop more appropriate therapies in clinical management of TNBC patients. In this review, we will discuss the most recent data in the field. Therapeutic implications of these findings are also presented in the light of the discovery of specific ERβ modulators.
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9
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Carcinogenesis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Sex Steroid Hormones. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112588. [PMID: 34070471 PMCID: PMC8197527 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks all of three treatment targets (estrogen receptor-α, ER-α; progesterone receptor, PgR; and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER2) and is usually associated with a poor clinical outcome; however, several sex steroid receptors, such as androgen receptor (AR), ER-β, and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor, are frequently expressed and their biological and clinical importance has been suggested. Despite the structural similarity between sex steroid hormones (androgens and estrogens) or receptors (AR and ER-β), similar signaling mechanisms of these hormones, and the coexistence of these hormones and their receptors in TNBC in a clinical setting, most studies or reviews focused on only one of these receptors, and rarely reviewed them in a comprehensive way. In this review, the carcinogenic or pathobiological role of sex steroid hormones in TNBC is considered, focusing on common and differing features of hormone actions. Abstract Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks an effective treatment target and is usually associated with a poor clinical outcome; however, hormone unresponsiveness, which is the most important biological characteristic of TNBC, only means the lack of nuclear estrogenic signaling through the classical estrogen receptor (ER), ER-α. Several sex steroid receptors other than ER-α: androgen receptor (AR), second ER, ER-β, and non-nuclear receptors represented by G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), are frequently expressed in TNBC and their biological and clinical importance has been suggested by a large number of studies. Despite the structural similarity between each sex steroid hormone (androgens and estrogens) or each receptor (AR and ER-β), and similarity in the signaling mechanisms of these hormones, most studies or reviews focused on one of these receptors, and rarely reviewed them in a comprehensive way. Considering the coexistence of these hormones and their receptors in TNBC in a clinical setting, a comprehensive viewpoint would be important to correctly understand the association between the carcinogenic mechanism or pathobiology of TNBC and sex steroid hormones. In this review, the carcinogenic or pathobiological role of sex steroid hormones in TNBC is considered, focusing on the common and divergent features of the action of these hormones.
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van Barele M, Heemskerk-Gerritsen BAM, Louwers YV, Vastbinder MB, Martens JWM, Hooning MJ, Jager A. Estrogens and Progestogens in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Do They Harm? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2506. [PMID: 34063736 PMCID: PMC8196589 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) occur more frequently in younger women and do not express estrogen receptor (ER) nor progesterone receptor (PR), and are therefore often considered hormone-insensitive. Treatment of premenopausal TNBC patients almost always includes chemotherapy, which may lead to premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and can severely impact quality of life. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is contraindicated for patients with a history of hormone-sensitive breast cancer, but the data on safety for TNBC patients is inconclusive, with a few randomized trials showing increased risk-ratios with wide confidence intervals for recurrence after HRT. Here, we review the literature on alternative pathways from the classical ER/PR. We find that for both estrogens and progestogens, potential alternatives exist for exerting their effects on TNBC, ranging from receptor conversion, to alternative receptors capable of binding estrogens, as well as paracrine pathways, such as RANK/RANKL, which can cause progestogens to indirectly stimulate growth and metastasis of TNBC. Finally, HRT may also influence other hormones, such as androgens, and their effects on TNBCs expressing androgen receptors (AR). Concluding, the assumption that TNBC is completely hormone-insensitive is incorrect. However, the direction of the effects of the alternative pathways is not always clear, and will need to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van Barele
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Bernadette A. M. Heemskerk-Gerritsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Yvonne V. Louwers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mijntje B. Vastbinder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ijsselland Hospital, Prins Constantijnweg 2, 2906 ZC Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands;
| | - John W. M. Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Maartje J. Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Agnes Jager
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
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11
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de Miranda FS, Guimarães JPT, Menikdiwela KR, Mabry B, Dhakal R, Rahman RL, Moussa H, Moustaid-Moussa N. Breast cancer and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS): Therapeutic approaches and related metabolic diseases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 528:111245. [PMID: 33753205 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is classically recognized for regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. Recently, this role has extended to other areas including inflammation, obesity, diabetes, as well as breast cancer. RAS components are expressed in normal and cancerous breast tissues, and downregulation of RAS inhibits metastasis, proliferation, angiogenesis, and desmoplasia in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, RAS inhibitors (Angiotensin receptor blockers, ARBs, or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ACE-I) may be beneficial as preventive adjuvant therapies to thwart breast cancer development and improve outcomes, respectively. Given the beneficial effects of RAS inhibitors in metabolic diseases, which often co-exist in breast cancer patients, combining RAS inhibitors with other breast cancer therapies may enhance the effectiveness of current treatments. This review scrutinizes above associations, to advance our understanding of the role of RAS in breast cancer and its potential for repurposing of RAS inhibitors to improve the therapeutic approach for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Sardela de Miranda
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Inflammation and Obesity Research, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - João Pedro Tôrres Guimarães
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Inflammation and Obesity Research, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kalhara R Menikdiwela
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Inflammation and Obesity Research, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Brennan Mabry
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Inflammation and Obesity Research, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Rabin Dhakal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Rakhshanda Layeequr Rahman
