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Liu Y, Cai X, Hu S, Wang Z, Tian H, Wang H. Suppression of N-Glycosylation of Zinc Finger Protein 471 Affects Proliferation, Invasion, and Docetaxel Sensitivity of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Regulation of c-Myc. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:1106-1125. [PMID: 38749608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Zinc finger protein 471 (ZNF471) is a member of the Krüppel-related domain zinc finger protein family, and has recently attracted attention because of its anti-cancer effects. N-glycosylation regulates expression and functions of the protein. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ZNF471 N-glycosylation on the proliferation, invasion, and docetaxel sensitivity of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). It analyzed the expression, function, and prognostic significance of ZNF471 in TSCC using bioinformatics techniques such as gene differential expression analysis, univariate Cox regression analysis, functional enrichment analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis. Using site-specific mutagenesis, this study generated three mutant sites for ZNF471 N-glycosylation to determine the effect of N-glycosylation on ZNF471 protein levels and function. Quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry tests confirmed the down-regulation of ZNF471 expression in TSCC. Low expression of ZNF471 is associated with poor prognosis of patients with TSCC. Overexpression of ZNF471 in vitro retarded the proliferation of TSCC cells and suppressed cell invasion and migration ability. Asparagine 358 was identified as a N-glycosylation site of ZNF471. Suppressing N-glycosylation of ZNF471 enhanced the protein stability and promoted the translocation of protein to the cell nucleus. ZNF471 binding to c-Myc gene promoter suppressed oncogene c-Myc expression, thereby playing the anti-cancer effect and enhancing TSCC sensitivity to docetaxel. In all, N-glycosylation of ZNF471 affects the proliferation, invasion, and docetaxel sensitivity of TSCC via regulation of c-Myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xu Cai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shousen Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Honghan Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Li S, Wang Y, Yin J, Li K, Liu L, Gao J. Design, synthesis, and activity evaluation of 2-iminobenzimidazoles as c-Myc inhibitors for treating multiple myeloma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28411. [PMID: 38590884 PMCID: PMC10999938 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy that remains incurable and poses a significant threat to global public health. The multifunctional transcription factor c-Myc plays a crucial role in various cellular processes and is closely associated with MM progression. As part of the basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLHZip) family, c-Myc forms heterodimers with its obligate partner Max, binds to the Enhancer-box (E-box) of DNA, and ultimately co-regulates gene expression. Therefore, impeding the capacity for heterodimerization to bind to DNA represents a favored strategy in thwarting c-Myc transcription. In this study, we first synthesized a series of novel 2-iminobenzimidazole derivatives and further estimated their potential anti-MM activity. Notably, among all the derivatives, 5b and 5d demonstrated remarkable inhibitory activity against RPMI-8226 and U266 cells, with IC50 values of 0.85 μM and 0.97 μM for compound 5b, and 0.96 μM and 0.89 μM for compound 5d. Western blot and dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that compounds 5b and 5d effectively suppressed both c-Myc protein expression and transcriptional activity of the c-Myc promoter in RPMI-8226 and U266 cells. Furthermore, these compounds induced apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest in the aforementioned MM cells. Molecular docking studies revealed that 5b and 5d exhibited strong binding affinity to the interface between c-Myc/Max and E-box of DNA. Taken together, our findings suggest that further investigations are warranted for potential therapeutic applications of 5b and 5d for c-Myc-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Yinchuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Jiacheng Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Kaihang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Linlin Liu
- College of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Jian Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, PR China
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Cheng B, Li L, Luo T, Wang Q, Luo Y, Bai S, Li K, Lai Y, Huang H. Single-cell deconvolution algorithms analysis unveils autocrine IL11-mediated resistance to docetaxel in prostate cancer via activation of the JAK1/STAT4 pathway. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:67. [PMID: 38429845 PMCID: PMC10905933 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-02962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docetaxel resistance represents a significant obstacle in the treatment of prostate cancer. The intricate interplay between cytokine signalling pathways and transcriptional control mechanisms in cancer cells contributes to chemotherapeutic resistance, yet the underlying molecular determinants remain only partially understood. This study elucidated a novel resistance mechanism mediated by the autocrine interaction of interleukin-11 (IL-11) and its receptor interleukin-11 receptor subunit alpha(IL-11RA), culminating in activation of the JAK1/STAT4 signalling axis and subsequent transcriptional upregulation of the oncogene c-MYC. METHODS Single-cell secretion profiling of prostate cancer organoid was analyzed to determine cytokine production profiles associated with docetaxel resistance.Analysis of the expression pattern of downstream receptor IL-11RA and enrichment of signal pathway to clarify the potential autocrine mechanism of IL-11.Next, chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) was performed to detect the nuclear localization and DNA-binding patterns of phosphorylated STAT4 (pSTAT4). Coimmunoprecipitation and reporter assays were utilized to assess interaction between pSTAT4 and the cotranscription factor CREB-binding protein (CBP) as well as their role in c-MYC transcriptional activity. RESULTS Autocrine secretion of IL-11 was markedly increased in docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells. IL-11 stimulation resulted in robust activation of JAK1/STAT4 signalling. Upon activation, pSTAT4 translocated to the nucleus and associated with CBP at the c-MYC promoter region, amplifying its transcriptional activity. Inhibition of the IL-11/IL-11RA interaction or disruption of the JAK1/STAT4 pathway significantly reduced pSTAT4 nuclear entry and its binding to CBP, leading to downregulation of c-MYC expression and restoration of docetaxel sensitivity. CONCLUSION Our findings identify an autocrine loop of IL-11/IL-11RA that confers docetaxel resistance through the JAK1/STAT4 pathway. The pSTAT4-CBP interaction serves as a critical enhancer of c-MYC transcriptional activity in prostate cancer cells. Targeting this signalling axis presents a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome docetaxel resistance in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisheng Cheng
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Urology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lingfeng Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Tianlong Luo
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Shoumin Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Kaiwen Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Yiming Lai
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, China.
