PCSK9 promotes the progression and metastasis of colon cancer cells through regulation of EMT and PI3K/AKT signaling in tumor cells and phenotypic polarization of macrophages

LW-213, a derivative of wogonin, triggers reticulophagy-mediated cell death in NSCLC via lysosomal damage combined with NPC1 inhibition

BACKGROUND

Maintaining intracellular equilibrium is essential for the viability of tumor cells, which tend to be particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors. Consequently, targeting the disruption of this homeostasis offers a promising approach for oncological treatments. LW-213, a novel derivative of wogonin, effectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells by initiating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, although the precise molecular pathways involved remain intricate and multifaceted.

PURPOSE

This research aimed to explore how LW-213 prompts apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and to clarify the detailed mechanisms that govern this process.

METHODS

Various NSCLC cell lines were utilized to delineate the apoptotic effects induced by LW-213. Advanced methodologies, including RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), Western blotting (WB), immunofluorescence (IF), immunoprecipitation (IP), flow cytometry (Fc), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and electron microscopy, were employed to investigate the underlying molecular interactions. The efficacy and mechanistic action of LW-213 were also assessed in a xenograft model using nude mice.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that LW-213, a small molecule cationic amphiphilic drug (CAD), inhibited Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) function and induced lysosomal membrane damage, thereby activating the phosphoinositide-initiated membrane tethering and lipid transport (PITT) pathway. This activation promoted cholesterol transport from the ER to the lysosome, perpetuating a cholesterol-deficient state in the ER, including massive exocytosis of Ca2+ and activation of FAM134B-mediated reticulophagy. Ultimately, excessive reticulophagy induced lethal ER stress.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, our study elucidates an organelle domino reaction initiated by lysosome damage and a series of self-rescue mechanisms that eventually lead to irreversible lethal effects, revealing a potential drug intervention strategy.

Drug resistance and tumor immune microenvironment: An overview of current understandings (Review)

The use of antitumor drugs represents a reliable strategy for cancer therapy. Unfortunately, drug resistance has become increasingly common and contributes to tumor metastasis and local recurrence. The tumor immune microenvironment (TME) consists of immune cells, cytokines and immunomodulators, and collectively they influence the response to treatment. Epigenetic changes including DNA methylation and histone modification, as well as increased drug exportation have been reported to contribute to the development of drug resistance in cancers. In the past few years, the majority of studies on tumors have only focused on the development and progression of a tumor from a mechanistic standpoint; few studies have examined whether the changes in the TME can also affect tumor growth and drug resistance. Recently, emerging evidence have raised more concerns regarding the role of TME in the development of drug resistance. In the present review, it was discussed how the suppressive TME adapts to drug resistance characterized by the cooperation of immune cells, cytokines, immunomodulators, stromal cells and extracellular matrix. Furthermore, it was reviewed how these immunological or metabolic changes alter immuno‑surveillance and thus facilitate tumor drug resistance. In addition, potential targets present in the TME for developing novel therapeutic strategies to improve individualized therapy for cancer treatment were revealed.

Barley polysaccharides inhibit colorectal cancer by two relatively independent pathways

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide that can lead to serious injury and death. Although polysaccharides are widely recognized as having antitumor activity, there has been little research on the role of barley polysaccharides (BP)1 in colorectal cancer. The results of our research suggest that BP (300 mg/kg) had a significant inhibitory effect on colorectal cancer, and this effect was achieved through two pathways. First, BP can directly promote the secretion of protective metabolites like 5-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione and 2,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile thereby inhibiting the cancer pathways such as ERK, PI3K, WNT, JAK-STAT, Calcium, and Cell cycle cancer pathways to alleviate inflammation. Second, BP also can enrich beneficial intestinal bacteria such as Colidextribacter, Bilophila, and UCG-003 improve the intestinal barrier, promote the production of beneficial metabolites such as 5,8-Epoxy-5,8-dihydro-3-hydroxy-8'-apo-b,y-carotenal and L-Glutamic acid, and thus inhibit cancer pathways such as ERK, PI3K, Nuclear receptor, Cell cycle, Apoptosis and TGF-β. In conclusion, our findings suggest for the first time that BP can alleviate colorectal cancer by two relatively independent pathways: direct action and indirect action via the gut microbiota on both colon tumor cells and microbiota.