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Hanna Moussa
- Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Inflammation and Obesity Research, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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12
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Brumec M, Sobočan M, Takač I, Arko D. Clinical Implications of Androgen-Positive Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1642. [PMID: 33915941 PMCID: PMC8037213 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent findings of a vast array of studies conducted on androgen receptor-positive triple-negative breast cancer (AR-positive TNBC) to provide a better understanding of this specific breast cancer subgroup. AR expression is correlated with higher age, lower histological grade, lower proliferation index Ki-67, spiculated masses, and calcifications on mammography. Studies investigating the correlation between AR expression and lymph node metastasis are highly discordant. In addition, results regarding prognosis are highly contradictory. AR antagonists are a promising novel therapeutic approach in AR-positive TNBC. However, AR signaling pathways should be more investigated in order to understand the influence of AR expression on TNBC more thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Brumec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (D.A.)
| | - Monika Sobočan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (D.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Divison of Gynecology and Perinatology, University Medical Centre Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Takač
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (D.A.)
- Divison of Gynecology and Perinatology, University Medical Centre Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Darja Arko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (D.A.)
- Divison of Gynecology and Perinatology, University Medical Centre Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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13
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Thomas C, Karagounis IV, Srivastava RK, Vrettos N, Nikolos F, Francois N, Huang M, Gong S, Long Q, Kumar S, Koumenis C, Krishnamurthy S, Ueno NT, Chakrabarti R, Maity A. Estrogen Receptor β-Mediated Inhibition of Actin-Based Cell Migration Suppresses Metastasis of Inflammatory Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2399-2414. [PMID: 33514514 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a highly metastatic breast carcinoma with high frequency of estrogen receptor α (ERα) negativity. Here we explored the role of the second ER subtype, ERβ, and report expression in IBC tumors and its correlation with reduced metastasis. Ablation of ERβ in IBC cells promoted cell migration and activated gene networks that control actin reorganization, including G-protein-coupled receptors and downstream effectors that activate Rho GTPases. Analysis of preclinical mouse models of IBC revealed decreased metastasis of IBC tumors when ERβ was expressed or activated by chemical agonists. Our findings support a tumor-suppressive role of ERβ by demonstrating the ability of the receptor to inhibit dissemination of IBC cells and prevent metastasis. On the basis of these findings, we propose ERβ as a potentially novel biomarker and therapeutic target that can inhibit IBC metastasis and reduce its associated mortality. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate the capacity of ERβ to elicit antimetastatic effects in highly aggressive inflammatory breast cancer and propose ERβ and the identified associated genes as potential therapeutic targets in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoforos Thomas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Ilias V Karagounis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ratnesh K Srivastava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas Vrettos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fotis Nikolos
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Noëlle Francois
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Menggui Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Siliang Gong
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qi Long
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Savitri Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rumela Chakrabarti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amit Maity
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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14
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Dell’Acqua G, Richards A, Thornton MJ. The Potential Role of Nutraceuticals as an Adjuvant in Breast Cancer Patients to Prevent Hair Loss Induced by Endocrine Therapy. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113537. [PMID: 33217935 PMCID: PMC7698784 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutraceuticals, natural dietary and botanical supplements offering health benefits, provide a basis for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Use of CAM by healthy individuals and patients with medical conditions is rapidly increasing. For the majority of breast cancer patients, treatment plans involve 5–10 yrs of endocrine therapy, but hair loss/thinning is a common side effect. Many women consider this significant, severely impacting on quality of life, even leading to non-compliance of therapy. Therefore, nutraceuticals that stimulate/maintain hair growth can be proposed. Although nutraceuticals are often available without prescription and taken at the discretion of patients, physicians can be reluctant to recommend them, even as adjuvants, since potential interactions with endocrine therapy have not been fully elucidated. It is, therefore, important to understand the modus operandi of ingredients to be confident that their use will not interfere/interact with therapy. The aim is to improve clinical/healthcare outcomes by combining specific nutraceuticals with conventional care whilst avoiding detrimental interactions. This review presents the current understanding of nutraceuticals beneficial to hair wellness and outcomes concerning efficacy/safety in breast cancer patients. We will focus on describing endocrine therapy and the role of estrogens in cancer and hair growth before evaluating the effects of natural ingredients on breast cancer and hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. Julie Thornton
- Centre for Skin Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD17 7DF, UK
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Breast cancer, a malignant tumor originating from mammary epithelial tissue, is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Challenges facing the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer necessitate the search for new mechanisms and drugs to improve outcomes. Estrogen receptor (ER) is considered to be important for determining the diagnosis and treatment strategy. The discovery of the second estrogen receptor, ERβ, provides an opportunity to understand estrogen action. The emergence of ERβ can be traced back to 1996. Over the past 20 years, an increasing body of evidence has implicated the vital effect of ERβ in breast cancer. Although there is controversy among scholars, ERβ is generally thought to have antiproliferative effects in disease progression. This review summarizes available evidence regarding the involvement of ERβ in the clinical treatment and prognosis of breast cancer and describes signaling pathways associated with ERβ. We hope to highlight the potential of ERβ as a therapeutic target.