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Wang Y, Hu J, Chen C, Li Y. PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220813. [PMID: 38465336 PMCID: PMC10921497 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the role of pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) in proliferation, migration, invasion, and aerobic glycolysis of pancreatic cancer cells, and evaluate the potential of PTTG1 as a therapeutic target. PTTG1 expression in pancreatic cancers was analyzed using the GEPIA databank. In the Panc1 cell with the PTTG1 knockdown or Mia-PaCa2 cells with PTTG1 overexpression, the cell proliferation was evaluated using cell viability curves and colony formation, and wound heal assay and transwell assay were performed to evaluate the migration and invasion, respectively. Furthermore, a western blot was performed to evaluate the expressions of PTTG1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and c-myc. Meanwhile, the glucose uptake, extracellular acidification rates (ECAR), and oxygen consumption rates (OCR) were analyzed. Our results showed that PTTG1 expression is upregulated in pancreatic cancer, which promoted cell proliferation. Low PTTG1 contributed to higher disease-free survival and overall survival. In Panc1 cell, PTTG1 knockdown resulted in reduced cell viability and colony formation. The migration and invasion abilities of the cells were also reduced in Panc1 with PTTG1 knockdown. Correspondingly, PTTG1 knockdown decreased c-myc expression, glucose uptake, ECAR, and OCR in Panc1 cells. In Mia-PaCa2 cells, PTTG1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, aerobic glycolysis, and translocation of β-catenin to the nucleus by regulating c-myc. In conclusion, PTTG1 induces proliferation, migration, and invasion, and promotes aerobic glycolysis in pancreatic cancer cells via regulating c-myc, demonstrating the potential of PTTG1 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Suqian First Hospital, No. 120 Suzhi Road, Sucheng District, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, 223800, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Suqian First Hospital, No. 120 Suzhi Road, Sucheng District, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, 223800, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Suqian First Hospital, No. 120 Suzhi Road, Sucheng District, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, 223800, China
| | - Yongbo Li
- Department of General Surgery, Suqian First Hospital, No. 120 Suzhi Road, Sucheng District, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, 223800, China
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Koduru P, Chen W, Fuda F, Kaur G, Awan F, John S, Garcia R, Gagan J. RNASeq Analysis for Accurate Identification of Fusion Partners in Tumor Specific Translocations Detected by Standard FISH Probes in Hematologic Malignancies. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (THOUSAND OAKS, VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.) 2024; 17:2632010X241230262. [PMID: 38371338 PMCID: PMC10874141 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x241230262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Background Fluorescence labeled DNA probes and in situ hybridization methods had shorter turn round time for results revolutionized their clinical application. Signals obtained from these probes are highly specific, yet they can produce fusion signals not necessarily representing fusion of actual genes due to other genes included in the probe design. In this study we evaluated discordance between cytogenetic, FISH and RNAseq results in 3 different patients with hematologic malignancies and illustrated the need to perform next generation sequencing (NGS) or RNASeq to accurately interpret FISH results. Methods Bone marrow or peripheral blood karyotypes and FISH were performed to detect recurring translocations associated with hematologic malignancies in clinical samples routinely referred to our clinical cytogenetics laboratory. When required, NGS was performed on DNA and RNA libraries to detect somatic alterations and gene fusions in some of these specimens. Discordance in results between these methods is further evaluated. Results For a patient with plasma cell leukemia standard FGFR3 / IGH dual fusion FISH assay detected fusion that was interpreted as FGFR3-positive leukemia, whereas NGS/RNASeq detected NSD2::IGH. For a pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient, a genetic diagnosis of PDGFRB-positive ALL was rendered because the PDGFRB break-apart probe detected clonal rearrangement, whereas NGS detected MEF2D::CSF1R. A MYC-positive B-prolymphocytic leukemia was rendered for another patient with a cytogenetically identified t(8;14) and MYC::IGH by FISH, whereas NGS detected a novel PVT1::RCOR1 not previously reported. Conclusions These are 3 cases in a series of several other concordant results, nevertheless, elucidate limitations when interpreting FISH results in clinical applications, particularly when other genes are included in probe design. In addition, when the observed FISH signals are atypical, this study illustrates the necessity to perform complementary laboratory assays, such as NGS and/or RNASeq, to accurately identify fusion genes in tumorigenic translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Koduru
- Departments of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Weina Chen
- Departments of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Franklin Fuda
- Departments of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gurbakhash Kaur
- Internal Medicine (Division of Oncology), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Farrukh Awan
- Internal Medicine (Division of Oncology), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Samuel John
- Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rolando Garcia
- Departments of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gagan
- Departments of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Melchionna R, Trono P, Di Carlo A, Di Modugno F, Nisticò P. Transcription factors in fibroblast plasticity and CAF heterogeneity. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:347. [PMID: 38124183 PMCID: PMC10731891 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research focused on the multifaceted landscape and functions of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) aimed to reveal their heterogeneity and identify commonalities across diverse tumors for more effective therapeutic targeting of pro-tumoral stromal microenvironment. However, a unified functional categorization of CAF subsets remains elusive, posing challenges for the development of targeted CAF therapies in clinical settings.The CAF phenotype arises from a complex interplay of signals within the tumor microenvironment, where transcription factors serve as central mediators of various cellular pathways. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing technology have emphasized the role of transcription factors in the conversion of normal fibroblasts to distinct CAF subtypes across various cancer types.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the specific roles of transcription factor networks in shaping CAF heterogeneity, plasticity, and functionality. Beginning with their influence on fibroblast homeostasis and reprogramming during wound healing and fibrosis, it delves into the emerging insights into transcription factor regulatory networks. Understanding these mechanisms not only enables a more precise characterization of CAF subsets but also sheds light on the early regulatory processes governing CAF heterogeneity and functionality. Ultimately, this knowledge may unveil novel therapeutic targets for cancer treatment, addressing the existing challenges of stromal-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Melchionna
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Trono
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Di Carlo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Modugno
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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Xu X, Zhou T, Wei X, Jiang X, Cao J. Application of mPEG-CS-cRGD/ Bmi-1RNAi-PTX nanoparticles in suppression of laryngeal cancer by targeting cancer stem cells. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2180112. [PMID: 38095348 PMCID: PMC9946312 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2180112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although surgery-based comprehensive therapy is becoming the main approach to treat laryngeal cancer, recurrence, metastasis, radiotherapy resistance and chemotherapy tolerance are still the main causes of death in patients. Targeted inhibition of laryngeal cancer stem cells has been considered as the consensus to cure laryngeal cancer. Our previous study has confirmed proto-oncogene Bmi-1 as a key regulator for self-renewal of laryngeal cancer stem cells. Targeted knockdown of Bmi-1 gene effectively inhibited the self-renewal and differentiation of laryngeal cancer stem cells, leading to the promoted sensitivity to chemotherapy including paclitaxel. However, due to off-target effects and quick degradation of the naked Bmi-1-RNAi small RNA oligo by nuclease in body fluids, it is urgently needed to develop a tumor-targeted delivery system with a protective shell. In this study, we designed and synthesized cRGD peptide-modified chitosan-polyethylene glycol slow-release nanoparticles (mPEG-CS-cRGD/Bmi-1RNAi-PTX) containing Bmi-1RNAi siRNA oligo and paclitaxel, which showed spherical in shape, 200 nm diameter in size, low cytotoxicity, strong DNA wrapping, resistance to nuclease degradation and high transfection efficiency to cells. Functional analysis indicated significant suppression of cell proliferation and migration and induction of apoptosis by the nanocomplex in laryngeal cancer cells in vitro. By application to the mouse model with laryngeal cancer, the nanocomplex inhibited tumor growth significantly in vivo. In addition, cRGD peptide, paclitaxel and Bmi-1 siRNA in the nanoparticles showed synergistic effects to suppress laryngeal cancer stem cells. In conclusion, this study not only developed a laryngeal tumor-targeted chemotherapeutic system, but also demonstrated a Bmi-1 RNAi-based chemotherapeutic strategy to inhibit cancer stem cells, having strong potential to treat laryngeal cancer patients suffering therapy resistance and/or tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of E.N.T, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of E.N.T, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Wei
- Department of E.N.T, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xuelian Jiang
- Department of E.N.T, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiyan Cao
- Department of E.N.T, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R. China
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Vízkeleti L, Spisák S. Rewired Metabolism Caused by the Oncogenic Deregulation of MYC as an Attractive Therapeutic Target in Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:1745. [PMID: 37443779 PMCID: PMC10341379 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC is one of the most deregulated oncogenes on multiple levels in cancer. As a node transcription factor, MYC plays a diverse regulatory role in many cellular processes, including cell cycle and metabolism, both in physiological and pathological conditions. The relentless growth and proliferation of tumor cells lead to an insatiable demand for energy and nutrients, which requires the rewiring of cellular metabolism. As MYC can orchestrate all aspects of cellular metabolism, its altered regulation plays a central role in these processes, such as the Warburg effect, and is a well-established hallmark of cancer development. However, our current knowledge of MYC suggests that its spatial- and concentration-dependent contribution to tumorigenesis depends more on changes in the global or relative expression of target genes. As the direct targeting of MYC is proven to be challenging due to its relatively high toxicity, understanding its underlying regulatory mechanisms is essential for the development of tumor-selective targeted therapies. The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the diverse forms of MYC oncogenic deregulation, including DNA-, transcriptional- and post-translational level alterations, and their consequences for cellular metabolism. Furthermore, we also review the currently available and potentially attractive therapeutic options that exploit the vulnerability arising from the metabolic rearrangement of MYC-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vízkeleti
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Sándor Spisák
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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Extrachromosomal circular DNA: biogenesis, structure, functions and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:342. [PMID: 36184613 PMCID: PMC9527254 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA), ranging in size from tens to millions of base pairs, is independent of conventional chromosomes. Recently, eccDNAs have been considered an unanticipated major source of somatic rearrangements, contributing to genomic remodeling through chimeric circularization and reintegration of circular DNA into the linear genome. In addition, the origin of eccDNA is considered to be associated with essential chromatin-related events, including the formation of super-enhancers and DNA repair machineries. Moreover, our understanding of the properties and functions of eccDNA has continuously and greatly expanded. Emerging investigations demonstrate that eccDNAs serve as multifunctional molecules in various organisms during diversified biological processes, such as epigenetic remodeling, telomere trimming, and the regulation of canonical signaling pathways. Importantly, its special distribution potentiates eccDNA as a measurable biomarker in many diseases, especially cancers. The loss of eccDNA homeostasis facilitates tumor initiation, malignant progression, and heterogeneous evolution in many cancers. An in-depth understanding of eccDNA provides novel insights for precision cancer treatment. In this review, we summarized the discovery history of eccDNA, discussed the biogenesis, characteristics, and functions of eccDNA. Moreover, we emphasized the role of eccDNA during tumor pathogenesis and malignant evolution. Therapeutically, we summarized potential clinical applications that target aberrant eccDNA in multiple diseases.