The potential roles of HIF-1α in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and ferroptosis in tumor cells

In tumors, the rapid proliferation of cells and the imperfect blood supply system lead to hypoxia, which can regulate the adaptation of tumor cells to the hypoxic environment through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and promote tumor development in multiple ways. Recent studies have found that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and ferroptosis play important roles in the progression of tumor cells. The activation of HIF-1α is considered a key factor in inducing EMT in tumor cells. When HIF-1α is activated, it can regulate EMT-related genes, causing tumor cells to gradually lose their epithelial characteristics and acquire more invasive mesenchymal traits. The occurrence of EMT allows tumor cells to better adapt to changes in the surrounding tissue, enhancing their migratory and invasive capabilities, thus promoting tumor progression. At the same time, HIF-1α also plays a crucial regulatory role in ferroptosis in tumor cells. In a hypoxic environment, HIF-1α may affect processes such as iron metabolism and oxidative stress responses, inducing ferroptosis in tumor cells. This article briefly reviews the dual role of HIF-1α in EMT and ferroptosis in tumor cells, helping to gain a deeper understanding of the regulatory pathways of HIF-1α in the development of tumor cells, providing a new perspective for understanding the pathogenesis of tumors. The regulation of HIF-1α may become an important strategy for future tumor therapy.

Inhibition of PCSK9: A Promising Enhancer for Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Immunotherapy

Immune checkpoint therapy, such as programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade, has achieved remarkable results in treating various tumors. However, most cancer patients show a low response rate to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, especially those with microsatellite stable/mismatch repair-proficient colorectal cancer subtypes, which indicates an urgent need for new approaches to augment the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Cholesterol metabolism, which involves generating multifunctional metabolites and essential membrane components, is also instrumental in tumor development. In recent years, inhibiting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a serine proteinase that regulates cholesterol metabolism, has been demonstrated to be a method enhancing the antitumor effect of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade to some extent. Mechanistically, PCSK9 inhibition can maintain the recycling of major histocompatibility protein class I, promote low-density lipoprotein receptor-mediated T-cell receptor recycling and signaling, and modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) by affecting the infiltration and exclusion of immune cells. These mechanisms increase the quantity and enhance the antineoplastic effect of cytotoxic T lymphocyte, the main functional immune cells involved in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, in the TME. Therefore, combining PCSK9 inhibition therapy with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy may provide a novel option for improving antitumor effects and may constitute a promising research direction. This review concentrates on the relationship between PCSK9 and cholesterol metabolism, systematically discusses how PCSK9 inhibition potentiates PD-1/PD-L1 blockade for cancer treatment, and highlights the research directions in this field.

Serum PCSK9 is a novel serological biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic cancer

Background

Although CA19-9 is an essential blood biomarker of pancreatic cancer (PC), its sensitivity and specificity are limited for early detection.

Methods

We analyzed the serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (sPCSK9) in PC patients, benign disease groups (BDG), and healthy controls (HC) by ELISA.

Results

Consistently, sPCSK9 was considerably lower in PC patients than in HC (Z = -2.546, P < 0.05), and sPCSK9 in PC patients was statistically significantly higher than in BDG (Z = -5.457, P < 0.001). sPCSK9 was linked to the invasion of lymph nodes (χ2 = 6.846, P < 0.01). According to ROC curves, combining sPCSK9 with CA19-9 could potentially enhance the diagnostic capability of CA19-9 in early-stage PC patients. Furthermore, the low sPCSK9 group (n = 41) exhibited statistically significantly prolonged overall survival compared to the high sPCSK9 group (n = 15), with median survival times of 27 months (95% CI [17.59-36.41]) and 11 months (95% CI [7.21-14.79]), respectively (P = 0.022).

Conclusion

The diagnostic performance of CA19-9 for early-stage PC patients could be improved by combining sPCSK9 with CA19-9. Moreover, the higher sPCSK9 group has a significantly shorter overall survival rate.

