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Lee CJ, Lee H, Kim SR, Nam SB, Lee GE, Yang KE, Lee GJ, Chun SH, Kang HC, Lee JY, Lee HS, Cho SJ, Cho YY. ELK3 destabilization by speckle-type POZ protein suppresses prostate cancer progression and docetaxel resistance. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:274. [PMID: 38632244 PMCID: PMC11024157 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the activity regulation of ELK3, a member of the E26 transformation-specific oncogene family, is critical to regulating cell proliferation, migration, and survival in human cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms of how ELK3 induces chemoresistance in prostate cancer (PCa) have not been elucidated. In this study, we found that SPOP and ELK3 are an interacting partner. The interaction between SPOP and ELK3 resulted in increased ELK3 ubiquitination and destruction, assisted by checkpoint kinase-mediated ELK3 phosphorylation. Notably, the modulation of SPOP-mediated ELK3 protein stability affected the c-Fos-induced cell proliferation and invasion of PCa cells. The clinical involvement of the SPOP-ELK3 axis in PCa development was confirmed by an immunohistochemical assay on 123 PCa tissues, with an inverse correlation between increased ELK3 and decreased SPOP being present in ~80% of the specimens. This observation was supported by immunohistochemistry analysis using a SPOP-mutant PCa specimen. Finally, docetaxel treatment induced cell death by activating checkpoint kinase- and SPOP-mediated ELK3 degradation, while SPOP-depleted or SPOP-mutated PCa cells showed cell death resistance. Notably, this observation was correlated with the protein levels of ELK3. Taken together, our study reveals the precise mechanism of SPOP-mediated degradation of ELK3 and provides evidence that SPOP mutations contribute to docetaxel resistance in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Jung Lee
- BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Korea
- Biopharmaceutical research center, Ochang Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 162, Cheongju, 28119, Korea
| | - Heejung Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Ree Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Bin Nam
- BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Korea
- Biopharmaceutical research center, Ochang Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 162, Cheongju, 28119, Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Lee
- BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Korea
| | - Kyeong Eun Yang
- Biopharmaceutical research center, Ochang Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 162, Cheongju, 28119, Korea
| | - Guk Jin Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Chun
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Korea
- RCD Control·Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Korea
- RCD Control·Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Korea
- RCD Control·Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jun Cho
- University of Minnesota Department of Medicine, 420, Delaware St., SE, Minneapolis, MN, MN55455, USA
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Korea.
- RCD Control·Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Gong DA, Zhou P, Chang WY, Yang JY, Zhang YL, Huang AL, Tang N, Wang K. SPOP promotes CREB5 ubiquitination to inhibit MET signaling in liver cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119642. [PMID: 37996058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is ranked as the sixth most prevalent from of malignancy globally and stands as the third primary contributor to cancer-related mortality. Metastasis is the main reason for liver cancer treatment failure and patient deaths. Speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) serves as a crucial substrate junction protein within the cullin-RING E3 ligase complex, acting as a significant tumor suppressor in liver cancer. Nevertheless, the precise molecular mechanism underlying the role of SPOP in liver cancer metastasis remain elusive. In the current study, we identified cAMP response element binding 5 (CREB5) as a novel SPOP substrate in liver cancer. SPOP facilitates non-degradative K63-polyubiquitination of CREB5 on K432 site, consequently hindering its capacity to activate receptor tyrosine kinase MET. Moreover, liver cancer-associated SPOP mutant S119N disrupts the SPOP-CREB5 interactions and impairs the ubiquitination of CREB5.This disruption ultimately leads to the activation of the MET signaling pathway and enhances metastatic properties of hepatoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our findings highlight the functional significance of the SPOP-CREB5-MET axis in liver cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Ao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wen-Yi Chang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jia-Yao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan-Lai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ai-Long Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Li Z, Zheng C, Liu H, Lv J, Wang Y, Zhang K, Kong S, Chen F, Kong Y, Yang X, Cheng Y, Yang Z, Zhang C, Tian Y. A novel oxidative stress-related gene signature as an indicator of prognosis and immunotherapy responses in HNSCC. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:14957-14984. [PMID: 38157249 PMCID: PMC10781479 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify molecular subtypes of oxidative stress-related genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and to construct a scoring model of oxidative stress-related genes. METHODS R language based scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq analyses were used to identify molecular isoforms of oxidative stress-related genes in HNSCC. An oxidative stress-related gene scoring (OSRS) model was constructed, which were verified through online data and immunohistochemical staining of clinical samples. RESULTS Using TCGA-HNSCC datasets, nine predictive genes for overall patient survival, rarely reported in previous similar studies, were screened. AREG and CES1 were identified as prognostic risk factors. CSTA, FDCSP, JCHAIN, IFFO2, PGLYRP4, SPOCK2 and SPINK6 were identified as prognostic factors. Collectively, all genes formed a prognostic risk signature model for oxidative stress in HNSCC, which were validated in GSE41613, GSE103322 and PRJEB23709 datasets. Immunohistochemical staining of SPINK6 in nasopharyngeal cancer samples validated the gene panel. Subsequent analysis indicated that subgroups of the oxidative stress prognostic signature played important roles during cellular communication, the immune microenvironment, the differential activation of transcription factors, oxidative stress and immunotherapeutic responses. CONCLUSIONS The risk model might predict HNSCC prognosis and immunotherapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqi Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250299, P.R. China
- Radiotherapy Department, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250299, P.R. China
| | - Chunning Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Jiling Lv
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250299, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250299, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Generalsurgery Department, Wenshang County People’s Hospital, Wenshang, Shandong 272500, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Kong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Yongmei Kong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250299, P.R. China
- Radiotherapy Department, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250299, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Intervention, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Zhensong Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250299, P.R. China
- Radiotherapy Department, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250299, P.R. China
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Jiang Y, Ni S, Xiao B, Jia L. Function, mechanism and drug discovery of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modification with multiomics profiling for cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4341-4372. [PMID: 37969742 PMCID: PMC10638515 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like (Ubl) pathways are critical post-translational modifications that determine whether functional proteins are degraded or activated/inactivated. To date, >600 associated enzymes have been reported that comprise a hierarchical task network (e.g., E1-E2-E3 cascade enzymatic reaction and deubiquitination) to modulate substrates, including enormous oncoproteins and tumor-suppressive proteins. Several strategies, such as classical biochemical approaches, multiomics, and clinical sample analysis, were combined to elucidate the functional relations between these enzymes and tumors. In this regard, the fundamental advances and follow-on drug discoveries have been crucial in providing vital information concerning contemporary translational efforts to tailor individualized treatment by targeting Ub and Ubl pathways. Correspondingly, emphasizing the current progress of Ub-related pathways as therapeutic targets in cancer is deemed essential. In the present review, we summarize and discuss the functions, clinical significance, and regulatory mechanisms of Ub and Ubl pathways in tumorigenesis as well as the current progress of small-molecular drug discovery. In particular, multiomics analyses were integrated to delineate the complexity of Ub and Ubl modifications for cancer therapy. The present review will provide a focused and up-to-date overview for the researchers to pursue further studies regarding the Ub and Ubl pathways targeted anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Biying Xiao