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Jin Z, Yang Z, Sheng Z, Teng J, Chen W, Chen F, Gong M. USP36 Facilitates the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Upregulating Myc. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Our study will explore the function and regulatory mechanism of USP36 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: USP36-overexpressed and USP36-knockdown cells were established. The USP36 and Myc level were checked by Western blotting and the cell viability
was checked by the MTT method. The apoptotic rate was checked by flow cytometry, while the migration was detected by the Transwell assay. A xenograft model was constructed in nude mice to explore the function of USP36 in HCC. USP36-overexpressed and USP-knockdown cells were constructed by
transfecting pcDNA3.1-USP36 and siRNA-USP36 (si-USP36), respectively. Myc-overexpressed cells were constructed by transfecting pcDNA3.1-Myc. Results: Significantly declined cell viability, increased apoptotic rate, elevated number of migrated cells, downregulated Myc, and repressed
tumor growth were observed in USP36-knockdown HepG2 and HUH7 cells, while opposite results were observed in USP36-overexpressed HepG2 and HUH7 cells. The expression level of Myc was positively regulated by USP36. However, the USP36 level was not regulated by Myc. Lastly, the declined cell
viability, increased apoptotic rate, and elevated number of migrated cells in USP36-knockdown HepG2 cells were dramatically abrogated by the overexpression of Myc. Conclusion: USP36 facilitated the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by upregulating Myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Jin
- Department of General Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Lin’an District (Affiliated Lin’an People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Medical College), Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Ziqiang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Lin’an District (Affiliated Lin’an People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Medical College), Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Zhen Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Lin’an District (Affiliated Lin’an People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Medical College), Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Jiao Teng
- Department of General Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Lin’an District (Affiliated Lin’an People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Medical College), Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Weiqing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Lin’an District (Affiliated Lin’an People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Medical College), Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Feihua Chen
- Department of General Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Lin’an District (Affiliated Lin’an People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Medical College), Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Mouchun Gong
- Department of General Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Lin’an District (Affiliated Lin’an People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Medical College), Hangzhou, 310013, China
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Su MX, Xu YL, Jiang XM, Huang MY, Zhang LL, Yuan LW, Xu XH, Zhu Q, Gao JL, Lu JH, Chen X, Huang MQ, Wang Y, Lu JJ. c-MYC-mediated TRIB3/P62 + aggresomes accumulation triggers paraptosis upon the combination of everolimus and ginsenoside Rh2. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1240-1253. [PMID: 35530150 PMCID: PMC9072243 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is abnormally activated in lung cancer. However, the anti-lung cancer effect of mTOR inhibitors as monotherapy is modest. Here, we identified that ginsenoside Rh2, an active component of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., enhanced the anti-cancer effect of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, ginsenoside Rh2 alleviated the hepatic fat accumulation caused by everolimus in xenograft nude mice models. The combination of everolimus and ginsenoside Rh2 (labeled Eve-Rh2) induced caspase-independent cell death and cytoplasmic vacuolation in lung cancer cells, indicating that Eve-Rh2 prevented tumor progression by triggering paraptosis. Eve-Rh2 up-regulated the expression of c-MYC in cancer cells as well as tumor tissues. The increased c-MYC mediated the accumulation of tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3)/P62+ aggresomes and consequently triggered paraptosis, bypassing the classical c-MYC/MAX pathway. Our study offers a potential effective and safe strategy for the treatment of lung cancer. Moreover, we have identified a new mechanism of TRIB3/P62+ aggresomes-triggered paraptosis and revealed a unique function of c-MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Xia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Yu-Lian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Mu-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Le-Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Luo-Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xiao-Huang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Jian-Li Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Ming-Qing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350000, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +853 88224674; fax: +853 28841358.
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12
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CircPVT1: a pivotal circular node intersecting Long Non-Coding-PVT1 and c-MYC oncogenic signals. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:33. [PMID: 35090471 PMCID: PMC8796571 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of circular RNAs in oncogenesis has begun to be widely studied in recent years, due to the significant impact that these molecules have in disease pathogenesis, as well as their potential for the future of innovative therapies. Moreover, due to their characteristically circular shape, circular RNAs are very resistant molecules to RNA degradation whose levels are easily assessed in body fluids. Accordingly, they represent an opportunity for the discovery of new diagnostic and prognostic markers in a wide range of diseases. Among circular RNAs, circPVT1 is a rather peculiar one that originates from the circularization of the exon 2 of the PVT1 gene that encodes a pro-tumorigenic long non-coding RNA named lncPVT1. There are a few examples of circular RNAs that derive from a locus producing another non-coding RNA. Despite their apparent transcriptional independence, which occurs using two different promoters, a possible synergistic effect in tumorigenesis cannot be excluded considering that both have been reported to correlate with the oncogenic phenotype. This complex mechanism of regulation appears to also be controlled by c-MYC. Indeed, the PVT1 locus is located only 53 Kb downstream c-MYC gene, a well-known oncogene that regulates the expression levels of about 15% of all genes. Here, we review circPVT1 origin and biogenesis highlighting the most important mechanisms through which it plays a fundamental role in oncogenesis, such as the well-known sponge activity on microRNAs, as well as its paradigmatic interactome link with lncPVT1 and c-MYC expression.
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13
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Bian E, Chen X, Cheng L, Cheng M, Chen Z, Yue X, Zhang Z, Chen J, Sun L, Huang K, Huang C, Fang Z, Zhao B, Li J. Super-enhancer-associated TMEM44-AS1 aggravated glioma progression by forming a positive feedback loop with Myc. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:337. [PMID: 34696771 PMCID: PMC8543865 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been considered as one type of gene expression regulator for cancer development, but it is not clear how these are regulated. This study aimed to identify a specific lncRNA that promotes glioma progression. Methods RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to screen differentially expressed genes. CCK-8, transwell migration, invasion assays, and a mouse xenograft model were performed to determine the functions of TMEM44-AS1. Co-IP, ChIP, Dual-luciferase reporter assays, RNA pulldown, and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were performed to study the molecular mechanism of TMEM44-AS1 and the downstream target. Results We identified a novel lncRNA TMEM44-AS1, which was aberrantly expressed in glioma tissues, and that increased TMEM44-AS1 expression was correlated with malignant progression and poor survival for patients with glioma. Expression of TMEM44-AS1 increased the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells. Knockdown of TMEM44-AS1 in glioma cells reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion, and tumor growth in a nude mouse xenograft model. Mechanistically, TMEM44-AS1 is directly bound to the SerpinB3, and sequentially activated Myc and EGR1/IL-6 signaling; Myc transcriptionally induced TMEM44-AS1 and directly bound to the promoter and super-enhancer of TMEM44-AS1, thus forming a positive feedback loop with TMEM44-AS. Further studies demonstrated that Myc interacts with MED1 regulates the super-enhancer of TMEM44-AS1. More importantly, a novel small-molecule Myc inhibitor, Myci975, alleviated TMEM44-AS1-promoted the growth of glioma cells. Conclusions Our study implicates a crucial role of the TMEM44-AS1-Myc axis in glioma progression and provides a possible anti-glioma therapeutic agent. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-02129-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbao Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China. .,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Xueran Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Li Cheng
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Meng Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Libo Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Kebing Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhiyou Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China. .,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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14
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Min Z, Xunlei Z, Haizhen C, Wenjing Z, Haiyan Y, Xiaoyun L, Jianyun Z, Xudong C, Aiguo S. The Clinicopathologic and Prognostic Significance of c-Myc Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 1:706835. [PMID: 36303795 PMCID: PMC9581052 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2021.706835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence and mortality rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are increasing worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need to elucidate the molecular drivers of HCC for potential early diagnosis and individualized treatment. Whether c-Myc expression plays a role in the clinicopathology and prognosis of patients with HCC remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to survey the prognostic role of c-Myc in HCC. Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for studies published through March 2020 that examined the association between c-Myc expression and clinicopathology or prognosis in HCC patients. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to investigate the prognostic significance of c-Myc expression. Odds ratios were calculated to evaluate the association between c-Myc expression and clinicopathologic features. We also tested for publication bias. Results: Our meta-analysis included nine studies with 981 patients with HCC published between 1999 and 2016. A meta-analysis of these studies demonstrated that high c-Myc expression indicated a poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 2.260, 95% CI: 1.660–3.080, and p < 0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 1.770, 95% CI: 1.430–2.450, and p < 0.001) in patients with HCC. However, high c-Myc expression was not associated with HBsAg, pathological type, TNM stage, or cirrhosis. We did not find any significant publication bias among the included studies, indicating that our estimates were robust and reliable. Conclusion: c-Myc overexpression could predict poor OS and DFS in HCC patients. c-Myc could be a useful prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Min
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhang Xunlei
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chen Haizhen
- Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhao Wenjing
- Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yu Haiyan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lu Xiaoyun
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhou Jianyun
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chen Xudong
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Xudong, ; Shen Aiguo,
| | - Shen Aiguo
- Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Xudong, ; Shen Aiguo,
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15
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Isotretinoin and Thalidomide Down-Regulate c-MYC Gene Expression and Modify Proteins Associated with Cancer in Hepatic Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195742. [PMID: 34641286 PMCID: PMC8510077 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer. The number of cases is increasing and the trend for the next few years is not encouraging. HCC is usually detected in the advanced stages of the disease, and pharmacological therapies are not entirely effective. For this reason, it is necessary to search for new therapeutic options. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the drugs isotretinoin and thalidomide on c-MYC expression and cancer-related proteins in an HCC cellular model. The expression of c-MYC was measured using RT-qPCR and western blot assays. In addition, luciferase activity assays were performed for the c-MYC promoters P1 and P2 using recombinant plasmids. Dose-response-time analyses were performed for isotretinoin or thalidomide in cells transfected with the c-MYC promoters. Finally, a proteome profile analysis of cells exposed to these two drugs was performed and the results were validated by western blot. We demonstrated that in HepG2 cells, isotretinoin and thalidomide reduced c-MYC mRNA expression levels, but this decrease in expression was linked to the regulation of P1 and P1-P2 c-MYC promoter activity in isotretinoin only. Thalidomide did not exert any effect on c-MYC promoters. Also, isotretinoin and thalidomide were capable of inducing and repressing proteins associated with cancer. In conclusion, isotretinoin and thalidomide down-regulate c-MYC mRNA expression and this is partially due to P1 or P2 promoter activity, suggesting that these drugs could be promising options for modulating the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in HCC.