Identification of lysine lactylation (kla)-related lncRNA signatures using XGBoost to predict prognosis and immune microenvironment in breast cancer patients

Breast cancer (BC) stands as a predominant global malignancy, significantly contributing to female mortality. Recently uncovered, histone lysine lactylation (kla) has assumed a crucial role in cancer progression. However, the correlation with lncRNAs remains ambiguous. Scrutinizing lncRNAs associated with Kla not only improves clinical breast cancer management but also establishes a groundwork for antitumor drug development. We procured breast tissue samples, encompassing both normal and cancerous specimens, from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Utilizing Cox regression and XGBoost methods, we developed a prognostic model using identified kla-related lncRNAs. The model's predictive efficacy underwent validation across training, testing, and the overall cohort. Functional analysis concerning kla-related lncRNAs ensued. We identified and screened 8 kla-related lncRNAs to formulate the risk model. Pathway analysis disclosed the connection between immune-related pathways and the risk model of kla-related lncRNAs. Significantly, the risk scores exhibited a correlation with both immune cell infiltration and immune function, indicating a clear association. Noteworthy is the observation that patients with elevated risk scores demonstrated an increased tumor mutation burden (TMB) and decreased tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) scores, suggesting heightened responses to immune checkpoint blockade. Our study uncovers a potential link between Kla-related lncRNAs and BC, providing innovative therapeutic guidelines for BC management.

Potentially functional genetic variants in interferon regulatory factor family genes are associated with colorectal cancer survival

Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family genes play a critical role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and impact patient survival. This study evaluated the influence of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IRF genes on CRC survival, including functional predictions and experimental validations. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified three linked SNPs as significant survival predictors, with the rs141112353 T/T genotype in the 3'UTR region of IRF6 significantly associated with decreased survival (HR = 1.60, P = 6E-04). Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis indicated that the rs141112353 TA > T alteration reduced IRF6 expression. Dual luciferase assays showed lower activity for the T allele in the presence of hsa-miR-548ap-3p. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and other databases confirmed lower IRF6 levels in CRC tissues, correlating with worse survival and inversely with M2 macrophage infiltration. In vitro, IRF6 overexpression inhibited CRC cell proliferation and M2 macrophage polarization by downregulating MIF expression. These findings suggest that the IRF6 rs141112353 TA > T variant significantly affects CRC survival, potentially by enhancing miR-548-ap-3p binding affinity.

The impact of histone lactylation on the tumor microenvironment and metabolic pathways and its potential in cancer therapy

BACKGROUND

The complexity of cancer is intricately linked to its multifaceted biological processes, including the roles of the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as genetic and metabolic regulation. Histone lactylation has recently emerged as a novel epigenetic modification mechanism that plays a pivotal role in regulating cancer initiation, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis.

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to elucidate the role of histone lactylation in modulating various aspects of tumor biology, including DNA repair mechanisms, glycolytic metabolic abnormalities, functions of non-tumor cells in the TME, and the promotion of tumor inflammatory responses and immune escape. Additionally, the review explores potential therapeutic strategies targeting histone lactylation.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature review was performed, analyzing recent findings on histone lactylation and its impact on cancer biology. This involved a systematic examination of studies focusing on biochemical pathways, cellular interactions, and clinical implications related to histone lactylation.

RESULTS

Histone lactylation was identified as a critical regulator of tumor cell DNA repair mechanisms and glycolytic metabolic abnormalities. It also significantly influences the functions of non-tumor cells within the TME, promoting tumor inflammatory responses and immune escape. Moreover, histone lactylation acts as a multifunctional biological signaling molecule impacting immune responses within the TME. Various cell types within the TME, including T cells and macrophages, were found to regulate tumor growth and immune escape mechanisms through lactylation.

CONCLUSION

Histone lactylation offers a novel perspective on tumor metabolism and its role in cancer development. It presents promising opportunities for the development of innovative cancer therapies. This review underscores the potential of histone lactylation as a therapeutic target, paving the way for new strategies in cancer treatment.