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lijun Jia
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
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Al-Toubat M, Serrano S, Elshafei A, Koul K, Feibus AH, Balaji KC. Metastatic prostate cancer is associated with distinct higher frequency of genetic mutations at diagnosis. Urol Oncol 2023; 41:455.e7-455.e15. [PMID: 37838503 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES We explored characteristic genetic mutations associated with metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) by comparing next generation sequencing (NGS) data between men with or without metastatic disease at diagnosis. METHODS We queried the American Association for Cancer Research Project Genomics Evidence Neoplasia Information Exchange (GENIE) registry for men diagnosed with PCa. Patients were categorized into with (M1) or without metastatic disease (M0) groups. The difference in the frequency of genetic mutations between the two groups and the prognostic significance of the mutations were analyzed using SPSS V28. We included frequency rate of > 5% and P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant to maintain over 95% true positive detection rate. RESULTS Of a total of 10,580 patients with diagnosis of PCa in the dataset, we selected a study cohort of 1268 patients without missing data; 700 (55.2%) had nonmetastatic PCa, 421 (33.2%) and 147 (11.6%) patients had metastatic castration sensitive and resistant PCa respectively. The median age at diagnosis and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level for the entire cohort was 62.8 years (IQR 56.3-68.4) and 8.0 ng/ml (IQR 4.9-20.9) respectively. A vast majority of the cohort were of Caucasian ancestry (89.1%). Of a total of 561 genes sequenced, there were mutations in 79 genes (14.1%). The mutation frequency was significantly higher in M1PCa compared to M0PCa, 35.7% and 23.3%, respectively (P = <0.001). The median tumor mutational burden was also significantly higher in the samples from M1PCa (2.59 mut/MB) compared to M0PCa (1.96 mut/MB) (P < 0.001). Compared to M0PCa patients, M1PCa patients demonstrated significantly higher rate of genetic mutations; TP53 (38.73% vs. 17.71% P < 0.001), PTEN (25.70% vs. 11.71% P < 0.001), AR (17.25% vs. 1.43% P < 0.001), APC (11.8% vs. 4.43% P < 0.001), TMPRSS2 (31.5% vs. 11.14% P < 0.001), ERG (23.59% vs. 13.13% P < 0.001), FOXA1 (17.43% vs. 6.33% P < 0.001), MYC (8.45% vs. 2.29% P < 0.001), RB1 (10.39% vs. 2.43% P < 0.001) and CDK12 (8.45% vs. 1.31% P < 0.001). Of the various cellular signaling pathways, the androgen receptor signaling pathway was most often impacted. In the cohort with M1 disease, compared to men without genetic mutations the men with genetic mutations demonstrated worse survival (P = <0.001, log rank test). Compared to castration sensitive M1 patients, AR (57% vs. 4% P < 0.001), TP53 (50.7% vs. 34% P < 0.001), PTEN (35.2% vs. 22.1% P < 0.001), RB1(23.9% vs. 4.75% P < 0.001) were significantly more frequently mutated in castration resistant M1 patients. In contrast, mutations of SPOP (13.3% vs. 7.9% P < 0.001), FOXA1 (17.6% vs. 5.3% P < 0.001) and CDK12 (12% vs. 6.45% P < 0.001) were significantly more frequently found in castration sensitive M1 patients compared to castration resistant patients. CONCLUSION Patients with M1PCa demonstrated characteristic genetic mutations compared to M0PCa, which most often influenced androgen receptor signaling and is associated with worse survival. In addition, we identified distinct genetic mutations between castration sensitive and resistant M1PCa. These findings may be used to further our understanding and management of men with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Toubat
- Department of Urology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Samuel Serrano
- Department of Urology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Ahmed Elshafei
- Department of Urology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Kashyap Koul
- Department of Urology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Allison H Feibus
- Department of Urology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
| | - K C Balaji
- Department of Urology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL.
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Yang W, Zhuang Y, Wu H, Su S, Li Y, Wang C, Tian Z, Peng L, Zhang X, Liu J, Pei X, Yuan W, Hu X, Meng B, Li D, Zhang Y, Shan H, Pan Z, Lu Y. Substrate-dependent interaction of SPOP and RACK1 aggravates cardiac fibrosis following myocardial infarction. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1248-1260.e4. [PMID: 37442135 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Speckle-type pox virus and zinc finger (POZ) protein (SPOP), a substrate recognition adaptor of cullin-3 (CUL3)/RING-type E3 ligase complex, is investigated for its role in cardiac fibrosis in our study. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) activation was achieved with TGF-β1 (20 ng/mL) and MI mouse model was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary, and lentivirus was employed to mediate interference of SPOP expression. SPOP was increased both in fibrotic post-MI mouse hearts and TGF-β1-treated CFs. The gain-of-function of SPOP promoted myofibroblast transformation in CFs, and exacerbated cardiac fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction in MI mice, while the loss-of-function of SPOP exhibited the opposite effects. Mechanistically, SPOP bound to the receptor of activated protein C kinase 1 (RACK1) and induced its ubiquitination and degradation by recognizing Ser/Thr-rich motifs on RACK1, leading to Smad3-mediated activation of CFs. Forced RACK1 expression canceled the effects of SPOP on cardiac fibrosis. The study reveals therapeutic targets for fibrosis-related cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Zhuang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China; Scientific Research Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Su
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yuyang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Zhongrui Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Lili Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Junwu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Pei
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Bo Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Danyang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Shan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular noncoding RNA, Institute for Frontier Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China.
| | - Zhenwei Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China.
| | - Yanjie Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics reof China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China.
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Xu H, Liu J, Li X, Li J, Lin X, Li Z, Dou T, Gao L, Li R, Lai KP. Instrumental and transcriptome analysis reveals the chemotherapeutic effects of doxorubicin-loaded black phosphate nanosheets on abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer. Bioorg Chem 2023; 137:106583. [PMID: 37163810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men and is common in most developed countries. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) that uses abiraterone acetate (AA) is an effective second-line treatment for prostate cancer. However, approximately 20-40% of patients develop primary resistance to abiraterone post-treatment. In this study, we aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of abiraterone resistance in prostate cancer cells and the potential use of black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNS) for treating abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer. We first established abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer PC-3 cells and found that these cells have higher migration ability than normal prostate cancer cells. Using comparative transcriptomic and bioinformatics analyses between abiraterone-sensitive PC-3 and abiraterone-resistant PC-3 cells, we highlighted the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the biological processes related to prostate gland morphogenesis, drug response, immune response, angiogenesis. We further studied the therapeutic effects of BPNS. Our results show that BPNS reduced the proliferation and migration of abiraterone-resistant PC-3 cells. Bioinformatics analysis, including gene ontology, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment analysis, and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of the DEGs, suggested that BPNS treatment controlled cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and oncogenic signaling pathways. Furthermore, the IPA gene network highlighted the involvement of the MMP family, ATF, and notch families in the anti-prostate cancer function of BPNS. Our findings suggest that BPNS may have a chemotherapeutic function in treating abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Xu
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, China
| | - Xiangkai Li
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Zhuowei Li
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Tong Dou
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China; Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, China.
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, China.
