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Tufail M, Wan WD, Jiang C, Li N. Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling to overcome drug resistance in cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 396:111055. [PMID: 38763348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
This review comprehensively explores the challenge of drug resistance in cancer by focusing on the pivotal PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, elucidating its role in oncogenesis and resistance mechanisms across various cancer types. It meticulously examines the diverse mechanisms underlying resistance, including genetic mutations, feedback loops, and microenvironmental factors, while also discussing the associated resistance patterns. Evaluating current therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway, the article highlights the hurdles encountered in drug development and clinical trials. Innovative approaches to overcome resistance, such as combination therapies and precision medicine, are critically analyzed, alongside discussions on emerging therapies like immunotherapy and molecularly targeted agents. Overall, this comprehensive review not only sheds light on the complexities of resistance in cancer but also provides a roadmap for advancing cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tufail
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Dong Wan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Canhua Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, China; Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, China; Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Hajjafari A, Sadr S, Rahdar A, Bayat M, Lotfalizadeh N, Dianaty S, Rezaei A, Moghaddam SP, Hajjafari K, Simab PA, Kharaba Z, Borji H, Pandey S. Exploring the integration of nanotechnology in the development and application of biosensors for enhanced detection and monitoring of colorectal cancer. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2024; 164:112409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2024.112409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
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3
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McCall SJ, Lubensky IA, Moskaluk CA, Parwani A, Radin K, Ramirez NC, Von Menchhofen Z, Washington MK, LiVolsi VA. The Cooperative Human Tissue Network of the National Cancer Institute: Supporting Cancer Research for 35 Years. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1144-1153. [PMID: 37523711 PMCID: PMC10626893 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The Cooperative Human Tissue Network was created by the NCI in 1987 to support a coordinated national effort to collect and distribute high quality, pathologist-validated human tissues for cancer research. Since then, the network has expanded to provide different types of tissue samples, blood and body fluid samples, immunohistologic and molecular sample preparations, tissue microarrays, and clinical datasets inclusive of biomarkers and molecular testing. From inception through the end of 2021, the network has distributed 1,375,041 biospecimens. It served 889 active investigators in 2021. The network has also taken steps to begin to optimize the representation of diverse communities among the distributed biospecimens. In this article, the authors review the 35-year history of this network, describe changes to the program over the last 15 years, and provide operational and scientific highlights from each of the divisions. Readers will learn how to engage with the network and about the continued evolution of the program for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J McCall
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine and Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Anil Parwani
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | | | - Mary K Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Virginia A LiVolsi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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4
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Jiang H, Zhou S, Li G. Novel biomarkers used for early diagnosis and tyrosine kinase inhibitors as targeted therapies in colorectal cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1189799. [PMID: 37719843 PMCID: PMC10502318 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1189799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common and second most lethal type of cancer worldwide, presenting major health risks as well as economic costs to both people and society. CRC survival chances are significantly higher if the cancer is diagnosed and treated early. With the development of molecular biology, numerous initiatives have been undertaken to identify novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of CRC. Pathological disorders can be diagnosed at a lower cost with the help of biomarkers, which can be detected in stool, blood, and tissue samples. Several lines of evidence suggest that the gut microbiota could be used as a biomarker for CRC screening and treatment. CRC treatment choices include surgical resection, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and combination therapies. Targeted therapies are a relatively new and promising modality of treatment that has been shown to increase patients' overall survival (OS) rates and can inhibit cancer cell development. Several small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are being investigated as potential treatments due to our increasing awareness of CRC's molecular causes and oncogenic signaling. These compounds may inhibit critical enzymes in controlling signaling pathways, which are crucial for CRC cells' development, differentiation, proliferation, and survival. On the other hand, only one of the approximately 42 TKIs that demonstrated anti-tumor effects in pre-clinical studies has been licensed for clinical usage in CRC. A significant knowledge gap exists when bringing these tailored medicines into the clinic. As a result, the emphasis of this review is placed on recently discovered biomarkers for early diagnosis as well as tyrosine kinase inhibitors as possible therapy options for CRC.