ARHGAP4 promotes colon cancer metastasis through the TGF-β signaling pathway and may be associated with T cell exhaustion

BACKGROUND

Colon cancer is a prevalent invasive neoplasm in the gastrointestinal system with a high degree of malignancy. Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms of its recurrence and metastasis remain elusive.Rho GTPase activating protein 4 (ARHGAP4), a member of the small GTPases protein family, may be closely related to tumor metastasis, and its expression is increased in colon cancer. However, the role of ARHGAP4 in colon cancer metastasis is uncertain. This study investigates the impact of ARHGAP4 on the metastasis of colon cancer cells. Our objective is to determine the role of ARHGAP4 in regulating the invasive behavior of colon cancer cells.

METHODS

We downloaded colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and performed differential analysis and survival analysis. By using the CIBERSORT algorithm, we evaluated the proportion of infiltrating immune cells in colon cancer. We further analyzed whether ARHGAP4 is associated with T cell exhaustion. Finally, we investigated the impact of ARHGAP4 knockdown on the migration and invasion of colon cancer cells through in vitro cell experiments. Additionally, we utilized western blotting to assess the expression of protein related to the TGF-β signaling pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

RESULTS

We found that ARHGAP4 is upregulated in colon cancer. Subsequent survival analysis revealed that the high-expression group had significantly lower survival rates compared to the low-expression group. Immune infiltration analysis showed that ARHGAP4 was not only positively correlated with CD8+ T cells, but also positively correlated with T cell exhaustion markers programmed cell death 1 (PDCD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and lymphocyte activating 3 (LAG-3). In vitro cell experiments, the knockdown of ARHGAP4 inhibited the migration and invasion of colon cancer cells. Among EMT-related proteins, when ARHGAP4 was knocked down, the expression of E-cadherin was increased, while the expression of N-cadherin and Vimentin was decreased. Meanwhile, the expression of TGF-β1, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3, which are associated with the TGF-β/Smad pathway, all decreased.

CONCLUSION

ARHGAP4 promotes colon cancer metastasis through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway and may be associated with T cell exhaustion. It plays an important role in the progression of colon cancer and may serve as a potential target for diagnosis and treatment of colon cancer.

Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA)-mediated lactate generation promotes pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension

BACKGROUND

High levels of lactate are positively associated with prognosis and mortality in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is a key enzyme for the production of lactate. This study is undertaken to investigate the role and molecular mechanisms of lactate and LDHA in PH.

METHODS

Lactate levels were measured by a lactate assay kit. LDHA expression and localization were detected by western blot and Immunofluorescence. Proliferation and migration were determined by CCK8, western blot, EdU assay and scratch-wound assay. The right heart catheterization and right heart ultrasound were measured to evaluate cardiopulmonary function.

RESULTS

In vitro, we found that lactate promoted proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in an LDHA-dependent manner. In vivo, we found that LDHA knockdown reduced lactate overaccumulation in the lungs of mice exposed to hypoxia. Furthermore, LDHA knockdown ameliorated hypoxia-induced vascular remodeling and right ventricular dysfunction. In addition, the activation of Akt signaling by hypoxia was suppressed by LDHA knockdown both in vivo and in vitro. The overexpression of Akt reversed the inhibitory effect of LDHA knockdown on proliferation in PASMCs under hypoxia. Finally, LDHA inhibitor attenuated vascular remodeling and right ventricular dysfunction in Sugen/hypoxia mouse PH model, Monocrotaline (MCT)-induced rat PH model and chronic hypoxia-induced mouse PH model.

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, LDHA-mediated lactate production promotes pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH by activating Akt signaling pathway, suggesting the potential role of LDHA in regulating the metabolic reprogramming and vascular remodeling in PH.