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8
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Eptaminitaki GC, Zaravinos A, Stellas D, Panagopoulou M, Karaliota S, Baltsavia I, Iliopoulos I, Chatzaki E, Iliopoulos D, Baritaki S. Genome-Wide Analysis of lncRNA-mRNA Co-Expression Networks in CD133+/CD44+ Stem-like PDAC Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041053. [PMID: 36831395 PMCID: PMC9954787 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the second most prevalent gastrointestinal malignancy and the most common type of pancreatic cancer is linked with poor prognosis and, eventually, with high mortality rates. Early detection is seldom, while tumor heterogeneity and microarchitectural alterations benefit PDAC resistance to conventional therapeutics. Although emerging evidence suggest the core role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in PDAC aggressiveness, unique stem signatures are poorly available, thus limiting the efforts of anti-CSC-targeted therapy. Herein, we report the findings of the first genome-wide analyses of mRNA/lncRNA transcriptome profiling and co-expression networks in PDAC cell line-derived CD133+/CD44+ cells, which were shown to bear a CSC-like phenotype in vitro and in vivo. Compared to CD133-/CD44- cells, the CD133+/CD44+ population demonstrated significant expression differences in both transcript pools. Using emerging bioinformatic tools, we performed lncRNA target coding gene prediction analysis, which revealed significant Gene Ontology (GO), pathway, and network enrichments in many dyregulated lncRNA nearby (cis or trans) mRNAs, with reported involvement in the regulation of CSC phenotype and functions. In this context, the construction of lncRNA/mRNA networks by ingenuity platforms identified the lncRNAs ATF2, CHEK1, DCAF8, and PAX8 to interact with "hub" SC-associated mRNAs. In addition, the expressions of the above lncRNAs retrieved by TCGA-normalized RNAseq gene expression data of PAAD were significantly correlated with clinicopathological features of PDAC, including tumor grade and stage, nodal metastasis, and overall survival. Overall, our findings shed light on the identification of CSC-specific lncRNA signatures with potential prognostic and therapeutic significance in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giasemi C. Eptaminitaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Division of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Apostolos Zaravinos
- Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center (BTCRC), Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Cancer Genetics, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Dimitris Stellas
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Panagopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sevasti Karaliota
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Division of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ismini Baltsavia
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Iliopoulos
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Chatzaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Stavroula Baritaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Division of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-281-039-4727
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9
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NEDD4L represses prostate cancer cell proliferation via modulating PHF8 through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2023; 25:243-255. [PMID: 36136271 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate cancer (PC) is a heterogeneous malignancy that greatly threatens man's health. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 4-like (NEDD4L) imparts an regulatory role in various malignancies. This study focused on the modulatory mechanism of NEDD4L in proliferation of prostate cancer cells (PCCs) via regulating histone demethylase plant homeodomain finger protein 8 (PHF8/KDM7B) through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. METHODS The expression levels of NEDD4L, PHF8, H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) in PC tissues and cell lines were detected via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. After transfection of pcDNA3.1-NEDD4L, pcDNA3.1-PHF8, and pcDNA3.1-ATF2 into PCCs, cell proliferation was assessed via the cell counting kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays. Interaction between NEDD4L and PHF8 was identified via the protein immunoprecipitation. The ubiquitination level of PHF8 was determined via the ubiquitination detection. The enrichments of H3K9me2 and PHF8 in the ATF2 promotor region were detected via the chromatin-immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS PHF8 and ATF2 were highly expressed while NEDD4L was poorly expressed in PC tissues and cells. NEDD4L overexpression reduced proliferation of PCCs. NEDD4Linduced degradation of PHF8 via ubiquitination. PHF8 limited the enrichment of H3K9me2 in the ATF2 promotor region and enhanced ATF2 transcription. Upregulation of PHF8 or ATF2 abolished the inhibitory role of NEDD4L in proliferation of PCCs. CONCLUSION NEDD4L facilitated degradation of PHF8 to limit ATF2 transcription, thereby suppressing proliferation of PCCs.
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10
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Yang X, Zhu Q. SPOP in Cancer: Phenomena, Mechanisms and Its Role in Therapeutic Implications. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2051. [PMID: 36360288 PMCID: PMC9690554 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Speckle-type POZ (pox virus and zinc finger protein) protein (SPOP) is a cullin 3-based E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein that plays a crucial role in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Recently, SPOP has attracted major research attention as it is frequently mutated in a range of cancers, highlighting pleiotropic tumorigenic effects and associations with treatment resistance. Structurally, SPOP contains a functionally critical N-terminal meprin and TRAF homology (MATH) domain for many SPOP substrates. SPOP has two other domains, including the internal Bric-a-brac-Tramtrack/Broad (BTB) domain, which is linked with SPOP dimerization and binding to cullin3, and a C-terminal nuclear localization sequence (NLS). The dysregulation of SPOP-mediated proteolysis is associated with the development and progression of different cancers since abnormalities in SPOP function dysregulate cellular signaling pathways by targeting oncoproteins or tumor suppressors in a tumor-specific manner. SPOP is also involved in genome stability through its role in the DNA damage response and DNA replication. More recently, studies have shown that the expression of SPOP can be modulated in various ways. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of SPOP's functions in cancer and discuss how to design a rational therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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11
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Jiang FF, Wang RQ, Guo CY, Zheng K, Long-Liu H, Su L, Xie SS, Chen HC, Liu ZF. Phospho-proteomics identifies a critical role of ATF2 in pseudorabies virus replication. Virol Sin 2022; 37:591-600. [PMID: 35688418 PMCID: PMC9437614 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an etiological agent of pseudorabies in livestock, has negatively affected the porcine industry all over the world. Epithelial cells are reported as the first site of PRV infection. However, the role of host proteins and its related signaling pathways in PRV replication is largely unclear. In this study, we performed a quantitative phosphoproteomics screening on PRV-infected porcine kidney (PK-15) epithelial cells. Totally 5723 phosphopeptides, corresponding to 2180 proteins, were obtained, and the phosphorylated states of 810 proteins were significantly different in PRV-infected cells compared with mock-infected cells (P < 0.05). GO and KEGG analysis revealed that these differentially expressed phosphorylated proteins were predominantly related to RNA transport and MAPK signaling pathways. Further functional studies of NF-κB, transcription activator factor-2 (ATF2), MAX and SOS genes in MAPK signaling pathway were analyzed using RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown. It showed that only ATF2-knockdown reduces both PRV titer and viral genome copy number. JNK pathway inhibition and CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout showed that ATF2 was required for the effective replication of PRV, especially during the biogenesis of viral genome DNA. Subsequently, by overexpression of the ATF2 gene and point mutation of the amino acid positions 69/71 of ATF2, it was further demonstrated that the phosphorylation of ATF2 promoted PRV replication. These findings suggest that ATF2 may provide potential therapeutic target for inhibiting PRV infection. Phosphoproteomic profiling of PRV-infected PK-15 cells with iTRAQ-quantification. JNK pathway regulates ATF2 phosphorylation and PRV replication. Phosphorylation of ATF2 promotes PRV replication.
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12
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Novel insights into the SPOP E3 ubiquitin ligase: From the regulation of molecular mechanisms to tumorigenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112882. [PMID: 35364375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation is the primary biological process by which protein abundance is regulated and protein homeostasis is maintained in eukaryotic cells. Speckle-type pox virus and zinc finger (POZ) protein (SPOP) is a typical substrate adaptor of the Cullin 3-RING ligase (CRL3) family; it serves as a bridge between the Cullin 3 (Cul3) scaffold protein and its substrates. In recent years, SPOP has received increasing attention because of its versatility in its regulatory pathways and the diversity of tumor types involved. Mechanistically, SPOP substrates are involved in a wide range of biological processes, and abnormalities in SPOP function perturb downstream biological processes and promote tumorigenesis. Additionally, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a potential mechanism of membraneless organelle formation, was recently found to mediate the self-triggered colocalization of substrates with higher-order oligomers of SPOP. Herein, we summarize the structure of SPOP and the specific mechanisms by which it mediates the efficient ubiquitination of substrates. Additionally, we review the biological functions of SPOP, the regulation of SPOP expression, the role of SPOP in tumorigenesis and its therapeutic value.