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Sellitto A, D’Agostino Y, Alexandrova E, Lamberti J, Pecoraro G, Memoli D, Rocco D, Coviello E, Giurato G, Nassa G, Tarallo R, Weisz A, Rizzo F. Insights into the Role of Estrogen Receptor β in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061477. [PMID: 32516978 PMCID: PMC7353068 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) are ligand-activated transcription factors that play different roles in gene regulation and show both overlapping and specific tissue distribution patterns. ERβ, contrary to the oncogenic ERα, has been shown to act as an oncosuppressor in several instances. However, while the tumor-promoting actions of ERα are well-known, the exact role of ERβ in carcinogenesis and tumor progression is not yet fully understood. Indeed, to date, highly variable and even opposite effects have been ascribed to ERβ in cancer, including for example both proliferative and growth-inhibitory actions. Recently ERβ has been proposed as a potential target for cancer therapy, since it is expressed in a variety of breast cancers (BCs), including triple-negative ones (TNBCs). Because of the dependence of TNBCs on active cellular signaling, numerous studies have attempted to unravel the mechanism(s) behind ERβ-regulated gene expression programs but the scenario has not been fully revealed. We comprehensively reviewed the current state of knowledge concerning ERβ role in TNBC biology, focusing on the different signaling pathways and cellular processes regulated by this transcription factor, as they could be useful in identifying new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Sellitto
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Ylenia D’Agostino
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Elena Alexandrova
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Jessica Lamberti
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Giovanni Pecoraro
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Domenico Memoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Domenico Rocco
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Elena Coviello
- Genomix4Life, via S. Allende 43/L, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy;
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Giovanni Nassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Roberta Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
- CRGS (Genome Research Center for Health), University of Salerno Campus of Medicine, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (F.R.); Tel.: (39+)-089-965043 (A.W.); Tel.: (39+)-089-965221 (F.R.)
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.S.); (Y.D.); (E.A.); (J.L.); (G.P.); (D.M.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.N.); (R.T.)
- CRGS (Genome Research Center for Health), University of Salerno Campus of Medicine, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (F.R.); Tel.: (39+)-089-965043 (A.W.); Tel.: (39+)-089-965221 (F.R.)