PFDA promotes cancer metastasis through macrophage M2 polarization mediated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling

Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFDA) is extensively utilized in the textile and food processing industries and may have a tumor-promoting effect by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Macrophages play crucial roles in tumor microenvironment as key regulators of tumor immunity. However, further investigation is needed to elucidate how PFDA interacts with macrophages and contributes to tumor progression. In this study, we treated the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 with various concentrations of PFDA and found that RAW264.7 transitioned into an M2 tumor-promoting phenotype. Through bioinformatic analysis and subsequent verification of molecular assays, we uncovered that PFDA could activate β-catenin and enhance its nuclear translocation. Additionally, it was also observed that inhibiting β-catenin nuclear translocation partly attenuated RAW264.7 M2 polarization induced by PFDA. The conditioned medium derived from PFDA-pretreated RAW264.7 cells significantly promoted the migration and invasion abilities of human ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, in vivo studies corroborated that PFDA-pretreated RAW264.7 could promote tumor metastasis, which could be mitigated by pretreatment with the β-catenin inhibitor ICG001. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that PFDA could promote cancer metastasis through regulating macrophage M2 polarization in a Wnt/β-catenin-dependent manner.

Dyslipidemia, lipid-lowering agents and neuroendocrine neoplasms: new horizons

PURPOSE

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies originating from cells with a neuroendocrine phenotype. The complex relationship between lipid metabolism and cancer is gaining interest and a potential anti-cancer effect of lipid lowering agents is being considered. This review aims to discuss the current understanding and treatment of dyslipidaemia in NENs, focusing on the role of lipid lowering agents, including new therapeutic approaches, and future perspectives as possible tool in cancer prevention and tumor-growth control.

METHODS

We performed an electronic-based search using PubMed updated until December 2023, summarizing the available evidence both in basic and clinical research about lipid lowering agents in NENs.

RESULTS

Dyslipidemia is an important aspect to be considered in NENs management, although randomized studies specifically addressing this topic are lacking, unlike other cancer types. Available data mainly regard statins, and in vitro studies have demonstrated direct antitumor effects, including antiproliferative effects in some cancers, supporting possible pleiotropic effects also in NENs, but data remain conflicting. Ezetimibe, omega 3-fatty acids, fibrates and inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) may enhance the regulation of lipid homeostasis, as demonstrated in other cancers.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting dyslipidemia in NENs should be part of the multidisciplinary management and an integrated approach may be the best option for both metabolic and tumor control. Whether lipid lowering agents may directly contribute to tumor control remains to be confirmed with specific studies, focusing on association with other metabolic risk, disease stage and primary site.

The effects of hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1) in ameliorating spinal cord injury mediated by Nrf2

Excessive inflammatory response and oxidative stress (OS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI). Balance of inflammation and prevention of OS have been considered an effective strategy for the treatment of SCI. Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1), also known as cartilage link protein, has displayed a wide range of biological and physiological functions in different types of tissues and cells. However, whether HAPLN1 regulates inflammation and OS during SCI is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to examine whether HAPLN1 can have a protective effect on SCI. In this study, both in vitro and in vivo SCI models were established. Nissl staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining assays were used. Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were employed to assess the expression of proteins. Our results demonstrate that the administration of HAPLN1 promoted the recovery of motor neurons after SCI by increasing the Basso mouse scale score, increasing the numbers of motor neurons, and preventing apoptosis of spinal cord cells. Additionally, HAPLN1 mitigated OS in spinal cord tissue after SCI by increasing the content of superoxide dismutase SOD and the activity of glutathione peroxidase but reducing the levels of malondialdehyde. Importantly, we found that HAPLN1 stimulated the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway and stimulated the expression of heme oxygenase-1 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate quinone oxidoreductase-1, which mediated the attenuation of HAPLN1 in activation of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome by reducing the levels of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), caspase-1, and interleukin-1β. Correspondingly, in vitro experiments show that the presence of HAPLN1 suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome and prevented cell injury against H2O2 in PC12 cells. These effects were mediated by the Nrf2/ARE pathway, and inhibition of Nrf2 with ML385 abolished the beneficial effects of HAPLN1. Based on these findings, we conclude that HAPLN1 inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome through the stimulation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway, thereby suppressing neuroinflammation, enhancing motor neuronal survival, and improving the recovery of nerve function after SCI.