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13
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Bao ZM, Yao D, Qian X, Zhang HG, Yang M, Guo YH, Qin L. Activating transcription factor 2 promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by inducing the activation of the WHSC1-mediated TOP2A/PI3K/AKT axis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2022; 38:662-674. [PMID: 35394699 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) is a tumor driver gene implicated in several human malignancies. This study aimed to determine the roles of ATF2 and its related molecules in the tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). According to the Pan-cancer bioinformatics system, ATF2 is highly expressed in HCC. An increase in the expression of ATF2 was identified in clinically collected tumor tissues and procured HCC cells. The silencing of ATF2 reduced the viability, colony formation, invasion, and death resistance of HepG2 and SNU-398 cells in vitro. ATF2 promoted the transcription of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1 (WHSC1) by binding to its promoter. WHSC1 further increased the expression of DNA topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) in HCC by inducing the dimethylation of histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36me2) in the TOP2A promoter region. TOP2A activated the oncogenic PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Further overexpression of WHSC1 activated the TOP2A/PI3K/AKT axis and restored the malignant behaviors of HCC cells suppressed by ATF2 silencing in vitro. In summary, this study demonstrated that, depending on WHSC1, ATF2 can activate the TOP2A/PI3K/AKT signaling cascade to promote the tumorigenesis of HCC. ATF2, WHSC1, and TOP2A may serve as potential targets in managing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ming Bao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Huaiyin People's Hospital (Huai'an Fifth People's Hospital), Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xu Qian
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Huai'an Second People's Hospital, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Guo Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Huaiyin People's Hospital (Huai'an Fifth People's Hospital), Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Huaiyin People's Hospital (Huai'an Fifth People's Hospital), Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Hu Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Huaiyin People's Hospital (Huai'an Fifth People's Hospital), Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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14
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Mangolini A, Rocca C, Bassi C, Ippolito C, Negrini M, Dell'Atti L, Lanza G, Gafà R, Bianchi N, Pinton P, Aguiari G. DETECTION OF DISEASE‐CAUSING MUTATIONS IN PROSTATE CANCER BY NGS SEQUENCING. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1047-1061. [PMID: 35347810 PMCID: PMC9320837 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene mutations may affect the fate of many tumors including prostate cancer (PCa); therefore, the research of specific mutations associated with tumor outcomes might help the urologist to identify the best therapy for PCa patients such as surgical resection, adjuvant therapy or active surveillance. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from 48 paraffin‐embedded PCa samples and normal paired tissues. Next, gDNA was amplified and analyzed by next‐generation sequencing (NGS) using a specific gene panel for PCa. Raw data were refined to exclude false‐positive mutations; thus, variants with coverage and frequency lower than 100× and 5%, respectively were removed. Mutation significance was processed by Genomic Evolutionary Rate Profiling, ClinVar, and Varsome tools. Most of 3000 mutations (80%) were single nucleotide variants and the remaining 20% indels. After raw data elaboration, 312 variants were selected. Most mutated genes were KMT2D (26.45%), FOXA1 (16.13%), ATM (15.81%), ZFHX3 (9.35%), TP53 (8.06%), and APC (5.48%). Hot spot mutations in FOXA1, ATM, ZFHX3, SPOP, and MED12 were also found. Truncating mutations of ATM, lesions lying in hot spot regions of SPOP and FOXA1 as well as mutations of TP53 correlated with poor prognosis. Importantly, we have also found some germline mutations associated with hereditary cancer‐predisposing syndrome. gDNA sequencing of 48 cancer tissues by NGS allowed to detect new tumor variants as well as confirmed lesions in genes linked to prostate cancer. Overall, somatic and germline mutations linked to good/poor prognosis could represent new prognostic tools to improve the management of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mangolini
- Department of Neuroscience and RehabilitationUniversity of Ferraravia fossato di mortara, 7444121FerraraItaly
| | - Christian Rocca
- UO Urology, St Anna Hospital, via Aldo Moro 844124FerraraItaly
| | - Cristian Bassi
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversity of Ferraravia Luigi Borsari 4644121FerraraItaly
| | | | - Massimo Negrini
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversity of Ferraravia Luigi Borsari 4644121FerraraItaly
| | - Lucio Dell'Atti
- Division of Urology, Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Science, University Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti", Marche Polytechnic University, 71 Conca Street60126AnconaItaly
| | - Giovanni Lanza
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversity of Ferraravia Luigi Borsari 4644121FerraraItaly
| | - Roberta Gafà
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversity of Ferraravia Luigi Borsari 4644121FerraraItaly
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversity of Ferraravia Luigi Borsari 4644121FerraraItaly
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Ferraravia fossato di mortara, 64/B44121FerraraItaly
| | - Gianluca Aguiari
- Department of Neuroscience and RehabilitationUniversity of Ferraravia fossato di mortara, 7444121FerraraItaly
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15
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Wang F, Ning S, Yu B, Wang Y. USP14: Structure, Function, and Target Inhibition. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:801328. [PMID: 35069211 PMCID: PMC8766727 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.801328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14), a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), is associated with proteasomes and exerts a dual function in regulating protein degradation. USP14 protects protein substrates from degradation by removing ubiquitin chains from proteasome-bound substrates, whereas promotes protein degradation by activating the proteasome. Increasing evidence have shown that USP14 is involved in several canonical signaling pathways, correlating with cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, autophagy, immune responses, and viral infections. The activity of USP14 is tightly regulated to ensure its function in various cellular processes. Structural studies have demonstrated that free USP14 exists in an autoinhibited state with two surface loops, BL1 and BL2, partially hovering above and blocking the active site cleft binding to the C-terminus of ubiquitin. Hence, both proteasome-bound and phosphorylated forms of USP14 require the induction of conformational changes in the BL2 loop to activate its deubiquitinating function. Due to its intriguing roles in the stabilization of disease-causing proteins and oncology targets, USP14 has garnered widespread interest as a therapeutic target. In recent years, significant progress has been made on identifying inhibitors targeting USP14, despite the complexity and challenges in improving their selectivity and affinity for USP14. In particular, the crystal structures of USP14 complexed with IU1-series inhibitors revealed the underlying allosteric regulatory mechanism and enabled the further design of potent inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the structure, regulation, pathophysiological function, and selective inhibition of USP14, including disease associations and inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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16
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Burleson M, Deng JJ, Qin T, Duong TM, Yan Y, Gu X, Das D, Easley A, Liss MA, Yew PR, Bedolla R, Kumar AP, Huang THM, Zou Y, Chen Y, Chen CL, Huang H, Sun LZ, Boyer TG. GLI3 Is Stabilized by SPOP Mutations and Promotes Castration Resistance via Functional Cooperation with Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:62-76. [PMID: 34610962 PMCID: PMC9258906 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway has been implicated in promoting malignant phenotypes of prostate cancer, details on how it is activated and exerts its oncogenic role during prostate cancer development and progression is less clear. Here, we show that GLI3, a key SHH pathway effector, is transcriptionally upregulated during androgen deprivation and posttranslationally stabilized in prostate cancer cells by mutation of speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP). GLI3 is a substrate of SPOP-mediated proteasomal degradation in prostate cancer cells and prostate cancer driver mutations in SPOP abrogate GLI3 degradation. Functionally, GLI3 is necessary and sufficient for the growth and migration of androgen receptor (AR)-positive prostate cancer cells, particularly under androgen-depleted conditions. Importantly, we demonstrate that GLI3 physically interacts and functionally cooperates with AR to enrich an AR-dependent gene expression program leading to castration-resistant growth of xenografted prostate tumors. Finally, we identify an AR/GLI3 coregulated gene signature that is highly correlated with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer and predictive of disease recurrence. Together, these findings reveal that hyperactivated GLI3 promotes castration-resistant growth of prostate cancer and provide a rationale for therapeutic targeting of GLI3 in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). IMPLICATIONS: We describe two clinically relevant mechanisms leading to hyperactivated GLI3 signaling and enhanced AR/GLI3 cross-talk, suggesting that GLI3-specific inhibitors might prove effective to block prostate cancer development or delay CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Burleson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Janice J Deng
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Tai Qin
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Thu Minh Duong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yuqian Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xiang Gu
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Debodipta Das
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Acarizia Easley
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Michael A Liss
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - P Renee Yew
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Roble Bedolla
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Tim Hui-Ming Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yi Zou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
| | - Thomas G Boyer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
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17
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The nuclear ubiquitin ligase adaptor SPOP is a conserved regulator of C9orf72 dipeptide toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2104664118. [PMID: 34593637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104664118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene is the most common cause of inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Unconventional translation of the C9orf72 repeat produces dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs). Previously, we showed that the DPRs PR50 and GR50 are highly toxic when expressed in Caenorhabditis elegans, and this toxicity depends on nuclear localization of the DPR. In an unbiased genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen for suppressors of PR50 toxicity, we identified 12 genes that consistently suppressed either the developmental arrest and/or paralysis phenotype evoked by PR50 expression. All of these genes have vertebrate homologs, and 7 of 12 contain predicted nuclear localization signals. One of these genes was spop-1, the C. elegans homolog of SPOP, a nuclear localized E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor only found in metazoans. SPOP is also required for GR50 toxicity and functions in a genetic pathway that includes cul-3, which is the canonical E3 ligase partner for SPOP Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of SPOP in mammalian primary spinal cord motor neurons suppressed DPR toxicity without affecting DPR expression levels. Finally, we find that knockdown of bromodomain proteins in both C. elegans and mammalian neurons, which are known SPOP ubiquitination targets, suppresses the protective effect of SPOP inhibition. Together, these data suggest a model in which SPOP promotes the DPR-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of BRD proteins. We speculate the pharmacological manipulation of this pathway, which is currently underway for multiple cancer subtypes, could also represent an entry point for therapeutic intervention to treat C9orf72 FTD/ALS.