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16
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Strand E, Hollås H, Sakya SA, Romanyuk S, Saraste MEV, Grindheim AK, Patil SS, Vedeler A. Annexin A2 binds the internal ribosomal entry site of c- myc mRNA and regulates its translation. RNA Biol 2021; 18:337-354. [PMID: 34346292 PMCID: PMC8677036 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1947648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression and localization of the oncoprotein c-Myc is highly regulated at the level of transcription, mRNA transport, translation, as well as stability of the protein. We previously showed that Annexin A2 (AnxA2) binds to a specific localization element in the 3'untranslated region (UTR) of c-myc mRNA and is involved in its localization to the perinuclear region. In the present study, we demonstrate that AnxA2 binds in a Ca2+-dependent manner to the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) containing two pseudo-knots in the 5´UTR of the c-myc mRNA. Here, we employ an in vitro rabbit reticulocyte lysate system with chimeric c-myc reporter mRNAs to demonstrate that binding of AnxA2 to the c-myc IRES modulates the expression of c-Myc. Notably, we show that low levels of AnxA2 appear to increase, while high levels of AnxA2 inhibits translation of the chimeric mRNA. However, when both the AnxA2-binding site and the ribosomal docking site in the c-myc IRES are deleted, AnxA2 has no effect on the translation of the reporter mRNA. Forskolin-treatment of PC12 cells results in upregulation of Ser25 phosphorylated AnxA2 expression while c-Myc expression is down-regulated. The effect of forskolin on c-Myc expression and the level of Ser25 phosphorylated AnxA2 was abolished in the presence of EGTA. These findings indicate that AnxA2 regulates both the transport and subsequent translation of the c-myc mRNA, possibly by silencing the mRNA during its transport. They also suggest that AnxA2 act as a switch to turn off the c-myc IRES activity in the presence of calcium.Abbreviations: AnxA2, Annexin A2; β2--µglob, β2-microglobulin; cpm, counts per minute; hnRNP, heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein; IRES, internal ribosomal entry site; ITAF, IRES trans-acting factor; MM, multiple myeloma; PABP, poly(A)-binding protein; PCBP, poly(rC) binding protein; PSF, PTB-associated splicing factor; PTB, polypyrimidine tract binding protein; RRL, rabbit reticulocyte lysate; UTR, untranslated region; YB, Y-box binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Strand
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne Hollås
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siri Aastedatter Sakya
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Sofya Romanyuk
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,City Hospital №40, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikko E V Saraste
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Quality Control Unit, Thermo Fisher Scientific - Life Technologies, Lillestrøm, Norway
| | | | | | - Anni Vedeler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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17
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Li Z, Wang F, Tian X, Long J, Ling B, Zhang W, Xu J, Liang A. HCK maintains the self-renewal of leukaemia stem cells via CDK6 in AML. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:210. [PMID: 34167558 PMCID: PMC8223385 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) are responsible for the initiation, maintenance, and recurrence of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), an aggressive haematological malignancy associated with drug resistance and relapse. Identifying therapeutic LSC targets is critical to curing AML. Methods Bioinformatics databases were used to identify therapeutic LSC targets. The conditional knockout mice were used to analyse the role of HCK in leukaemogenesis or normal haematopoiesis. Colony-forming assays, cell counting, and flow cytometry were used to detect the viability and function of leukaemia cells. RT-PCR, western blotting, and RNA sequencing were used to detect mRNA and protein expression. Result HCK is expressed at higher levels in LSCs than in haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and high HCK levels are correlated with reduced survival time in AML patients. Knockdown of HCK leads to cell cycle arrest, which results in a dramatic decrease in the proliferation and colony formation in human AML cell lines. Moreover, HCK is required for leukemogenesis and leukaemia maintenance in vivo and in vitro. HCK is necessary for the self-renewal of LSCs during serial transplantation and limiting dilution assay. The phenotypes resulting from HCK deficiency can be rescued by CDK6 overexpression in the human cell line. RNA sequencing and gene expression have demonstrated that HCK may sustain cell cycle entry and maintain the self-renewal ability of LSCs through activating the ERK1/2-c-Myc-CDK6 signalling axis. In contrast, HCK deletion does not affect normal haematopoiesis or haematopoietic reconstruction in mice. Conclusions HCK maintains the self-renewal of leukaemia stem cells via CDK6 in AML and may be an ideal therapeutic target for eradicating LSCs without influencing normal haematopoiesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-02007-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, 200092, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Fangce Wang
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, 200092, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Tian
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, 200092, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jun Long
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, 200092, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bin Ling
- The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, 650000, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, 200092, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Jun Xu
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, 200092, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Aibin Liang
- Department of Haematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, 200092, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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18
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Ma H, Han F, Yan X, Qi G, Li Y, Li R, Yan S, Yuan C, Song K, Kong B. PBK promotes aggressive phenotypes of cervical cancer through ERK/c-Myc signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:2767-2781. [PMID: 33184870 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in women worldwide. PDZ-binding kinase (PBK) is proven to promote the malignant behaviors of various carcinomas. However, its functional roles and oncogenic mechanisms in cervical cancer are poorly understood. In this study, we reported that PBK was highly expressed in cervical cancer tissues. PBK promoted the proliferation, metastasis, and cisplatin resistance of cervical cancer cells. OTS514, a specific PBK inhibitor, could significantly suppress proliferation and metastasis of cervical cancer cells in vitro and in a xenograft model. Besides, OTS514 could enhance cisplatin-based chemosensitivity in cervical cancer cells. Mechanistically, PBK promoted the expression and stabilization of c-Myc through phosphorylating ERK1/2. OTS514 suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the transcriptional activity of c-Myc. Furthermore, inhibition of the ERK signal pathway by U0126 reversed the increased proliferation and metastasis induced by overexpression of PBK. Exogenous expression of c-Myc counteracted the decreased proliferation and metastasis evoked by knockdown of PBK. In conclusion, PBK promoted the malignant progression of cervical cancer through ERK/c-Myc signal pathway. PBK might be a promising molecular target for cervical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Oncology, Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Gonghua Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingwei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Oncology, Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shi Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Oncology, Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cunzhong Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Oncology, Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kun Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Oncology, Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Oncology, Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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19
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Shi S, Li C, Zhang Y, Deng C, Liu W, Du J, Li Q, Ji Y, Guo L, Liu L, Hu H, Liu Y, Cui H. Dihydrocapsaicin Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Metastasis in Melanoma via Down-regulating β-Catenin Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 11:648052. [PMID: 33833997 PMCID: PMC8023049 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.648052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) is one of the main components of capsaicinoids in Capsicum. It has been reported that DHC exerts anti-cancer effects on diverse malignant tumors, such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and glioma. However, studies focused on the effect of DHC upon melanoma have rarely been done. In the present study, melanoma A375 and MV3 cell lines were treated with DHC and the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were significantly suppressed. Furthermore, DHC effectively inhibited xenograft tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis of melanoma cells in NOD/SCID mice model. It was identified that β-catenin, which plays significant roles in cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, was down-regulated after DHC treatment. In addition, cyclin D1, c-Myc, MMP2, and MMP7, which are critical in diverse cellular process regulation as downstream proteins of β-catenin, were all decreased. Mechanistically, DHC accelerates ubiquitination of β-catenin and up-regulates the beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (BTRC) in melanoma cells. The DHC induced suppression of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were partly rescued by exogenous β-catenin overexpression, both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, DHC may serve as a candidate natural compound for human melanoma treatment through β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chaowei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yacong Ji