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Song P, Li Y, Dong Y, Liang Y, Qu H, Qi D, Lu Y, Jin X, Guo Y, Jia Y, Wang X, Xu W, Quan C. Estrogen receptor β inhibits breast cancer cells migration and invasion through CLDN6-mediated autophagy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:354. [PMID: 31412908 PMCID: PMC6694553 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) has been reported to play an anti-cancer role in breast cancer, but the regulatory mechanism by which ERβ exerts this effect is not clear. Claudin-6 (CLDN6), a tight junction protein, acts as a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer. Our previous studies have found that 17β-estradiol (E2) induces CLDN6 expression and inhibits MCF-7 cell migration and invasion, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of ERβ in this process and the regulatory mechanisms involved. Methods Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot were used to characterize the effect of E2 on the expression of CLDN6 in breast cancer cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were carried out to confirm the interaction between ERβ and CLDN6. Dual luciferase reporter assays were used to detect the regulatory role of ERβ on the promoter activity of CLDN6. Wound healing and Transwell assays were used to examine the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Western blot, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to detect autophagy. Xenograft mouse models were used to explore the regulatory effect of the CLDN6-beclin1 axis on breast cancer metastasis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect ERβ/CLDN6/beclin1 expression in breast cancer patient samples. Results Here, E2 upregulated the expression of CLDN6, which was mediated by ERβ. ERβ regulated CLDN6 expression at the transcriptional level. ERβ inhibited the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells through CLDN6. Interestingly, this effect was associated with CLDN6-induced autophagy. CLDN6 positively regulated the expression of beclin1, which is a key regulator of autophagy. Beclin1 knockdown reversed CLDN6-induced autophagy and the inhibitory effect of CLDN6 on breast cancer metastasis. Moreover, ERβ and CLDN6 were positively correlated, and the expression of CLDN6 was positively correlated with beclin1 in breast cancer tissues. Conclusion Overall, this is the first study to demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of ERβ on the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells was mediated by CLDN6, which induced the beclin1-dependent autophagic cascade. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1359-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiye Song
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yanru Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yingying Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Huinan Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Da Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangshu Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yantong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yiyang Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Wenhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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18
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Abdollahzadeh R, Daraei A, Mansoori Y, Sepahvand M, Amoli MM, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) cross talk and language in ceRNA regulatory networks: A new look at hallmarks of breast cancer. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10080-10100. [PMID: 30537129 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently occurring malignancy in women worldwide. Despite the substantial advancement in understanding the molecular mechanisms and management of BC, it remains the leading cause of cancer death in women. One of the main reasons for this obstacle is that we have not been able to find the Achilles heel for the BC as a highly heterogeneous disease. Accumulating evidence has revealed that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), play key roles in the development of BC; however, the involving of complex regulatory interactions between the different varieties of ncRNAs in the development of this cancer has been poorly understood. In the recent years, the newly discovered mechanism in the RNA world is "competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA)" which proposes regulatory dialogues between different RNAs, including long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), transcribed pseudogenes, and circular RNAs (circRNAs). In the latest BC research, various studies have revealed that dysregulation of several ceRNA networks (ceRNETs) between these ncRNAs has fundamental roles in establishing the hallmarks of BC development. And it is thought that such a discovery could open a new window for a better understanding of the hidden aspects of breast tumors. Besides, it probably can provide new biomarkers and potential efficient therapeutic targets for BC. This review will discuss the existing body of knowledge regarding the key functions of ceRNETs and then highlights the emerging roles of some recently discovered ceRNETs in several hallmarks of BC. Moreover, we propose for the first time the "ceRnome" as a new term in the present article for RNA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Abdollahzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Daraei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Yaser Mansoori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sepahvand
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa M Amoli
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular Cellular Sciences Institute, Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Jiang H, Fan J, Cheng L, Hu P, Liu R. The anticancer activity of genistein is increased in estrogen receptor beta 1-positive breast cancer cells. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:8153-8163. [PMID: 30532556 PMCID: PMC6241715 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s182239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most breast cancers are estrogen dependent and were sensitive to endocrine therapy, and genistein (GEN) shows strong affinity with human oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ). Purpose The present study aimed to investigate the anticancer activity of GEN in breast cancer cell lines that constitutively expressing ERβ1 in vitro and in vivo. Methods MCF-7/ERβ1 and MDA-MB-231/ERβ1 cell sub-lines were established through lentiviral infection. Then, cells were treated with increasing concentrations of GEN (10-6 mol/l, 10-5 mol/l and 10-4 mol/l) for 48 h, and cell proliferation, cell cycle analyses were performed to investigate different biological characteristics of ERβ1-overexpressing cell lines. Studies in vivo were also performed to investigate the effects of dietary GEN on MCF-7/ERβ1 and MDA-MB-231/ERβ1 cells implanted mice. Results Results showed that compared to parental cells, GEN inhibited the proliferation ability of MCF-7/ERβ1 cells to a greater extent, especially at high concentrations. MDA-MB-231 cells were also inhibited by high doses of GEN, but the overexpressed ERβ1 did not enhance the anti-proliferative effect on MDA-MB-231 cells. ERβ1 arrested cells in G2/M phase, and GEN arrested cells in G0/G1, which led to a combinatorial effect on cell cycle blockade. Furthermore, ERβ1 increased the anti-tumour activity of dietary GEN in MCF-7/ERβ1 subcutaneous tumour models. Our data indicated that ERβ1 increased the anticancer efficacy of GEN in MCF-7 cells by affecting cell cycle transition. Conclusion As a result, GEN could be a potential therapeutic agent for ERβ1-positive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Breast Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jingjing Fan