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Banda Sánchez C, Cubo Mateo N, Saldaña L, Valdivieso A, Earl J, González Gómez I, Rodríguez-Lorenzo LM. Selection and Optimization of a Bioink Based on PANC-1- Plasma/Alginate/Methylcellulose for Pancreatic Tumour Modelling. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3196. [PMID: 37571089 PMCID: PMC10421301 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
3D bioprinting involves using bioinks that combine biological and synthetic materials. The selection of the most appropriate cell-material combination for a specific application is complex, and there is a lack of consensus on the optimal conditions required. Plasma-loaded alginate and alginate/methylcellulose (Alg/MC) inks were chosen to study their viscoelastic behaviour, degree of recovery, gelation kinetics, and cell survival after printing. Selected inks showed a shear thinning behavior from shear rates as low as 0.2 s-1, and the ink composed of 3% w/v SA and 9% w/v MC was the only one showing a successful stacking and 96% recovery capacity. A 0.5 × 106 PANC-1 cell-laden bioink was extruded with an Inkredible 3D printer (Cellink) through a D = 410 μm tip conical nozzle into 6-well culture plates. Cylindrical constructs were printed and crosslinked with CaCl2. Bioinks suffered a 1.845 Pa maximum pressure at the tip that was not deleterious for cellular viability. Cell aggregates can be appreciated for the cut total length observed in confocal microscopy, indicating a good proliferation rate at different heights of the construct, and suggesting the viability of the selected bioink PANC-1/P-Alg3/MC9 for building up three-dimensional bioprinted pancreatic tumor constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nieves Cubo Mateo
- Nebrija Research Group ARIES, Higher Polytechnic School, Antonio de Nebrija University, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Physical and Information Technologies (ITEFI-CSIC), Sensors and Ultrasonic Systems, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Saldaña
- IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Valdivieso
- Institute for Physical and Information Technologies (ITEFI-CSIC), Sensors and Ultrasonic Systems, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie Earl
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Molecular Epidemiology and Predictive Tumour Markers, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network in Cancer (CIBERONC), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar González Gómez
- Institute for Physical and Information Technologies (ITEFI-CSIC), Sensors and Ultrasonic Systems, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Wasson EM, He W, Ahlquist J, Hynes WF, Triplett MG, Hinckley A, Karelehto E, Gray-Sherr DR, Friedman CF, Robertson C, Shusteff M, Warren R, Coleman MA, Moya ML, Wheeler EK. A perfused multi-well bioreactor platform to assess tumor organoid response to a chemotherapeutic gradient. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1193430. [PMID: 37324446 PMCID: PMC10264793 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1193430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop new therapies for colorectal cancer that has metastasized to the liver and, more fundamentally, to develop improved preclinical platforms of colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) to screen therapies for efficacy. To this end, we developed a multi-well perfusable bioreactor capable of monitoring CRCLM patient-derived organoid response to a chemotherapeutic gradient. CRCLM patient-derived organoids were cultured in the multi-well bioreactor for 7 days and the subsequently established gradient in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) concentration resulted in a lower IC50 in the region near the perfusion channel versus the region far from the channel. We compared behaviour of organoids in this platform to two commonly used PDO culture models: organoids in media and organoids in a static (no perfusion) hydrogel. The bioreactor IC50 values were significantly higher than IC50 values for organoids cultured in media whereas only the IC50 for organoids far from the channel were significantly different than organoids cultured in the static hydrogel condition. Using finite element simulations, we showed that the total dose delivered, calculated using area under the curve (AUC) was similar between platforms, however normalized viability was lower for the organoid in media condition than in the static gel and bioreactor. Our results highlight the utility of our multi-well bioreactor for studying organoid response to chemical gradients and demonstrate that comparing drug response across these different platforms is nontrivial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Marie Wasson
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Wei He
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Jesse Ahlquist
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - William Fredrick Hynes
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Michael Gregory Triplett
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Aubree Hinckley
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Eveliina Karelehto
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Caleb Fisher Friedman
- Department of Computational Media, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Claire Robertson
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Maxim Shusteff
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Robert Warren
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Matthew A. Coleman
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Monica Lizet Moya
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth K. Wheeler
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
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Liu Y, Wu W, Cai C, Zhang H, Shen H, Han Y. Patient-derived xenograft models in cancer therapy: technologies and applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:160. [PMID: 37045827 PMCID: PMC10097874 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, in which tumor tissues from patients are implanted into immunocompromised or humanized mice, have shown superiority in recapitulating the characteristics of cancer, such as the spatial structure of cancer and the intratumor heterogeneity of cancer. Moreover, PDX models retain the genomic features of patients across different stages, subtypes, and diversified treatment backgrounds. Optimized PDX engraftment procedures and modern technologies such as multi-omics and deep learning have enabled a more comprehensive depiction of the PDX molecular landscape and boosted the utilization of PDX models. These irreplaceable advantages make PDX models an ideal choice in cancer treatment studies, such as preclinical trials of novel drugs, validating novel drug combinations, screening drug-sensitive patients, and exploring drug resistance mechanisms. In this review, we gave an overview of the history of PDX models and the process of PDX model establishment. Subsequently, the review presents the strengths and weaknesses of PDX models and highlights the integration of novel technologies in PDX model research. Finally, we delineated the broad application of PDX models in chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and other novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wantao Wu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Changjing Cai
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China.