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Leiyang Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lichao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huanrong Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Butler DSC, Cafaro C, Putze J, Wan MLY, Tran TH, Ambite I, Ahmadi S, Kjellström S, Welinder C, Chao SM, Dobrindt U, Svanborg C. A bacterial protease depletes c-MYC and increases survival in mouse models of bladder and colon cancer. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:754-764. [PMID: 33574609 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-00805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Is the oncogene MYC upregulated or hyperactive? In the majority of human cancers, finding agents that target c-MYC has proved difficult. Here we report specific bacterial effector molecules that inhibit cellular MYC (c-MYC) in human cells. We show that uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) degrade the c-MYC protein and attenuate MYC expression in both human cells and animal tissues. c-MYC protein was rapidly degraded by both cell-free bacterial lysates and the purified bacterial protease Lon. In mice, intravesical or peroral delivery of Lon protease delayed tumor progression and increased survival in MYC-dependent bladder and colon cancer models, respectively. These results suggest that bacteria have evolved strategies to control c-MYC tissue levels in the host and that the Lon protease shows promise for therapeutic targeting of c-MYC in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S C Butler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caterina Cafaro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johannes Putze
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Murphy Lam Yim Wan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thi Hien Tran
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ines Ambite
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shahram Ahmadi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sven Kjellström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, BioMS, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Welinder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sing Ming Chao
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Catharina Svanborg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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21
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarabi A, Hushmandi K, Moghadam ER, Hashemi F, Daneshi S, Hashemi F, Tavakol S, Mohammadinejad R, Najafi M, Dudha N, Garg M. C-Myc Signaling Pathway in Treatment and Prevention of Brain Tumors. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:2-20. [PMID: 33069197 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666201016121005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several factors such as the presence of blood-brain barrier (BBB), sensitive location in the brain, and unique biological features challenge the treatment of brain tumors. The conventional drugs are no longer effective in the treatment of brain tumors, and scientists are trying to find novel therapeutics for brain tumors. In this way, identification of molecular pathways can facilitate finding an effective treatment. c-Myc is an oncogene signaling pathway capable of regulation of biological processes such as apoptotic cell death, proliferation, survival, differentiation, and so on. These pleiotropic effects of c-Myc have resulted in much fascination with its role in different cancers, particularly brain tumors. In the present review, we aim to demonstrate the upstream and down-stream mediators of c-Myc in brain tumors such as glioma, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, and medulloblastoma. The capacity of c-Myc as a prognostic factor in brain tumors will be investigated. Our goal is to define an axis in which the c-Myc signaling pathway plays a crucial role and to provide direction for therapeutic targeting in these signaling networks in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Universite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanli, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farid Hashemi
- DVM. Graduated, Young Researcher and Elite Club, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroon, Iran
| | - Salman Daneshi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Fardin Hashemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of physiotherapy, Faculty of rehabilitation, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Namrata Dudha
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, School of Sciences, Noida International University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity of Molecular Medicine and Stem cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida-201313, India
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22
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Moloudizargari M, Moradkhani F, Hekmatirad S, Fallah M, Asghari MH, Reiter RJ. Therapeutic targets of cancer drugs: Modulation by melatonin. Life Sci 2020; 267:118934. [PMID: 33385405 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biological functions of melatonin range beyond the regulation of the circadian rhythm. With regard to cancer, melatonin's potential to suppress cancer initiation, progression, angiogenesis and metastasis as well as sensitizing malignant cells to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy are among its most interesting effects. The targets at which melatonin initiates its anti-cancer effects are in common with those of a majority of existing anti-cancer agents, giving rise to the notion that this molecule is a pleiotropic agent sharing many features with other antineoplastic drugs in terms of their mechanisms of action. Among these common mechanisms of action are the regulation of several major intracellular pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (AKT/PKB) signaling. The important mediators affected by melatonin include cyclins, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), heat shock proteins (HSPs) and c-Myc, all of which can serve as potential targets for cancer drugs. Melatonin also exerts some of its anti-cancer effects via inducing epigenetic modifications, DNA damage and mitochondrial disruption in malignant cells. The regulation of these mediators by melatonin mitigates tumor growth and invasiveness via modulating their downstream responsive genes, housekeeping enzymes, telomerase reverse transcriptase, apoptotic gene expression, angiogenic factors and structural proteins involved in metastasis. Increasing our knowledge on how melatonin affects its target sites will help find ways of exploiting the beneficial effects of this ubiquitously-acting molecule in cancer therapy. Acknowledging this, here we reviewed the most studied target pathways attributed to the anti-cancer effects of melatonin, highlighting their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Moloudizargari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradkhani
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Hekmatirad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Marjan Fallah
- Medicinal Plant Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asghari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Long School of Medicine, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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The Molecular 'Myc-anisms' Behind Myc-Driven Tumorigenesis and the Relevant Myc-Directed Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249486. [PMID: 33322239 PMCID: PMC7764474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC, a well-studied proto-oncogene that is overexpressed in >20% of tumors across all cancers, is classically known as “undruggable” due to its crucial roles in cell processes and its lack of a drug binding pocket. Four decades of research and creativity led to the discovery of a myriad of indirect (and now some direct!) therapeutic strategies targeting Myc. This review explores the various mechanisms in which Myc promotes cancer and highlights five key therapeutic approaches to disrupt Myc, including transcription, Myc-Max dimerization, protein stability, cell cycle regulation, and metabolism, in order to develop more specific Myc-directed therapies.
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24
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Synergistic Carcinogenesis of HPV18 and MNNG in Het-1A Cells through p62-KEAP1-NRF2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6352876. [PMID: 33123313 PMCID: PMC7586040 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6352876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-N´-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine is a clear carcinogen, increasing evidence that indicates an etiological role of human papillomavirus in esophageal carcinoma. Studies have reported the synergistic effect on environmental carcinogens and viruses in recent years. On the basis of establishing the malignant transformation model of Het-1A cells induced by synergistic of HPV18 and MNNG, this study was to explore the synergistic carcinogenesis of MNNG and HPV. Our research indicated that HPV&MNNG led to a significant increase in the protein-expression levels of c-Myc, cyclinD1, BCL-2, BAX, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, mTOR, LC3II, and p62, with concomitant decreases in p21 and LC3I. HPV18 and MNNG induced accumulation of p62 and its interaction with KEAP1, which promoted NRF2 nuclear translocation. p62 loss prevents growth and increases autophagy of malignant cells by activating KEAP1/NRF2-dependent antioxidative response. In addition, PI3K and p-AKT were stimulated by HPV&MNNG, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR is positively associated with cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and autophagy during malignant transformation. Taken together, MNNG&HPV regulates autophagy and further accelerates cell appreciation by activating the p62/KEAP1/NRF2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. MNNG&HPV may improve Het-1A cell autophagy to contribute to excessive cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and protection from oxidative damage, thus accelerating the process of cell malignant transformation and leading to cancerous cells.