- Department of Breast and Neck Surgery, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Breast Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, People's Republic of China,
| | - Pan Hu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Breast Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, People's Republic of China,
| | - Renbin Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Breast Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, People's Republic of China,
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20
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Wang C, Li J, Ye S, Zhang Y, Li P, Wang L, Wang TH. Oestrogen Inhibits VEGF Expression And Angiogenesis In Triple-Negative Breast Cancer By Activating GPER-1. J Cancer 2018; 9:3802-3811. [PMID: 30405852 PMCID: PMC6216003 DOI: 10.7150/jca.29233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant type of breast cancer with ample vascularisation and high vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. The sex steroid hormone oestrogen is involved in several cellular activities associated with TNBC regulation. However, the role of oestrogen in VEGF expression and angiogenesis in TNBC remains unclear. In this study, we found that treatment with 17β-oestradiol (E2) inhibited VEGF mRNA and protein expression in the TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-436. To further elaborate on the phenomenon of E2-regulated angiogenesis, we showed that conditioned medium from the TNBC cell line MDA-MB-468 treated with E2 inhibits the tube formation ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Additionally, the G-protein-coupled oestrogen receptor-1 (GPER-1)-specific agonist G-1 has a function similar to that of E2. While G-15, the selective antagonist of GPER-1, notably reversed the inhibitory effects of E2 and G-1 on VEGF expression and tube formation, suggesting that GPER-1 is involved in the E2-induced angiogenesis suppression in TNBC cells. Moreover, E2 inhibited in vivo tumour growth and angiogenesis and reduced the expression levels of VEGF, NF-κB/p65, STAT3, and the endothelial marker CD34 in MDA-MB-468 xenograft tumours. Our findings provide important evidence that E2 can inhibit VEGF expression and angiogenesis in TNBC by activating GPER-1, offering additional insight into tumour angiogenesis and targets for drug intervention in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiehao Li
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Ye
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Huai Wang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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21
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Estrogen receptor-beta is a potential target for triple negative breast cancer treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33912-33930. [PMID: 30338035 PMCID: PMC6188058 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple Negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that lacks the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. TNBC accounts for 15-20% of all breast cancer cases but accounts for over 50% of mortality. We propose that Estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ) and IGF2 play a significant role in the pathogenesis of TNBCs, and could be important targets for future therapy. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) from over 250 TNBC patients' were analyzed for ERβ and IGF2 expression by immunohistochemistry. Expression was correlated with clinical outcomes. In addition, TNBC cell lines Caucasians (CA): MB-231/BT549 and African Americans (AAs): MB-468/HCC70/HCC1806 were used to investigate the effect of hormonal and growth factor regulation on cell proliferation. TMAs from AAs had higher expression of ERβ and IGF2 expression when compared to CA. ERβ and IGF2 were found to be upregulated in our TNBC cell lines when compared to other cell types. TNBC cells treated with ERβ agonist displayed significant increase in cell proliferation and migration when compared to controls. AA tissue samples from TNBC patients had higher expression of ERβ. African-American breast cancer TNBC tissue samples from TNBC patients have higher expression of ERβ. In addition, TNBC cell lines were also found to express high levels of ERβ. IGF2 increased transcription of ERβ in TNBC cells. Understanding the mechanisms of IGF2/ERβ axis in TNBC tumors could provide an opportunity to target this aggressive subtype of breast cancer.
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Jiang X, Zhou Y, Sun AJ, Xue JL. NEAT1 contributes to breast cancer progression through modulating miR-448 and ZEB1. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:8558-8566. [PMID: 29323713 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a kind of common female cancers. Increasing evidence has exhibited that lncRNAs exert a crucial role in breast cancer. So far, the mechanism of lncRNAs in breast cancer is still not well established. In our current study, we focused on the biological role of lncRNA Nuclear Enriched Abundant Transcript 1 (NEAT1) in breast cancer. We observed that NEAT1 levels were significantly increased in human breast cancer cells including MCF-7, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-231, and SKBR3 cells compared to normal mammary epithelial cells MCF-10A while miR-448 was decreased. We found that downregulation of NEAT1 was able to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells and miR-448 mimic exerted the similar function. Bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase reporter assays confirmed the negative correlation between NEAT1 and miR-448 in vitro. In addition, ZEB1 was predicted as a novel mRNA target of miR-448. Overexpression of NEAT1 can induce breast cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion by inhibiting miR-448 and upregulating ZEB1. It was demonstrated that NEAT1 can increase ZEB1 levels while miR-448 mimic can repress ZEB1. It was speculated in our study that NEAT1 can serve as a competing endogenous lncRNA (ceRNA) to modulate ZEB1 by sponging miR-448 in breast cancer. To conclude, we uncovered that NEAT1 participated in breast cancer progression by regulating miR-448 and ZEB1. NEAT1 can be provided as a vital biomarker in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jiang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Ai-Jun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Huai'an Second People's Hospital, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Jun-Li Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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