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SPOP mutation induces replication over-firing by impairing Geminin ubiquitination and triggers replication catastrophe upon ATR inhibition. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5779. [PMID: 34599168 PMCID: PMC8486843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminin and its binding partner Cdt1 are essential for the regulation of DNA replication. Here we show that the CULLIN3 E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein SPOP binds Geminin at endogenous level and regulates DNA replication. SPOP promotes K27-linked non-degradative poly-ubiquitination of Geminin at lysine residues 100 and 127. This poly-ubiquitination of Geminin prevents DNA replication over-firing by indirectly blocking the association of Cdt1 with the MCM protein complex, an interaction required for DNA unwinding and replication. SPOP is frequently mutated in certain human cancer types and implicated in tumorigenesis. We show that cancer-associated SPOP mutations impair Geminin K27-linked poly-ubiquitination and induce replication origin over-firing and re-replication. The replication stress caused by SPOP mutations triggers replication catastrophe and cell death upon ATR inhibition. Our results reveal a tumor suppressor role of SPOP in preventing DNA replication over-firing and genome instability and suggest that SPOP-mutated tumors may be susceptible to ATR inhibitor therapy. Geminin-Cdt1 plays essential roles in the regulation of DNA replication. Here the authors reveal that the CULLIN3 E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein SPOP prevents DNA replication over-firing and genome instability by affecting Geminin ubiquitination.
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Xu X, Xia J, Zhao S, Wang Q, Ge G, Xu F, Liu X, Zhang W, Yang Y. Qing-Fei-Pai-Du decoction and wogonoside exert anti-inflammatory action through down-regulating USP14 to promote the degradation of activating transcription factor 2. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21870. [PMID: 34436790 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100370rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is often characterized by dysregulated inflammatory and immune responses. It has been shown that the Traditional Chinese Medicine formulation Qing-Fei-Pai-Du decoction (QFPDD) is effective in the treatment of the disease, especially for patients in the early stage. Our network pharmacology analyses indicated that many inflammation and immune-related molecules were the targets of the active components of QFPDD, which propelled us to examine the effects of the decoction on inflammation. We found in the present study that QFPDD effectively alleviated dextran sulfate sodium-induced intestinal inflammation in mice. It inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα, and promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by macrophagic cells. Further investigations found that QFPDD and one of its active components wogonoside markedly reduced LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of transcription factor ATF2, an important regulator of multiple cytokines expression. Our data revealed that both QFPDD and wogonoside decreased the half-life of ATF2 and promoted its proteasomal degradation. Of note, QFPDD and wogonoside down-regulated deubiquitinating enzyme USP14 along with inducing ATF2 degradation. Inhibition of USP14 with the small molecular inhibitor IU1 also led to the decrease of ATF2 in the cells, indicating that QFPDD and wogonoside may act through regulating USP14 to promote ATF2 degradation. To further assess the importance of ubiquitination in regulating ATF2, we generated mice that were intestinal-specific KLHL5 deficiency, a CUL3-interacting protein participating in substrate recognition of E3s. In these mice, QFPDD mitigated inflammatory reaction in the spleen, but not intestinal inflammation, suggesting CUL3-KLHL5 may function as an E3 for ATF2 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shiyi Zhao
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangbo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yili Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China.,China Regional Research Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Taizhou, China
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20
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Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: From diagnosis to prognosis and precision-guided therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107932. [PMID: 34174272 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies and among the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. It is a highly heterogeneous disease, ranging from remarkably slow progression or inertia to highly aggressive and fatal disease. As therapeutic decision-making, clinical trial design and outcome highly depend on the appropriate stratification of patients to risk groups, it is imperative to differentiate between benign versus more aggressive states. The incorporation of clinically valuable prognostic and predictive biomarkers is also potentially amenable in this process, in the timely prevention of metastatic disease and in the decision for therapy selection. This review summarizes the progress that has so far been made in the identification of the genomic events that can be used for the classification, prediction and prognostication of PCa, and as major targets for clinical intervention. We include an extensive list of emerging biomarkers for which there is enough preclinical evidence to suggest that they may constitute crucial targets for achieving significant advances in the management of the disease. Finally, we highlight the main challenges that are associated with the identification of clinically significant PCa biomarkers and recommend possible ways to overcome such limitations.
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21
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Wu L, Yu K, Cue Y, Zhu X, Yang Z, Ma J. [Speckle-type POZ protein up-regulates c-Jun protein expression and promotes proliferation and invasion of renal carcinoma cells]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:447-452. [PMID: 33849838 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.03.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) on proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and explore the potential mechanisms. OBJECTIVE Renal carcinoma cell lines (786-O, A704, and Caki-2) cultured in vitro were transfected with a SPOP-overexpressing plasmid, and the changes in proliferation of the cells were detected using colony formation and MTT assay; TUNEL assay was used to assess apoptosis of the cells. The changes in migration and invasion abilities of the cells were examined using wound healing assay and Transwell assay. The mRNA and protein levels of SPOP and c-Jun in the transfected cells were measured using real-time PCR and Western blotting. OBJECTIVE SPOP over-expression obviously promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of 786-O, A704 and Caki-2 cells (P < 0.05). Compared with the control cells, 786-o and Caki-2 cells over-expressing SPOP exhibited significantly lowered apoptosis rates (P < 0.05). The results of real-time PCR demonstrated that the transfected cells did not show obvious changes in the mRNA level of c-Jun, but the protein expressions of SPOP and c-jun increased significantly as shown by Western blotting (P < 0.05). OBJECTIVE SPOP can promote proliferation, migration, and invasion and suppress apoptosis of renal carcinoma cells possibly by promoting the expression of c-Jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - K Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Y Cue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fuyang Women and Children's Hospital, Fuyang 236000, China
| | - X Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Z Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - J Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
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22
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Shi L, Yan Y, He Y, Yan B, Pan Y, Orme JJ, Zhang J, Xu W, Pang J, Huang H. Mutated SPOP E3 Ligase Promotes 17βHSD4 Protein Degradation to Drive Androgenesis and Prostate Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3593-3606. [PMID: 33762355 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying intratumoral androgenesis and aberrant androgen receptor (AR) activation in prostate cancer remain poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that ectopic expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor speckle-type poxvirus and zinc finger domain protein (SPOP) stabilizes 17βHSD4. SPOP bound a functional substrate-binding consensus (SBC) motif 315RATST319 in 17βHSD4 and promoted nondegradable K27- and K29-linked polyubiquitination of 17βHSD4. The effect of SPOP was antagonized by serum- and glucocorticoid kinase-3 (SGK3)-mediated phosphorylation of serine 318 (S318) in the SBC and S318 phosphorylation-dependent binding of SKP2 E3 ligase and subsequent K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of 17βHSD4. Prostate cancer-associated SPOP mutations impaired the SPOP-17βHSD4 interaction, caused 17βHSD4 protein destruction in prostate cancer cells in culture and patient specimens, and increased testosterone production and prostate cancer cell growth in vitro and in mouse models. Thus, we have identified SPOP and SKP2 as two essential E3 ubiquitin ligases that exert opposite effects on 17βHSD4 protein degradation and intratumoral androgenesis in prostate cancer cells. We further demonstrate that SPOP mutations or SKP2 overexpression contribute to prostate cancer progression by decreasing 17βHSD4 expression and increasing intratumoral androgen synthesis. SIGNIFICANCE: This study reveals a novel mechanism of aberrant AR activation in SPOP-mutated prostate cancer and uncovers putative biomarkers for effective treatment by AR-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yuqian Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yundong He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Binyuan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunqian Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jacob J Orme