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25
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Mussell A, Shen H, Chen Y, Mastri M, Eng KH, Bshara W, Frangou C, Zhang J. USP1 Regulates TAZ Protein Stability Through Ubiquitin Modifications in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113090. [PMID: 33114077 PMCID: PMC7690829 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Triple-Negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive form of breast cancer in women. Targeted therapies for the treatment of this disease are severely lacking. Through mechanistic studies of the key component of Hippo signaling pathway, Transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), we aimed to uncover novel regulators that may be used as targeted therapies for this disease. Using an siRNA target deubiquitinating enzymes screen, we identified ubiquitin-specific peptidase 1 (USP1) as a novel TAZ deubiquitinating enzyme. We found that USP1 interacts with TAZ and loss of USP1 reduces cell proliferation in a partially TAZ-dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrated that USP1 and TAZ expression are positively correlated in TNBC patients. This research found a newly defined regulatory mechanism of TAZ that could be used as a therapeutic approach for breast cancer. Abstract The Hippo signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster and was later found to have mammalian orthologues. The key effector proteins in this pathway, YAP/TAZ, are often dysregulated in cancer, leading to a high degree of cell proliferation, migration, metastasis and cancer stem cell populations. Due to these malignant phenotypes it is important to understand the regulation of YAP/TAZ at the protein level. Using an siRNA library screen of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), we identified ubiquitin specific peptidase 1 (USP1) as a novel TAZ (WWTR1) regulator. We demonstrated that USP1 interacts with TAZ and increases TAZ protein stability. Conversely, loss of function of USP1 reduces TAZ protein levels through increased poly-ubiquitination, causing a decrease in cell proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Moreover, we showed a strong positive correlation between USP1 and TAZ in breast cancer patients. Our findings facilitate the attainment of better understanding of the crosstalk between these pathways and may lead to potential therapeutic interventions for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Mussell
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.M.); (H.S.); (Y.C.); (M.M.); (K.H.E.)
| | - He Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.M.); (H.S.); (Y.C.); (M.M.); (K.H.E.)
| | - Yanmin Chen
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.M.); (H.S.); (Y.C.); (M.M.); (K.H.E.)
| | - Michalis Mastri
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.M.); (H.S.); (Y.C.); (M.M.); (K.H.E.)
| | - Kevin H. Eng
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.M.); (H.S.); (Y.C.); (M.M.); (K.H.E.)
| | - Wiam Bshara
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA;
| | - Costa Frangou
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiology Department, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.M.); (H.S.); (Y.C.); (M.M.); (K.H.E.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Kuzajewska D, Wszołek A, Żwierełło W, Kirczuk L, Maruszewska A. Magnetotactic Bacteria and Magnetosomes as Smart Drug Delivery Systems: A New Weapon on the Battlefield with Cancer? BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E102. [PMID: 32438567 PMCID: PMC7284773 DOI: 10.3390/biology9050102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An important direction of research in increasing the effectiveness of cancer therapies is the design of effective drug distribution systems in the body. The development of the new strategies is primarily aimed at improving the stability of the drug after administration and increasing the precision of drug delivery to the destination. Due to the characteristic features of cancer cells, distributing chemotherapeutics exactly to the microenvironment of the tumor while sparing the healthy tissues is an important issue here. One of the promising solutions that would meet the above requirements is the use of Magnetotactic bacteria (MTBs) and their organelles, called magnetosomes (BMs). MTBs are commonly found in water reservoirs, and BMs that contain ferromagnetic crystals condition the magnetotaxis of these microorganisms. The presented work is a review of the current state of knowledge on the potential use of MTBs and BMs as nanocarriers in the therapy of cancer. The growing amount of literature data indicates that MTBs and BMs may be used as natural nanocarriers for chemotherapeutics, such as classic anti-cancer drugs, antibodies, vaccine DNA, and siRNA. Their use as transporters increases the stability of chemotherapeutics and allows the transfer of individual ligands or their combinations precisely to cancerous tumors, which, in turn, enables the drugs to reach molecular targets more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Kuzajewska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c St, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Agata Wszołek
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c St, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Wojciech Żwierełło
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 71 St, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Lucyna Kirczuk
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c St, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Maruszewska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c St, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.K.); (L.K.)
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27
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Cohn GM, Liefwalker DF, Langer EM, Sears RC. PIN1 Provides Dynamic Control of MYC in Response to Extrinsic Signals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:224. [PMID: 32300594 PMCID: PMC7142217 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PIN1 is a phosphorylation-directed member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) family that facilitates conformational changes in phosphorylated targets such as c-MYC (MYC). Following signaling events that mediate phosphorylation of MYC at Serine 62, PIN1 establishes structurally distinct pools of MYC through its trans-cis and cis-trans isomerization activity at Proline 63. Through these isomerization steps, PIN1 functionally regulates MYC's stability, the molecular timing of its DNA binding and transcriptional activity, and its subnuclear localization. Recently, our group showed that Serine 62 phosphorylated MYC can associate with the inner basket of the nuclear pore (NP) in a PIN1-dependent manner. The poised euchromatin at the NP basket enables rapid cellular response to environmental signals and cell stress, and PIN1-mediated trafficking of MYC calibrates this response. In this perspective, we describe the molecular aspects of PIN1 target recognition and PIN1's function in the context of its temporal and spatial regulation of MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Cohn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Daniel F Liefwalker
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ellen M Langer
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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28
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Wei D, Yiyuan C, Qian L, Jianhua L, Yazhuo Z, Hua G. The absence of PRDM2 involved the tumorigenesis of somatotroph adenomas through regulating c-Myc. Gene 2020; 737:144456. [PMID: 32044406 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Somatotroph adenoma is the main cause of acromegaly which have peripheral signs with growth of soft tissues and multiple comorbidities. Surgery and adjuvant therapy with somatostatin analogs (SSA) fail in more than 25% of patients. PRDM2, a tumor suppressor, plays an important role in cancer and obesity, including pituitary adenomas. In this study, we analyze the correlation of PRDM2 and oncogene c-Myc in 70 somatotroph adenomas according immunohistochemical staining, furthermore, we probed that whether PRDM2 participates in c-Myc signaling pathway in vitro experiment. 70 somatotroph adenomas patients were divided into low patients and high patients according to median of H-score of PRDM2 or c-Myc. Low PRDM2 patients had higher risk of invasive behavior, larger tumor volume and recurrence chance than high PRDM2 group (P = 0.015, P = 0.031, P = 0.017). High c-Myc patients had higher risk of invasive behavior, larger tumor volume and recurrence chance than low c-Myc group (P = 0.012, P = 0.002, P = 0.015). It was a negative correlation between H-score of PRDM2 and c-Myc (PRDM2 = -0.163 × c-Myc + 67.11, r = -0.407). The ability of cell proliferation was declined in a time dependent manner after overexpression of PRDM2 (PRDM2 group) compared to that in control GH3 cells (P < 0.05). Through flow cytometry assay, PRDM2 could induce the apoptosis and G2/M arrest in GH3 cell (both p < 0.05). Transwell experiment proved less trans-membrane cells in PRDM2 group than those in control group (415 ± 76 vs 145 ± 37, P < 0.01). RT-PCR and western blot both proved PRDM2 could inhibit the level c-Myc and elevate the levels of CDKN1A and CDKN1B. Combined with c-Myc inhibitor 10058-F4, PRDM2 further inhibited cell proliferation and induced more apoptosis in GH3 cell. Taken together, we found that PRDM2 negatively regulated the expression of c-Myc in somatotroph adenomas, and testified the synergism between PRDM2 gene therapy and c-Myc inhibitor in vitro experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, 119# Southwest 4rd, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chen Yiyuan
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, 119# Southwest 4rd, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Liu Qian
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, 119# Southwest 4rd, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Jianhua
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, 119# Southwest 4rd, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256610, China
| | - Zhang Yazhuo
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, 119# Southwest 4rd, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Gao Hua
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, 119# Southwest 4rd, Beijing 100050, China.