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China.
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du Plessis TL, Abdulla N, Kaur M. The utility of 3D models to study cholesterol in cancer: Insights and future perspectives. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1156246. [PMID: 37077827 PMCID: PMC10106729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1156246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol remains a vital molecule required for life; however, increasing evidence exists implicating cholesterol in cancer development and progression. Numerous studies investigating the relationship between cholesterol and cancer in 2-dimensional (2D) culture settings exist, however these models display inherent limitations highlighting the incipient need to develop better models to study disease pathogenesis. Due to the multifaceted role cholesterol plays in the cell, researchers have begun utilizing 3-dimensional (3D) culture systems, namely, spheroids and organoids to recapitulate cellular architecture and function. This review aims to describe current studies exploring the relationship between cancer and cholesterol in a variety of cancer types using 3D culture systems. We briefly discuss cholesterol dyshomeostasis in cancer and introduce 3D in-vitro culture systems. Following this, we discuss studies performed in cancerous spheroid and organoid models that focused on cholesterol, highlighting the dynamic role cholesterol plays in various cancer types. Finally, we attempt to provide potential gaps in research that should be explored in this rapidly evolving field of study.
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Liu X, Xin Z, Wang K. Patient-derived xenograft model in colorectal cancer basic and translational research. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:26-40. [PMID: 36543756 PMCID: PMC9986239 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most popular malignancies globally, with 930 000 deaths in 2020. The evaluation of CRC-related pathogenesis and the discovery of potential therapeutic targets will be meaningful and helpful for improving CRC treatment. With huge efforts made in past decades, the systematic treatment regimens have been applied to improve the prognosis of CRC patients. However, the sensitivity of CRC to chemotherapy and targeted therapy is different from person to person, which is an important cause of treatment failure. The emergence of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models shows great potential to alleviate the straits. PDX models possess similar genetic and pathological characteristics as the features of primary tumors. Moreover, PDX has the ability to mimic the tumor microenvironment of the original tumor. Thus, the PDX model is an important tool to screen precise drugs for individualized treatment, seek predictive biomarkers for prognosis supervision, and evaluate the unknown mechanism in basic research. This paper reviews the recent advances in constructed methods and applications of the CRC PDX model, aiming to provide new knowledge for CRC basic research and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liu
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zechang Xin
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
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10
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Wu F, Chen PM, Gardinier TC, Turker MZ, Venkatesan AM, Patel V, Khor T, Bradbury MS, Wiesner UB, Adams GP, Germano G, Chen F, Ma K. Ultrasmall Folate Receptor Alpha Targeted Enzymatically Cleavable Silica Nanoparticle Drug Conjugates Augment Penetration and Therapeutic Efficacy in Models of Cancer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20021-20033. [PMID: 36264003 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To address the key challenges in the development of next-generation drug delivery systems (DDS) with desired physicochemical properties to overcome limitations regarding safety, in vivo efficacy, and solid tumor penetration, an ultrasmall folate receptor alpha (FRα) targeted silica nanoparticle (C'Dot) drug conjugate (CDC; or folic acid CDC) was developed. A broad array of methods was employed to screen a panel of CDCs and identify a lead folic acid CDC for clinical development. These included comparing the performance against antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in three-dimensional tumor spheroid penetration ability, assessing in vitro/ex vivo cytotoxic efficacy, as well as in vivo therapeutic outcome in multiple cell-line-derived and patient-derived xenograft models. An ultrasmall folic acid CDC, EC112002, was identified as the lead candidate out of >500 folic acid CDC formulations evaluated. Systematic studies demonstrated that the lead formulation, EC112002, exhibited highly specific FRα targeting, multivalent binding properties that would mediate the ability to outcompete endogenous folate in vivo, enzymatic responsive payload cleavage, stability in human plasma, rapid in vivo clearance, and minimal normal organ retention organ distribution in non-tumor-bearing mice. When compared with an anti-FRα-DM4 ADC, EC112002 demonstrated deeper penetration into 3D cell-line-derived tumor spheroids and superior specific cytotoxicity in a panel of 3D patient-derived tumor spheroids, as well as enhanced efficacy in cell-line-derived and patient-derived in vivo tumor xenograft models expressing a range of low to high levels of FRα. With the growing interest in developing clinically translatable, safe, and efficacious DDSs, EC112002 has the potential to address some of the critical limitations of the current systemic drug delivery for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- Elucida Oncology Inc., Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Pei-Ming Chen
- Elucida Oncology Inc., Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Thomas C Gardinier
- Elucida Oncology Inc., Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Melik Z Turker
- Elucida Oncology Inc., Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | | | - Vaibhav Patel
- Elucida Oncology Inc., Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Tin Khor
- Elucida Oncology Inc., Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Michelle S Bradbury