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Wanhai Xu
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Pang
- Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota. .,Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
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Liu J, Li K, Wang R, Chen S, Wu J, Li X, Ning Q, Yang G, Pang Y. The interplay between ATF2 and NEAT1 contributes to lung adenocarcinoma progression. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:594. [PMID: 33298086 PMCID: PMC7727147 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), a member of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor family, has been shown to be involved in the pathobiology of numerous cancers. However, the biological role and mechanism of ATF2 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains to be elucidated. Methods The expression of ATF2, NEAT1 and miR-26a-5p in LUAD tissues and cell lines was detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting. The interaction between ATF2, NEAT1, and miR-26a-5p was validated by chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation. Cell proliferation, invasion and tumorigenesis of LUAD cells were analyzed by using CCK8, transwell invasion assay and xenograft tumor model. Results We confirmed that ATF2 expression was increased in LUAD tissues compared with normal adjacent lung tissues. Functional experiments showed that ATF2 positively regulated cell proliferation and invasion in LUAD cells. Moreover, we identified that NEAT1 expression was increased in LUAD tissues and positively correlated with ATF2 expression. Mechanistically, ATF2 could bind to the promoter of NEAT1 to promote its transcription. Rescue experiments showed that ATF2 exerted its oncogenic function in LUAD, at least, partly through NEAT1 upregulation. In turn, NEAT1 could positively regulate ATF2 expression and form a positive feedback loop in LUAD cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that NEAT1 positively regulated ATF2 expression via sponging miR-26a-5p. Conclusion ATF2 and NEAT1 form a positive feedback loop mediated by miR-26a-5p and coordinately contribute to LUAD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xian, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Ning
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xian, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ganghua Yang
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xian, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yamei Pang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xian, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Zhang E, He J, Zhang H, Shan L, Wu H, Zhang M, Song Y. Immune-Related Gene-Based Novel Subtypes to Establish a Model Predicting the Risk of Prostate Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:595657. [PMID: 33281882 PMCID: PMC7691641 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.595657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is significant heterogeneity in prostate cancer (PCa), but immune status can reflect its prognosis. This study aimed to explore immune-related gene-based novel subtypes and to use them to create a model predicting the risk of PCa. METHODS We downloaded the data of 487 PCa patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We used immunologically relevant genes as input for consensus clustering and applied survival analysis and principal component analysis to determine the properties of the subtypes. We also explored differences of somatic variations, copy number variations, TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, and androgen receptor (AR) scores among the subtypes. Then, we examined the infiltration of different immune cells into the tumor microenvironment in each subtype. We next performed Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to illustrate the characteristics of the subtypes. Finally, based on the subtypes, we constructed a risk predictive model and verified it in TCGA, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), cBioPortal, and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) databases. RESULTS Four PCa subtypes (C1, C2, C3, and C4) were identified on immune status. Patients with the C3 subtype had the worst prognosis, while the other three groups did not differ significantly from each other in terms of their prognosis. Principal component analysis clearly distinguished high-risk (C3) and low-risk (C1 + 2 + 4) patients. Compared with the case in the low-risk subtype, the Speckle-type POZ Protein (SPOP) had a higher mutation frequency and lower transcriptional level in the high-risk subtype. In C3, there was also a higher frequency of copy number alterations (CNA) of Clusterin (CLU) and lower CLU expression. In addition, C3 had a higher frequency of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and higher AR scores. M2 macrophages also showed significantly higher infiltration in the high-risk subtype, while CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells had significantly higher infiltration in the low-risk subtype. GSEA revealed that MYC, androgen, and KRAS were relatively activated and p53 was relatively suppressed in high-risk subtype, compared with the levels in the low-risk subtype. Finally, we trained a six-gene signature risk predictive model, which performed well in TCGA, GEO, cBioPortal, and ICGC databases. CONCLUSION PCa can be divided into four subtypes based on immune-related genes, among which the C3 subtype is associated with a poor prognosis. Based on these subtypes, a risk predictive model was developed, which could indicate patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enchong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jieqian He
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liping Shan
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongliang Wu
- Department of Spine and Joint Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongsheng Song
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Celebi G, Kesim H, Ozer E, Kutlu O. The Effect of Dysfunctional Ubiquitin Enzymes in the Pathogenesis of Most Common Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176335. [PMID: 32882786 PMCID: PMC7503467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a multi-step enzymatic process that involves the marking of a substrate protein by bonding a ubiquitin and protein for proteolytic degradation mainly via the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS). The process is regulated by three main types of enzymes, namely ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2), and ubiquitin ligases (E3). Under physiological conditions, ubiquitination is highly reversible reaction, and deubiquitinases or deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) can reverse the effect of E3 ligases by the removal of ubiquitin from substrate proteins, thus maintaining the protein quality control and homeostasis in the cell. The dysfunction or dysregulation of these multi-step reactions is closely related to pathogenic conditions; therefore, understanding the role of ubiquitination in diseases is highly valuable for therapeutic approaches. In this review, we first provide an overview of the molecular mechanism of ubiquitination and UPS; then, we attempt to summarize the most common diseases affecting the dysfunction or dysregulation of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Celebi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (G.C.); (H.K.); (E.O.)
| | - Hale Kesim
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (G.C.); (H.K.); (E.O.)
| | - Ebru Ozer
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (G.C.); (H.K.); (E.O.)
| | - Ozlem Kutlu
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-216-483-9000 (ext. 2413)
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The E3 ligase adaptor molecule SPOP regulates fetal hemoglobin levels in adult erythroid cells. Blood Adv 2020; 3:1586-1597. [PMID: 31126914 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019032318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production benefits patients with sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia. To identify new HbF regulators that might be amenable to pharmacologic control, we screened a protein domain-focused CRISPR-Cas9 library targeting chromatin regulators, including BTB domain-containing proteins. Speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP), a substrate adaptor of the CUL3 ubiquitin ligase complex, emerged as a novel HbF repressor. Depletion of SPOP or overexpression of a dominant negative version significantly raised fetal globin messenger RNA and protein levels with minimal detrimental effects on normal erythroid maturation, as determined by transcriptome and proteome analyses. SPOP controls HbF expression independently of the major transcriptional HbF repressors BCL11A and LRF. Finally, pharmacologic HbF inducers cooperate with SPOP depletion during HbF upregulation. Our study implicates SPOP and the CUL3 ubiquitin ligase system in controlling HbF production in human erythroid cells and may offer new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of β-hemoglobinopathies.