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29
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Hu H, Wang F, Wang M, Liu Y, Wu H, Chen X, Lin Q. FAM83A is amplified and promotes tumorigenicity in non-small cell lung cancer via ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:807-814. [PMID: 32218702 PMCID: PMC7085261 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.33992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 83A (FAM83A) is a newly-found over-expressed oncogene in several types of cancers and associates with poor prognosis. However, the role that FAM83A may play in the carcinogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) still needs to be defined. The present study aimed to investigate the function of FAM83A in NSCLC progression and to investigate the possible mechanism. Analysis of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and rt-PCR showed up-regulated expression of FAM83A in NSCLC. GEO and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data analysis revealed that high expression level of FAM83A in NSCLC was associated with poor prognosis. In vitro experiments showed that depleting FAM83A by siRNA/shRNA significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis. Cell motility was also retarded after silencing FAM83A, as demonstrated by Transwell assay. FAM83A depletion in A549 cells also inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth and lung metastasis in vivo. Western blotting showed that silencing FAM83A decreased the phosphorylation of ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR. On the other hand, overexpressing FAM83A in vitro enhanced cell proliferation and invasiveness, which was repressed by PI3K inhibitor and ERK inhibitor separately. Taken together, our study suggests that FAM83A promotes tumorigenesis of NSCLC at least partly via ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways, making it a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Fajiu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 41 Xibei Road, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Muyun Wang
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Han Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, China
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Sheng Q, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Ding J, Song Y, Zhao W. Cisplatin-mediated down-regulation of miR-145 contributes to up-regulation of PD-L1 via the c-Myc transcription factor in cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 200:45-52. [PMID: 31821542 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune tolerance is one of the leading causes of chemotherapy resistance in carcinoma cases. Studies have shown that programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), an inhibitory molecule expressed by cancer cells, plays a significant role in immune tolerance through the induction of T cell dysfunction. The results of our RNA sequencing in previous studies revealed that microRNA-145 (miR-145), which is known to be down-regulated by cisplatin in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells, also represses gene PD-L1 expression. However, the mechanism by which miR-145 contributes to regulate PD-L1 expression in cisplatin resistance of ovarian cancer is yet to be fully understood. Here, we show that cisplatin-mediated miR-145 down-regulation increased PD-L1 expression via targeting the c-Myc transcription factor, thereby inducing T cell apoptosis in vitro. We also report that expression of miR-145 is negatively correlated with PD-L1 expression in human ovarian cancer tissues, malignant grades and the recurrent risks of ovarian cancer after chemotherapy. In summary, our findings suggest that the miR-145/c-Myc/PD-L1 axis contributes to cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer and support that miR-145 might act as an adjuvant therapeutic target in chemotherapy of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Sheng
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Department of Orthopedics, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team/Dongfang Hospital of Xiamen University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Department of Orthopedics, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team/Dongfang Hospital of Xiamen University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Z Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Cancer Hospital of General Hospital, Basic Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - J Ding
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Cancer Hospital of General Hospital, Basic Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Y Song
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Department of Orthopedics, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team/Dongfang Hospital of Xiamen University, Fuzhou, China
| | - W Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Cancer Hospital of General Hospital, Basic Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Moles R, Sarkis S, Galli V, Omsland M, Purcell DFJ, Yurick D, Khoury G, Pise-Masison CA, Franchini G. p30 protein: a critical regulator of HTLV-1 viral latency and host immunity. Retrovirology 2019; 16:42. [PMID: 31852501 PMCID: PMC6921414 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraordinarily high prevalence of HTLV-1 subtype C (HTLV-1C) in some isolated indigenous communities in Oceania and the severity of the health conditions associated with the virus impress the great need for basic and translational research to prevent and treat HTLV-1 infection. The genome of the virus’s most common subtype, HTLV-1A, encodes structural, enzymatic, and regulatory proteins that contribute to viral persistence and pathogenesis. Among these is the p30 protein encoded by the doubly spliced Tax-orf II mRNA, a nuclear/nucleolar protein with both transcriptional and post-transcriptional activity. The p30 protein inhibits the productive replication cycle via nuclear retention of the mRNA that encodes for both the viral transcriptional trans-activator Tax, and the Rex proteins that regulate the transport of incompletely spliced viral mRNA to the cytoplasm. In myeloid cells, p30 inhibits the PU-1 transcription factor that regulates interferon expression and is a critical mediator of innate and adaptive immunity. Furthermore, p30 alters gene expression, cell cycle progression, and DNA damage responses in T-cells, raising the hypothesis that p30 may directly contribute to T cell transformation. By fine-tuning viral expression while also inhibiting host innate responses, p30 is likely essential for viral infection and persistence. This concept is supported by the finding that macaques, a natural host for the closely genetically related simian T-cell leukemia virus 1 (STLV-1), exposed to an HTLV-1 knockout for p30 expression by a single point mutation do not became infected unless reversion and selection of the wild type HTLV-1 genotype occurs. All together, these data suggest that inhibition of p30 may help to curb and eventually eradicate viral infection by exposing infected cells to an effective host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Moles
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Veronica Galli
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Omsland
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Yurick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Georges Khoury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cynthia A Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Fratini E, Cervelli M, Mariottini P, Kanamori Y, Amendola R, Agostinelli E. Link between spermine oxidase and apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor: A new pathway in neuroblastoma. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:1149-1156. [PMID: 31545418 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a heterogeneous extra‑cranial childhood type of cancer, responsible for approximately 15% of all paediatric cancer‑related deaths. Although several critical genetic aberrations have been related to NB, only a few established molecular markers have been associated with prognosis [V‑myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene (MYCN) locus amplification, deletions of part of chromosome 1p, 11q23 and gain of 17q]. Regrettably, direct evidence of NB‑related tumour suppressors or oncogenes has not been currently identified at these chromosomal regions. MYCN locus amplification is present in approximately 20‑30% of cases and is associated with a poor clinical outcome, representing the most important genetic prognostic marker. The functional guidelines for the prognosis of NB identify high‑risk patients (<40% survival probabilities), but fail to identify patients at low and intermediate stages of the disease, which remains an issue to be resolved in NB. It has been shown that in NB cell lines and in a total‑spermine oxidase (SMOX) transgenic mouse model, SMOX overexpression induces cellular stress via reactive oxygen species (ROS) imbalance. In this study, we demonstrated that the high expression level of the cytoprotective gene, apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor (AATF), was driven by SMOX gene overexpression in both NB cells and Total‑SMOX mice. The anti‑apoptotic effect of AATF was supported by analysing the inhibition of the expression of the pro‑apoptotic genes, BAX, BAK and PUMA, which were decreased, in both the in vitro and in vivo SMOX overexpressing model systems investigated. On the whole, this study supports the hypothesis that the SMOX gene can be considered as a novel anti‑apoptotic marker in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Fratini
- Department of Science, 'Roma Tre' University, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Cervelli
- Department of Science, 'Roma Tre' University, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Mariottini
- Department of Science, 'Roma Tre' University, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Yuta Kanamori
- Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', 'La Sapienza' University, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Enzo Agostinelli
- International Polyamines Foundation - ONLUS, I-00159 Rome, Italy
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Jin K, Wang S, Zhang Y, Xia M, Mo Y, Li X, Li G, Zeng Z, Xiong W, He Y. Long non-coding RNA PVT1 interacts with MYC and its downstream molecules to synergistically promote tumorigenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4275-4289. [PMID: 31309249 PMCID: PMC6803569 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that non-coding RNAs play crucial roles in the development and progression of various tumor cells. Plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) mainly encodes a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and is located on chromosome 8q24.21, which constitutes a fragile site for genetic aberrations. PVT1 is well-known for its interaction with its neighbor MYC, which is a qualified oncogene that plays a vital role in tumorigenesis. In the past several decades, increasing attention has been paid to the interaction mechanism between PVT1 and MYC, which will benefit the clinical treatment and prognosis of patients. In this review, we summarize the coamplification of PVT1 and MYC in cancer, the positive feedback mechanism, and the latest promoter competition mechanism of PVT1 and MYC, as well as how PVT1 participates in the downstream signaling pathway of c-Myc by regulating key molecules. We also briefly describe the treatment prospects and research directions of PVT1 and MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shufei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mengfang Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongzhen Mo