- Department of Radiology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ulrich B Wiesner
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gregory P Adams
- Elucida Oncology Inc., Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Geno Germano
- Elucida Oncology Inc., Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Feng Chen
- Elucida Oncology Inc., Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Kai Ma
- Elucida Oncology Inc., Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
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Jin J, Wu Y, Zhao Z, Wu Y, Zhou YD, Liu S, Sun Q, Yang G, Lin J, Nagle DG, Qin J, Zhang Z, Chen HZ, Zhang W, Sun S, Luan X. Small-molecule PROTAC mediates targeted protein degradation to treat STAT3-dependent epithelial cancer. JCI Insight 2022; 7:160606. [PMID: 36509291 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant activation of STAT3 is associated with the etiology and progression in a variety of malignant epithelial-derived tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Due to the lack of an enzymatic catalytic site or a ligand-binding pocket, there are no small-molecule inhibitors directly targeting STAT3 that have been approved for clinical translation. Emerging proteolysis targeting chimeric (PROTAC) technology-based approach represents a potential strategy to overcome the limitations of conventional inhibitors and inhibit activation of STAT3 and downstream genes. In this study, the heterobifunctional small-molecule-based PROTACs are successfully prepared from toosendanin (TSN), with 1 portion binding to STAT3 and the other portion binding to an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The optimized lead PROTAC (TSM-1) exhibits superior selectivity, potency, and robust antitumor effects in STAT3-dependent HNSCC and CRC - especially in clinically relevant patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and patient-derived organoids (PDO). The following mechanistic investigation identifies the reduced expression of critical downstream STAT3 effectors, through which TSM-1 promotes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells. These findings provide the first demonstration to our knowledge of a successful PROTAC-targeting strategy in STAT3-dependent epithelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Jin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, and.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,China Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Dong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Liberal Arts, and
| | - Sanhong Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyan Sun
- China Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Guizhu Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, and.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Lin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dale G Nagle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Liberal Arts, and.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jiangjiang Qin
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, and.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyang Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, and.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Luan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Park M, Bang C, Yun WS, Jin S, Jeong YM. Transwell-Hypoxia Method Facilitates the Outgrowth of 3D-Printed Collagen Scaffolds Loaded with Cryopreserved Patient-Derived Melanoma Explants. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:5302-5309. [PMID: 36265170 PMCID: PMC9682519 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A previous study from our laboratory demonstrated the effects of in vitro three-dimensional (3D)-printed collagen scaffolds on the maintenance of cryopreserved patient-derived melanoma explants (PDMEs). However, it remains unknown whether 3D-printed collagen scaffolds (3D-PCSs) can be harmonized with any external culture conditions to increase the growth of cryopreserved PDMEs. In this study, 3D-PCSs were manufactured with a 3DX bioprinter. The 3D-printed collagen scaffold-on-frame construction was loaded with fragments of cryopreserved PDMEs (approximately 1-2 mm). 3D-PCSs loaded with patient-derived melanoma explants (3D-PCS-PDMEs) were incubated using two types of methods: (1) in transwells in the presence of a low concentration of oxygen (transwell-hypoxia method) and (2) using a traditional adherent attached to the bottom flat surface of a standard culture dish (traditional flat condition). In addition, we used six different types of media (DMEM high glucose, MEM α, DMEM/F12, RPMI1640, fibroblast basal medium (FBM), and SBM (stem cell basal medium)) for 7 days. The results reveal that the culture conditions of MEM α, DMEM/F12, and FBM using the transwell-hypoxia method show greater synergic effects on the outgrowth of the 3D-PCS-PDME compared to the traditional flat condition. In addition, the transwell-hypoxia method shows a higher expression of the MMP14 gene and the multidrug-resistant gene product 1 (MDR1) than in the typical culture method. Taken together, our findings suggest that the transwell-hypoxia method could serve as an improved, 3D alternative to animal-free testing that better mimics the skin's microenvironment using in vitro PDMEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinJi Park
- T&R
Biofab Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si13487, Republic of Korea
| | - ChulHwan Bang
- Department
of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul296-12, Korea
| | - Won-Soo Yun
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Tech University
of Korea, 237 Sangidaehak
Street, Si-heung City15115, Republic of Korea
| | - Songwan Jin
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Tech University
of Korea, 237 Sangidaehak
Street, Si-heung City15115, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Jeong
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Tech University
of Korea, 237 Sangidaehak
Street, Si-heung City15115, Republic of Korea,
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13