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Park S, Kwon W, Park JK, Baek SM, Lee SW, Cho GJ, Ha YS, Lee JN, Kwon TG, Kim MO, Ryoo ZY, Han SH, Han JE, Choi SK. Suppression of cathepsin a inhibits growth, migration, and invasion by inhibiting the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in prostate cancer. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 688:108407. [PMID: 32407712 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has the highest incidence among men in advanced countries, as well as a high mortality rate. Despite the efforts of numerous researchers to identify a gene-based therapeutic target as an effective treatment of prostate cancer, there is still a need for further research. The cathepsin gene family is known to have a close correlation with various cancer types and is highly expressed across these cancer types. This study aimed at investigating the correlation between the cathepsin A (CTSA) gene and prostate cancer. Our findings indicated a significantly elevated level of CTSA gene expression in the tissues of patients with prostate cancer when compared with normal prostate tissues. Furthermore, the knockdown of the CTSA gene in the representative prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and DU145 led to reduced proliferation and a marked reduction in anchorage-independent colony formation, which was shown to be caused by cell cycle arrest in the S phase. In addition, CTSA gene-knockdown prostate cancer cell lines showed a substantial decrease in migration and invasion, as well as a decrease in the marker genes that promote epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Such phenotypic changes in prostate cancer cell lines through CTSA gene suppression were found to be mainly caused by reduced p38 MAPK protein phosphorylation; i.e. the inactivation of the p38 MAPK cell signaling pathway. Tumorigenesis was also found to be inhibited in CTSA gene-knockdown prostate cancer cell lines when a xenograft assay was carried out using Balb/c nude mice, and the p38 MAPK phosphorylation was inhibited in tumor tissues. Thus, the CTSA gene is presumed to play a key role in human prostate cancer tissues through high-level expression, and the suppression of the CTSA gene leads to the inhibition of prostate cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, and metastasis. The mechanism, by which these effects occur, was demonstrated to be the inactivation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, DGIST, Republic of Korea; Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookbong Kwon
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Baek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung-Woo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Jae Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sok Ha
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Nyung Lee
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Kwon
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ok Kim
- The School of Animal BT Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Zae Young Ryoo
- School of Life Science, BK21 Plus KNU Creative Bioresearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hyeon Han
- School of Media Communication, Hanyang University, Wangsibri-ro 222, Seongdonggu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of News-team, SBS(Seoul Broadcasting Station), Mokdongseo-ro 161, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Eun Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Kyoon Choi
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Multiple studies have confirmed that speckle-type pox virus and zinc finger (POZ) protein (SPOP) functions as a substrate adaptor of cullin 3-based E3 ligase and has a crucial role in various cellular processes via specific targeting of proteins for ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Dysregulation of SPOP-mediated proteolysis might be involved in the development and progression of human prostate and kidney cancers. In prostate cancer, SPOP seems to function as a tumour suppressor by targeting several proteins, including androgen receptor (AR), steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC3) and BRD4, for degradation, whereas it might function as an oncoprotein in kidney cancer, for example, by targeting phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) for proteasomal degradation. In addition, nuclear SPOP targets AR for degradation and has a role as a tumour suppressor in prostate cancer; however, in kidney cancer, SPOP largely accumulates in the cytoplasm and fails to promote degradation of AR located in the nucleus, resulting in activation of AR-driven pathways and cancer progression. Owing to the context-dependent function of SPOP in human malignancies, further assessment of the molecular mechanisms involving SPOP in prostate and kidney cancers is needed to improve our understanding of its role in the development of these cancer types. Treatments that target SPOP might become therapeutic strategies in these malignancies in the future.
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Elbadawy M, Abugomaa A, Yamawaki H, Usui T, Sasaki K. Development of Prostate Cancer Organoid Culture Models in Basic Medicine and Translational Research. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E777. [PMID: 32218271 PMCID: PMC7226333 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most prevalent cancer in men and the second main cause of cancer-related death in Western society. The lack of proper PC models that recapitulate the molecular and genomic landscape of clinical disease has hampered progress toward translational research to understand the disease initiation, progression, and therapeutic responses in each patient. Although several models have been developed, they hardly emulated the complicated PC microenvironment. Precision medicine is an emerging approach predicting appropriate therapies for individual cancer patients by means of various analyses of individual genomic profiling and targeting specific cancer pathways. In PC, precision medicine also has the potential to impose changes in clinical practices. Here, we describe the various PC models with special focus on PC organoids and their values in basic medicine, personalized therapy, and translational researches in vitro and in vivo, which could help to achieve the full transformative power of cancer precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elbadawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (M.E.); (A.A.); (K.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Elqaliobiya, Egypt
| | - Amira Abugomaa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (M.E.); (A.A.); (K.S.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Dakahliya, Egypt
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (M.E.); (A.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (M.E.); (A.A.); (K.S.)
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Clark A, Burleson M. SPOP and cancer: a systematic review. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:704-726. [PMID: 32266086 PMCID: PMC7136909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation and progression of cancer is dependent on the acquisition of mutations in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes that ultimately leads to the dysregulation of key regulatory pathways. Though these mutations often occur in direct regulators of such pathways, some may confer tumorigenic potential by indirectly targeting several pathways congruently thereby exerting pleiotropic effects. In recent years, the tumor suppressor gene Speckle Type POZ Protein (SPOP) has gained a lot of attention as it has been found to be altered in a variety of different cancers. SPOP appears to exert pleiotropic tumorigenic effects as multiple different regulatory pathways become dysregulated upon SPOP alterations. SPOP has been identified as an E3 ubiquitin ligase substrate binding subunit of the proteasome complex. Since protein degradation is critical in regulating proper cellular function it is not surprising that the proteasome pathway is often found to be disrupted in cancer. Many studies have now indicated that mutations or changes in the expression of SPOP are one of several underlying reasons of proteasome pathway disruption in different cancers. Ultimately, either SPOP downregulation or mutation promotes stabilization of direct SPOP targets which subsequently promotes cancer through the dysregulation of key regulatory pathways. In this review, we will discuss the current literature on cancer-specific SPOP alterations as well the SPOP targets that are stabilized, and the pathways that are dysregulated, as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marieke Burleson
- Department of Biology, University of The Incarnate WordSan Antonio, TX, USA
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Geng L, Chen X, Zhang M, Luo Z. Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 promotes prostate cancer progression through deubiquitinating the transcriptional factor ATF2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ma YS, Wang XF, Zhang YJ, Luo P, Long HD, Li L, Yang HQ, Xie RT, Jia CY, Lu GX, Chang ZY, Zhang JJ, Xue SB, Lv ZW, Yu F, Xia Q, Fu D. Inhibition of USP14 Deubiquitinating Activity as a Potential Therapy for Tumors with p53 Deficiency. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 16:147-157. [PMID: 32055678 PMCID: PMC7005481 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Functional elimination of p53 is a common feature of a large percentage of human malignancies. Here, we report the development of a pharmacological strategy aimed at restoring p53 function and its use for targeted therapy in p53-deficient mice. Specific inhibition of deubiquitinases ubiquitin-specific peptidase 14 (USP14) resulted in durable tumor regressions of autochthonous lymphomas and sarcomas in p53-deficient mice without affecting normal tissues, and therapeutic response was correlated with an increase in the ubiquitination of constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) signalosome subunit 5 (COPS5), a key negative regulatory effector for p53. Inhibition of USP14 resulted in durable tumor regression through COPS5 deubiquitilation and a p53-dependent and -independent regulation mechanism by USP14. This series highlights the utility of proteasome deubiquitinating activity inhibition as a novel treatment paradigm for p53-deficient cancers. In addition, it provides preliminary evidence that inhibition of USP14 resulted in durable tumor regression through COPS5 deubiquitilation and p53-dependent and -independent regulation mechanism by USP14. These findings suggest that the deubiquitinating activity of the 19S regulatory particle is a new anticancer drug target for patients with p53 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shui Ma
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun-Jie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pei Luo
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Hui-Deng Long
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Liu Li
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Hui-Qiong Yang
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Ru-Ting Xie
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Cheng-You Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Gai-Xia Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Zheng-Yan Chang
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shao-Bo Xue
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Da Fu
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
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Song Y, Xu Y, Pan C, Yan L, Wang ZW, Zhu X. The emerging role of SPOP protein in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:2. [PMID: 31901237 DOI: 10.1186/s12943019-1124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear speckle-type pox virus and zinc finger (POZ) protein (SPOP), a representative substrate-recognition subunit of the cullin-RING E3 ligase, has been characterized to play a dual role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Numerous studies have determined that SPOP suppresses tumorigenesis in a variety of human malignancies such as prostate, lung, colon, gastric, and liver cancers. However, several studies revealed that SPOP exhibited oncogenic function in kidney cancer, suggesting that SPOP could exert its biological function in a cancer type-specific manner. The role of SPOP in thyroid, cervical, ovarian, bone and neurologic cancers has yet to be determined. In this review article, we describe the structure and regulation of SPOP in human cancer. Moreover, we highlight the critical role of SPOP in tumorigenesis based on three major categories: physiological evidence (animal models), pathological evidence (human cancer specimens) and biochemical evidence (downstream ubiquitin substrates). Furthermore, we note that SPOP could be a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizuo Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yichi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyu Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linzhi Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
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Song Y, Xu Y, Pan C, Yan L, Wang ZW, Zhu X. The emerging role of SPOP protein in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:2. [PMID: 31901237 PMCID: PMC6942384 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear speckle-type pox virus and zinc finger (POZ) protein (SPOP), a representative substrate-recognition subunit of the cullin-RING E3 ligase, has been characterized to play a dual role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Numerous studies have determined that SPOP suppresses tumorigenesis in a variety of human malignancies such as prostate, lung, colon, gastric, and liver cancers. However, several studies revealed that SPOP exhibited oncogenic function in kidney cancer, suggesting that SPOP could exert its biological function in a cancer type-specific manner. The role of SPOP in thyroid, cervical, ovarian, bone and neurologic cancers has yet to be determined. In this review article, we describe the structure and regulation of SPOP in human cancer. Moreover, we highlight the critical role of SPOP in tumorigenesis based on three major categories: physiological evidence (animal models), pathological evidence (human cancer specimens) and biochemical evidence (downstream ubiquitin substrates). Furthermore, we note that SPOP could be a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizuo Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yichi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyu Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linzhi Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China. .,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
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CRL3s: The BTB-CUL3-RING E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1217:211-223. [PMID: 31898230 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1025-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome pathway is one of the major regulatory tools used by eukaryotic cells. The evolutionarily conserved cullin family proteins can assemble as many as >600 distinct E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that regulate diverse cellular pathways. In most of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes, separate linker and adaptor proteins build the substrate recognition module. Differently, a single BTB-containing adaptor molecule utilizing two protein interaction sites can link the CUL3 scaffold to the substrate, forming as many as 188 CUL3-BTB E3 ligase complexes in mammals. Here, we review the most recent studies on CRL3 complexes, with a focus on the model for CUL3 assembly with its BTB-containing substrate receptors. Also, we summarize the current knowledge of CRL3 substrates and their relevant biological functions. Next, we discuss the mutual exclusivity of somatic mutations in KEAP1, NRF2, and CUL3 in human lung cancer. Finally, we highlight new strategies to expand CUL3 substrates and discuss outstanding questions remaining in the field.