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yi He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Lin X, Yang Y, Guo Y, Liu H, Jiang J, Zheng F, Wu B. PTTG1 is involved in TNF-α-related hepatocellular carcinoma via the induction of c-myc. Cancer Med 2019; 8:5702-5715. [PMID: 31385458 PMCID: PMC6745867 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant disease caused by a variety of factors. However, the genomic and molecular aberrations in HCC are largely unknown. Herein, pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) was discovered as a potential inflammation‐related oncogene in HCC, and its functions and molecular mechanisms were investigated. mRNA expression microarray, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, and western blotting analyses revealed that PTTG1 is upregulated in HCC. Further in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) induces PTTG1 expression, and PTTG1 was found to upregulate c‐myc, a well‐known oncogene. Downregulation of PTTG1 reduced c‐myc and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and inhibited cell proliferation. Interestingly, inhibition of c‐myc by 10058‐F4 did not affect PTTG1, which suggests that PTTG1 regulates c‐myc expression. Furthermore, PTTG1 expression levels are inversely correlated with HCC patient survival, indicating an independent prognostic biomarker for patients with HCC. Our data demonstrate that PTTG1 is involved in TNF‐α‐related HCC via c‐myc induction and that PTTG1 may be a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyi Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yidong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunwei Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengping Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang Y, Zhou L, Bandyopadhyay D, Sharma K, Allen AJ, Kmieciak M, Grant S. The Covalent CDK7 Inhibitor THZ1 Potently Induces Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:6195-6205. [PMID: 31358538 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to characterize the activity of the covalent CDK7 inhibitor THZ1 in multiple myeloma models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Multiple myeloma lines were exposed to varying THZ1 concentrations alone or with carfilzomib or ABT-199, after which apoptosis was monitored by flow cytometry, protein expression by Western blot analysis, mRNA by RT-PCR. Analogous studies were performed in cells ectopically expressing c-MYC, MCL-1, or BCL-XL, or CRISPER-Cas CDK7 sgRNA knockout. Primary multiple myeloma cells were exposed to THZ1 ± carfilzomib or ABT-199. In vivo effects of THZ1 were examined in a systemic U266 xenograft model. RESULTS THZ1 markedly diminished multiple myeloma cell proliferation and survival despite bortezomib or stromal cell resistance in association with G2-M arrest, inactivation of CTD RNA Pol II, dephosphorylation of CDKs 7 as well as 1, 2, and 9, and MCL-1, BCL-xL, and c-MYC mRNA or protein downregulation. Ectopic MCL-1, c-MYC, or BCL-XL expression significantly protected cells from THZ1 lethality. Both THZ1 and CRISPR-Cas CDK7 knockout sharply diminished multiple myeloma cell proliferation and significantly increased carfilzomib and ABT-199 lethality. Parallel effects and interactions were observed in primary CD138+ (N = 22) or primitive multiple myeloma cells (CD138-/CD19+/CD20+/CD27+; N = 16). THZ1 administration [10 mg/kg i.p. twice daily (BID), 5 days/week] significantly improved survival in a systemic multiple myeloma xenograft model with minimal toxicity and induced similar events observed in vitro, for example, MCL-1 and c-MYC downregulation. CONCLUSIONS THZ1 potently reduces multiple myeloma cell proliferation through transcriptional downregulation of MCL-1, BCL-XL, and c-MYC in vitro and in vivo. It warrants further attention as a therapeutic agent in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Liang Zhou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics, Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Alexander Joseph Allen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Steven Grant
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. .,Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
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Li H, Liu J, Cao W, Xiao X, Liang L, Liu-Smith F, Wang W, Liu H, Zhou P, Ouyang R, Yuan Z, Liu J, Ye M, Zhang B. C-myc/miR-150/EPG5 axis mediated dysfunction of autophagy promotes development of non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:5134-5148. [PMID: 31410206 PMCID: PMC6691579 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and treatment options are limited to mainly cytotoxic agents. Here we reveal a novel role of miR-150 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development and seek potential new therapeutic targets. Methods: The miR-150-mediated autophagy dysfunction in NSCLC cells were examined using molecular methods in vitro and in vivo. The upstream regulatory element and downstream target of miR-150 were identified in vitro and validated in vivo. Potential therapeutic methods (anti-c-myc or anti-miR-150) were tested in vitro and in vivo. Clinical relevance of the c-myc/miR-150/EPG5 axis in NSCLC was validated in human clinical samples and large genomics database. Results: miR-150 blocked the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes through directly repressing EPG5. The miR-150-mediated autophagy defect induced ER stress and increased cellular ROS levels and DNA damage response, and promoted NSCLC cell proliferation and tumor growth. Knockdown of EPG5 promoted NSCLC cell proliferation, and attenuated the effects of miR-150. c-myc gene was identified as a miR-150 transcriptional factor which increased miR-150 accumulation, therefore pharmacologically or genetically inhibiting c-myc/miR-150 expression significantly inhibited NSCLC cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Both c-myc and miR-150 were significantly over-expressed in NSCLC, while EPG5 was down-regulated in NSCLC. Expression levels of these molecules were well correlated, and also well correlated with patient survival. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that c-myc/miR-150/EPG5 mediated dysfunction of autophagy contributes to NSCLC development, which may provide a potential new diagnostic and therapeutic target in NSCLC.
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IGHG1 Regulates Prostate Cancer Growth via the MEK/ERK/c-Myc Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7201562. [PMID: 31355278 PMCID: PMC6637713 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7201562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that immunoglobulins are important for the regulation of various cancers including prostate cancer (PCa). However, the underlying mechanisms of IgG regulated PCa development remain to be further explored. Here, we demonstrated that IgG1 heavy chain (IGHG1) was increased in tissues from PCa patients. Inhibition of IGHG1 by antibody blocking or genetic knockdown suppressed cell growth and induced cell cycle arrest and ultimate apoptosis. Expression levels of c-Myc were positively correlated with the levels of IGHG1. Furthermore, MEK/ERK/c-Myc pathway lied downstream of IGHG1 in cultured prostate cancer cells. Inhibition of IGHG1 restrained the tumor growth in nude mice and inactivated MEK/ERK/c-Myc pathway both in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that IGHG1 play a crucial role during the development of prostate cancer and inhibition of IGHG1 may be a potential therapy in the treatment of PCa.
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Wang XN, Su XX, Cheng SQ, Sun ZY, Huang ZS, Ou TM. MYC modulators in cancer: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:353-367. [PMID: 31068032 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1612878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The important role of MYC in tumorigenesis makes it particularly important to design MYC modulators. Over the past decade, researchers have raised a number of strategies for designing MYC modulators, some of which are already in clinical trials. This paper aims to review the patents of MYC modulators. AREAS COVERED The important biological relevance of c-MYC and the regulation pathways related to c-MYC are briefly introduced. Base on that, the MYC modulators reported in published patents and references primarily for cancer treatment are outlined, highlighting the structures and biological activities. EXPERT OPINION There has been a growing awareness of finding and designing MYC modulators as novel anticancer drugs over recent years. Patents involving the discovery, synthesis, and application of MYC modulators are particularly important for further development in this field. Although finding direct MYC inhibitors or binders is challenging, MYC cannot be simply defined as an undruggable target. There is still substantial evidence proving the concept that MYC modulators can benefit to the treatment of both human hematological malignancies and solid tumors. More efforts should be taken to improve the activity and specificity of MYC modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Wang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Su
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Sui-Qi Cheng
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhi-Yin Sun
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhi-Shu Huang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Tian-Miao Ou
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
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Transcriptional positive cofactor 4 promotes breast cancer proliferation and metastasis through c-Myc mediated Warburg effect. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:36. [PMID: 30992017 PMCID: PMC6469038 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human positive cofactor 4 (PC4) is initially identified as a transcriptional cofactor and has an important role in embryonic development and malignant transformation. However, the clinical significance and the molecular mechanisms of PC4 in breast cancer development and progression are still unknown. Methods We investigated PC4 expression in 114 cases of primary breast cancer and matched normal breast tissue specimens, and studied the impact of PC4 expression as well as the molecular mechanisms of this altered expression on breast cancer growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Results PC4 was significantly upregulated in breast cancer and high PC4 expression was positively correlated with metastasis and poor prognosis of patients. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) demonstrated that the gene sets of cell proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) were positively correlated with elevated PC4 expression. Consistently, loss of PC4 markedly inhibited the growth and metastasis of breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, PC4 exerted its oncogenic functions by directly binding to c-Myc promoters and inducing Warburg effect. Conclusions Our study reveals for the first time that PC4 promotes breast cancer progression by directly regulating c-Myc transcription to promote Warburg effect, implying a novel therapeutic target for breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0348-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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