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Iyer KK, van Erp NP, Tauriello DV, Verheul HM, Poel D. Lost in translation: Revisiting the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 110:102466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Puccini A, Seeber A, Berger MD. Biomarkers in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Status Quo and Future Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4828. [PMID: 36230751 PMCID: PMC9564318 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent cancer worldwide, and its incidence is steadily increasing. During the last two decades, a tremendous improvement in outcome has been achieved, mainly due to the introduction of novel drugs, targeted treatment, immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) and biomarker-driven patient selection. Moreover, progress in molecular diagnostics but also improvement in surgical techniques and local ablative treatments significantly contributed to this success. However, novel therapeutic approaches are needed to further improve outcome in patients diagnosed with metastatic CRC. Besides the established biomarkers for mCRC, such as microsatellite instability (MSI) or mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR), RAS/BRAF, sidedness and HER2 amplification, new biomarkers have to be identified to better select patients who derive the most benefit from a specific treatment. In this review, we provide an overview about therapeutic relevant and established biomarkers but also shed light on potential promising markers that may help us to better tailor therapy to the individual mCRC patient in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Puccini
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andreas Seeber
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin D Berger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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15
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Gasparini P, Casanova M, Centonze G, Borzi C, Bergamaschi L, Collini P, Testi A, Chiaravalli S, Massimino M, Sozzi G, Ferrari A, Moro M. Establishment of 6 pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma patient’s derived xenograft models closely recapitulating patients’ tumor characteristics. TUMORI JOURNAL 2022:3008916221110266. [PMID: 36114629 DOI: 10.1177/03008916221110266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The prognosis for patients with metastatic and recurrent pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) remains poor. The availability of preclinical models is essential to identify promising treatments We established a series of pediatric RMS patient derived xenografts (PDXs), all faithfully mirroring primary tumor characteristics and representing a unique tool for clarifying the biological processes underlying RMS progression and relapse. Methods: Fresh tumor samples from 12 RMS patients were implanted subcutaneously in both flanks of immunocompromised mice. PDXs were considered as grafted after accomplishing three passages in mice. Characterization of tumor tissues and models was performed by comparing both morphology and immunoistochemical and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) characteristics. Results: Six PDXs were established, with a successful take rate of 50%. All models closely mirrored parental tumor characteristics. An increased grafting rate for tumors derived from patients with worse outcome (p = 0.006) was detected. For 50% PDXs grafting occurred when the corresponding patient was still alive. Conclusion: Our findings increase the number of available RMS PDX models and strengthen the role of PDXs as useful preclinical tools for patients with unmet medical needs and to develop personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Gasparini
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Casanova
- Paediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Centonze
- First Pathology Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Borzi
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Bergamaschi
- Paediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Collini
- Soft Tissue and Bone Pathology, Histopathology and Pediatric Pathology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Adele Testi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Chiaravalli
- Paediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Maura Massimino
- Paediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sozzi
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrari
- Paediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Moro
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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16
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Couvineau A, Nicole P, Gratio V, Voisin T. The Orexin receptors: Structural and anti-tumoral properties. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:931970. [PMID: 35966051 PMCID: PMC9365956 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.931970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of the 20th century, two new neuropeptides (Orexin-A/hypocretin-1 and Orexin-B/hypocretins-2) expressed in hypothalamus as a prepro-orexins precursor, were discovered. These two neuropeptides interacted with two G protein-coupled receptor isoforms named OX1R and OX2R. The orexins/OX receptors system play an important role in the central and peripheral nervous system where it controls wakefulness, addiction, reward seeking, stress, motivation, memory, energy homeostasis, food intake, blood pressure, hormone secretions, reproduction, gut motility and lipolysis. Orexins and their receptors are involved in pathologies including narcolepsy type I, neuro- and chronic inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancers. Associated with these physiopathological roles, the extensive development of pharmacological molecules including OXR antagonists, has emerged in association with the determination of the structural properties of orexins and their receptors. Moreover, the identification of OX1R expression in digestive cancers encompassing colon, pancreas and liver cancers and its ability to trigger mitochondrial apoptosis in tumoral cells, indicate a new putative therapeutical action of orexins and paradoxically OXR antagonists. The present review focuses on structural and anti-tumoral aspects of orexins and their receptors.