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36
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Ballar Kirmizibayrak P, Erbaykent-Tepedelen B, Gozen O, Erzurumlu Y. Divergent Modulation of Proteostasis in Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1233:117-151. [PMID: 32274755 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteostasis regulates key cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, transcription, and apoptosis. The mechanisms by which proteostasis is regulated are crucial and the deterioration of cellular proteostasis has been significantly associated with tumorigenesis since it specifically targets key oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Androgens mediate one of the most central signaling pathways in all stages of PCa via the androgen receptor (AR). In addition to their regulation by hormones, PCa cells are also known to be highly secretory and are particularly prone to ER stress as proper ER function is essential. Alterations in various complex signaling pathways and cellular processes including cell cycle control, transcription, DNA repair, apoptosis, cell adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and angiogenesis are critical factors influencing PCa development through key molecular changes mainly by posttranslational modifications in PCa-related proteins, including AR, NKX3.1, PTEN, p53, cyclin D1, and p27. Several ubiquitin ligases like MDM2, Siah2, RNF6, CHIP, and substrate-binding adaptor SPOP; deubiquitinases such as USP7, USP10, USP26, and USP12 are just some of the modifiers involved in the regulation of these key proteins via ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Some ubiquitin-like modifiers, especially SUMOs, have been also closely associated with PCa. On the other hand, the proteotoxicity resulting from misfolded proteins and failure of ER adaptive capacity induce unfolded protein response (UPR) that is an indispensable signaling mechanism for PCa development. Lastly, ER-associated degradation (ERAD) also plays a crucial role in prostate tumorigenesis. In this section, the relationship between prostate cancer and proteostasis will be discussed in terms of UPS, UPR, SUMOylation, ERAD, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oguz Gozen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yalcin Erzurumlu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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SPOP suppresses pancreatic cancer progression by promoting the degradation of NANOG. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:794. [PMID: 31624231 PMCID: PMC6797744 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Speckle-type POZ domain protein (SPOP), an adaptor in the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, recognizes substrates and promotes protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. It appears to help regulate progression of several cancers, and we show here that it acts as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer. Our analysis of patient tissues showed decreased SPOP expression, which was associated with poor prognosis. SPOP knockdown in SW1990 (in vitro/vivo) and PANC-1 (in vitro) cells led to significantly greater proliferation, migration, and invasion. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in SW1990 cells showed that SPOP interacted with the stem-cell marker NANOG, and this interaction has recently been shown to play a critical role in regulating progression of prostate cancer. We showed that, in one patient with pancreatic cancer, the expression of a truncated form of SPOP (p.Q360*) lacking the nuclear localization signal led to nuclear accumulation of NANOG, which promoted growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. Our results suggest that SPOP suppresses progression of pancreatic cancer by promoting the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of NANOG. These results identify the SPOP-NANOG interaction as a potential therapeutic target against pancreatic cancer.
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Li M, Zhang D, Ge X, Zhu X, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Peng X, Shen A. TRAF6-p38/JNK-ATF2 axis promotes microglial inflammatory activation. Exp Cell Res 2019; 376:133-148. [PMID: 30763583 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), a member of the alkaline-leucine zipper family, is widely expressed in various tissues, and reportedly involved in inflammatory responses to various irritates, but its role in the central nervous system (CNS) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the expression and biological function of ATF2 in CNS inflammation. Utilizing the LPS-induced neuroinflammation model on mice, we first found ATF2 up-regulation and its co-localization with microglia in inflamed mice brain. In vitro, we revealed an increased expression, phosphorylation, and nuclear accumulation of ATF2 in LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells. Inhibiting ATF2 significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in LPS-treated microglia, and alleviated neuronal apoptosis induced by the conditioned medium of activated microglia. Knocking down TRAF6, an important adaptor of the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, suppressed the LPS-induced ATF2 expression and phosphorylation, accompanied by the decreased p38/JNK phosphorylation, in microglia. Blocking p38 or JNK signaling pathway by the specific inhibitors reversed the TRAF6-overexpression mediated ATF2 activation. Taken together, our data first proved the pro-inflammatory function of ATF2 in microglia, and suggested that the TRAF6-JNK/p38-ATF2 axis might promote microglial inflammatory activation and thus aggravate neuronal injury in brain, which might become a potential therapeutic target for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurogeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ge
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurogeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Zhu
- Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Neurosurgery Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Peng
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiguo Shen
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurogeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China; Cancer Research Center of Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong 226361, People's Republic of China.
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Pascovici D, Wu JX, McKay MJ, Joseph C, Noor Z, Kamath K, Wu Y, Ranganathan S, Gupta V, Mirzaei M. Clinically Relevant Post-Translational Modification Analyses-Maturing Workflows and Bioinformatics Tools. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E16. [PMID: 30577541 PMCID: PMC6337699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can occur soon after translation or at any stage in the lifecycle of a given protein, and they may help regulate protein folding, stability, cellular localisation, activity, or the interactions proteins have with other proteins or biomolecular species. PTMs are crucial to our functional understanding of biology, and new quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) and bioinformatics workflows are maturing both in labelled multiplexed and label-free techniques, offering increasing coverage and new opportunities to study human health and disease. Techniques such as Data Independent Acquisition (DIA) are emerging as promising approaches due to their re-mining capability. Many bioinformatics tools have been developed to support the analysis of PTMs by mass spectrometry, from prediction and identifying PTM site assignment, open searches enabling better mining of unassigned mass spectra-many of which likely harbour PTMs-through to understanding PTM associations and interactions. The remaining challenge lies in extracting functional information from clinically relevant PTM studies. This review focuses on canvassing the options and progress of PTM analysis for large quantitative studies, from choosing the platform, through to data analysis, with an emphasis on clinically relevant samples such as plasma and other body fluids, and well-established tools and options for data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Pascovici
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Jemma X Wu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Matthew J McKay
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Chitra Joseph
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Zainab Noor
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Karthik Kamath
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Yunqi Wu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Shoba Ranganathan
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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