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17
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Understanding and improving cellular immunotherapies against cancer: From cell-manufacturing to tumor-immune models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114003. [PMID: 34653533 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is shaped by dynamic metabolic and immune interactions between precancerous and cancerous tumor cells and stromal cells like epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and hematopoietically-derived immune cells. The metabolic states of the TME, including the hypoxic and acidic niches, influence the immunosuppressive phenotypes of the stromal and immune cells, which confers resistance to both host-mediated tumor killing and therapeutics. Numerous in vitro TME platforms for studying immunotherapies, including cell therapies, are being developed. However, we do not yet understand which immune and stromal components are most critical and how much model complexity is needed to answer specific questions. In addition, scalable sourcing and quality-control of appropriate TME cells for reproducibly manufacturing these platforms remain challenging. In this regard, lessons from the manufacturing of immunomodulatory cell therapies could provide helpful guidance. Although immune cell therapies have shown unprecedented results in hematological cancers and hold promise in solid tumors, their manufacture poses significant scale, cost, and quality control challenges. This review first provides an overview of the in vivo TME, discussing the most influential cell populations in the tumor-immune landscape. Next, we summarize current approaches for cell therapies against cancers and the relevant manufacturing platforms. We then evaluate current immune-tumor models of the TME and immunotherapies, highlighting the complexity, architecture, function, and cell sources. Finally, we present the technical and fundamental knowledge gaps in both cell manufacturing systems and immune-TME models that must be addressed to elucidate the interactions between endogenous tumor immunity and exogenous engineered immunity.
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18
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Foglietta F, Serpe L, Canaparo R. The Effective Combination between 3D Cancer Models and Stimuli-Responsive Nanoscale Drug Delivery Systems. Cells 2021; 10:3295. [PMID: 34943803 PMCID: PMC8699241 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive drug-delivery systems (DDSs) have emerged as a potential tool for applications in healthcare, mainly in the treatment of cancer where versatile nanocarriers are co-triggered by endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures are the most important in vitro model used to evaluate the anticancer activity of these stimuli-responsive DDSs due to their easy manipulation and versatility. However, some limitations suggest that these in vitro models poorly predict the outcome of in vivo studies. One of the main drawbacks of 2D cell cultures is their inadequate representation of the 3D environment's physiological complexity, which sees cells interact with each other and the extracellular matrix (ECM) according to their specific cellular organization. In this regard, 3D cancer models are a promising approach that can overcome the main shortcomings of 2D cancer cell cultures, as these in vitro models possess many peculiarities by which they mimic in vivo tumors, including physiologically relevant cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions. This is, in our opinion, even more relevant when a stimuli-responsive DDS is being investigated. In this review, we therefore report and discuss endogenous and exogenous stimuli-responsive DDSs whose effectiveness has been tested using 3D cancer cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loredana Serpe
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 13, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.F.); (R.C.)
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19
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The HROC-Xenobank-A High Quality Assured PDX Biobank of >100 Individual Colorectal Cancer Models. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235882. [PMID: 34884989 PMCID: PMC8656526 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Considering recent research, it was established that the best experimental models to conserve biological features of human tumors and to predict individual clinical treatment success are patient-derived xenografts (PDX). Their recognized and growing importance for translational research, especially for late-stage preclinical testing of novel therapeutics, necessitates a high number of well-defined PDX models from individual patients’ tumors. The starting platform for the Hansestadt Rostock colorectal cancer (HROC)-Xenobank was the assortment of colorectal tumor and normal tissue samples from patients stored in our university biobank. Abstract Based on our research group’s large biobank of colorectal cancers (CRC), we here describe the ongoing activity of establishing a high quality assured PDX biobank for more than 100 individual CRC cases. This includes sufficient numbers of vitally frozen (n > 30 aliquots) and snap frozen (n > 5) backups, “ready to use”. Additionally, PDX tumor pieces were paraffin embedded. At the current time, we have completed 125 cases. This resource allows histopathological examinations, molecular characterizations, and gene expression analysis. Due to its size, different issues of interest can be addressed. Most importantly, the application of low-passage, cryopreserved, and well-characterized PDX for in vivo studies guarantees the reliability of results due to the largely preserved tumor microenvironment. All cases described were molecularly subtyped and genetic identity, in comparison to the original tumor tissue, was confirmed by fingerprint analysis. The latter excludes ambiguity errors between the PDX and the original patient tumor. A cancer hot spot mutation analysis was performed for n = 113 of the 125 cases entities. All relevant CRC molecular subtypes identified so far are represented in the Hansestadt Rostock CRC (HROC)-Xenobank. Notably, all models are available for cooperative research approaches.
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20
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Alkhilaiwi F. Conditionally Reprogrammed Cells and Robotic High-Throughput Screening for Precision Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:761986. [PMID: 34737964 PMCID: PMC8560709 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.761986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease that takes the lives of millions of people globally every year. Precision cancer therapy is based on a patient's tumor histopathology, expression analyses, and/or tumor RNA or DNA analysis. Only 2%-20% of patients with solid tumors benefit from genomics-based precision oncology. Therefore, functional diagnostics and patient-derived cancer models are needed for precision cancer therapy. In this review, we will summarize the potential use of conditional cell reprogramming (CR) and robotic high-throughput screening in precision cancer medicine. Briefly, the CR method includes the co-culturing of irradiated Swiss-3T3-J2 mouse fibroblast cells alongside digested primary non-pathogenic or pathogenic cells with the existence of Rho-associated serine-threonine protein kinase inhibitor called Y-27632, creating an exterior culture environment, allowing the cells to have the ability to gain partial properties of stem cells. On the other hand, quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) assays screen thousands of compounds that use cells in a short period of time. The combination of both technologies has the potential to become a driving force for precision cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Alkhilaiwi
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Gandullo-Sánchez L, Ocaña A, Pandiella A. Generation of Antibody-Drug Conjugate Resistant Models. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184631. [PMID: 34572858 PMCID: PMC8466899 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) constitute new and effective therapies in cancer. However, resistance is frequently observed in treated patients after a given period of time. That resistance may be present from the beginning of the treatment (primary or de novo resistance) or raise after an initial response to the ADC (secondary resistance). Knowing the causes of those resistances is a necessity in the field as it may help in designing strategies to overcome them. Because of that, it is necessary to develop models that allow the identification of mechanisms of resistance. In this review, we present different approaches that have been used to model ADC resistance in the preclinical setting, and that include the use of established cell lines, patient-derived ex vivo cultures and xenografts primarily or secondarily resistant to the ADC. Abstract In the last 20 years, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have been incorporated into the oncology clinic as treatments for several types of cancer. So far, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 11 ADCs and other ADCs are in the late stages of clinical development. Despite the efficacy of this type of drug, the tumors of some patients may result in resistance to ADCs. Due to this, it is essential not only to comprehend resistance mechanisms but also to develop strategies to overcome resistance to ADCs. To reach these goals, the generation and use of preclinical models to study those mechanisms of resistance are critical. Some cells or patient tumors may result in primary resistance to the action of an ADC, even if they express the antigen against which the ADC is directed. Isolated primary tumoral cells, cell lines, or patient explants (patient-derived xenografts) with these characteristics can be used to study primary resistance. The most common method to generate models of secondary resistance is to treat cancer cell lines or tumors with an ADC. Two strategies, either continuous treatment with the ADC or intermittent treatment, have successfully been used to develop those resistance models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Gandullo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC, IBSAL and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Symphogen, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC, IBSAL and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-923-294-815
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22
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Tanaka T, Nishie R, Ueda S, Miyamoto S, Hashida S, Konishi H, Terada S, Kogata Y, Sasaki H, Tsunetoh S, Taniguchi K, Komura K, Ohmichi M. Patient-Derived Xenograft Models in Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9369. [PMID: 34502278 PMCID: PMC8431521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have been a focus of attention because they closely resemble the tumor features of patients and retain the molecular and histological features of diseases. They are promising tools for translational research. In the current systematic review, we identify publications on PDX models of cervical cancer (CC-PDX) with descriptions of main methodological characteristics and outcomes to identify the most suitable method for CC-PDX. METHODS We searched on PubMed to identify articles reporting CC-PDX. Briefly, the main inclusion criterion for papers was description of PDX created with fragments obtained from human cervical cancer specimens, and the exclusion criterion was the creation of xenograft with established cell lines. RESULTS After the search process, 10 studies were found and included in the systematic review. Among 98 donor patients, 61 CC-PDX were established, and the overall success rate was 62.2%. The success rate in each article ranged from 0% to 75% and was higher when using severe immunodeficient mice such as severe combined immunodeficient (SCID), nonobese diabetic (NOD) SCID, and NOD SCID gamma (NSG) mice than nude mice. Subrenal capsule implantation led to a higher engraftment rate than orthotopic and subcutaneous implantation. Fragments with a size of 1-3 mm3 were suitable for CC-PDX. No relationship was found between the engraftment rate and characteristics of the tumor and donor patient, including histology, staging, and metastasis. The latency period varied from 10 days to 12 months. Most studies showed a strong similarity in pathological and immunohistochemical features between the original tumor and the PDX model. CONCLUSION Severe immunodeficient mice and subrenal capsule implantation led to a higher engraftment rate; however, orthotopic and subcutaneous implantation were alternatives. When using nude mice, subrenal implantation may be better. Fragments with a size of 1-3 mm3 were suitable for CC-PDX. Few reports have been published about CC-PDX; the results were not confirmed because of the small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (R.N.); (S.U.); (S.M.); (S.H.); (H.K.); (S.T.); (Y.K.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (M.O.)
- Translational Research Program, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (K.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Ruri Nishie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (R.N.); (S.U.); (S.M.); (S.H.); (H.K.); (S.T.); (Y.K.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Shoko Ueda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (R.N.); (S.U.); (S.M.); (S.H.); (H.K.); (S.T.); (Y.K.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Shunsuke Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (R.N.); (S.U.); (S.M.); (S.H.); (H.K.); (S.T.); (Y.K.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Sousuke Hashida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (R.N.); (S.U.); (S.M.); (S.H.); (H.K.); (S.T.); (Y.K.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Hiromi Konishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (R.N.); (S.U.); (S.M.); (S.H.); (H.K.); (S.T.); (Y.K.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Shinichi Terada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (R.N.); (S.U.); (S.M.); (S.H.); (H.K.); (S.T.); (Y.K.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Yuhei Kogata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (R.N.); (S.U.); (S.M.); (S.H.); (H.K.); (S.T.); (Y.K.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (R.N.); (S.U.); (S.M.); (S.H.); (H.K.); (S.T.); (Y.K.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Satoshi Tsunetoh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (R.N.); (S.U.); (S.M.); (S.H.); (H.K.); (S.T.); (Y.K.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Kohei Taniguchi
- Translational Research Program, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (K.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Kazumasa Komura
- Translational Research Program, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (K.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Masahide Ohmichi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (R.N.); (S.U.); (S.M.); (S.H.); (H.K.); (S.T.); (Y.K.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (M.O.)
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23
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Alain C, Pascal N, Valérie G, Thierry V. Orexins/Hypocretins and Cancer: A Neuropeptide as Emerging Target. Molecules 2021; 26:4849. [PMID: 34443437 PMCID: PMC8398691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 20 years ago, orexin neuropeptides (Orexin-A/hypocretin-1 and Orexin-B/hypocretins-2) produced from the same precursor in hypothalamus were identified. These two neurotransmitters and their receptors (OX1R and OX1R), present in the central and peripheral nervous system, play a major role in wakefulness but also in drug addiction, food consumption, homeostasis, hormone secretion, reproductive function, lipolysis and blood pressure regulation. With respect to these biological functions, orexins were involved in various pathologies encompassing narcolepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic inflammations, metabolic syndrome and cancers. The expression of OX1R in various cancers including colon, pancreas and prostate cancers associated with its ability to induce a proapoptotic activity in tumor cells, suggested that the orexins/OX1R system could have a promising therapeutic role. The present review summarizes the relationship between cancers and orexins/OX1R system as an emerging target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Couvineau Alain
- INSERM UMR1149/Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Team “From Inflammation to Cancer in Digestive Diseases” Labeled by “la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, University of Paris, DHU UNITY, 75018 Paris, France; (N.P.); (G.V.); (V.T.)
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