IL-22 activates the PI3K-AKT pathway to promote colorectal cancer cell proliferation and metastasis

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignancy with high morbidity and mortality rates. Previous studies have demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-22 is involved in CRC progression; however, the exact mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of IL-22 on CRC cell proliferation and metastasis.

METHODS

IL-22 levels in the serum and tissues of CRC patients were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect the viability of CRC (HCT116) cells treated with different IL-22 concentrations. Colony formation, Transwell invasion, and scratch assays were employed to assess the effects of IL-22 on cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Western blotting was performed to measure the expression levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), p-PI3K, p-AKT, E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, SNAI1, and TWIST1 in HCT116 cells treated with IL-22 or a PI3K inhibitor.

RESULTS

ELISA results showed that the expression of IL-22 was significantly increased in the serum and tissues of CRC patients compared to controls. IL-22 treatment increased cell viability and colony formation in a concentration-dependent manner and enhanced cell invasion and migration. Western blotting analysis revealed that IL-22 stimulation upregulated p-PI3K and p-AKT expression, while total PI3K and AKT levels remained unchanged. Additionally, IL-22 also decreased E-cadherin expression and increased the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, SNAI1, and TWIST1.

CONCLUSIONS

IL-22 activates the PI3K-AKT pathway and promotes HCT116 cell proliferation and metastasis. Targeting the regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway may be a potential therapeutic strategy for CRC.

Prognostic and therapeutic insights into MIF, DDT, and CD74 in melanoma

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and its homolog D-dopachrome Tautomerase (DDT) have been implicated as drivers of tumor progression across a variety of cancers. Recent evidence suggests MIF as a therapeutic target in immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) resistant melanomas, however clinical evidence of MIF and particularly of DDT remain limited. This retrospective study analyzed 97 patients treated at Yale for melanoma between 2002-2020. Bulk-RNA sequencing of patient tumor samples from the Skin Cancer SPORE Biorepository was used to evaluate for differential gene expression of MIF, DDT, CD74, and selected inflammatory markers, and gene expression was correlated with patient survival outcomes. Our findings revealed a strong correlation between MIF and DDT levels, with no statistically significant difference across common melanoma mutations and subtypes. Improved survival was associated with lower MIF and DDT levels and higher CD74:MIF and CD74:DDT levels. High CD74:DDT and CD74:MIF levels were also associated with enrichment of infiltrating inflammatory cell markers. These data suggest DDT as a novel target in immune therapy. Dual MIF and DDT blockade may provide synergistic responses in patients with melanoma, irrespective of common mutations, and may overcome ICI resistance. These markers may also provide prognostic value for further biomarker development.

The Pleiotropic Effects of Lipid-Modifying Interventions: Exploring Traditional and Emerging Hypolipidemic Therapies

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease poses a significant global health issue, with dyslipidemia standing out as a major risk factor. In recent decades, lipid-lowering therapies have evolved significantly, with statins emerging as the cornerstone treatment. These interventions play a crucial role in both primary and secondary prevention by effectively reducing cardiovascular risk through lipid profile enhancements. Beyond their primary lipid-lowering effects, extensive research indicates that these therapies exhibit pleiotropic actions, offering additional health benefits. These include anti-inflammatory properties, improvements in vascular health and glucose metabolism, and potential implications in cancer management. While statins and ezetimibe have been extensively studied, newer lipid-lowering agents also demonstrate similar pleiotropic effects, even in the absence of direct cardiovascular benefits. This narrative review explores the diverse pleiotropic properties of lipid-modifying therapies, emphasizing their non-lipid effects that contribute to reducing cardiovascular burden and exploring emerging benefits for non-cardiovascular conditions. Mechanistic insights into these actions are discussed alongside their potential therapeutic implications.

The relationship and clinical significance of lactylation modification in digestive system tumors

Lactylation, an emerging post-translational modification, plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of digestive system tumors. This study presents a comprehensive review of lactylation in digestive system tumors, underscoring its critical involvement in tumor development and progression. By focusing on metabolic reprogramming, modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and the molecular mechanisms regulating tumor progression, the potential of targeting lactylation as a therapeutic strategy is highlighted. The research reveals that lactylation participates in gene expression regulation and cell signaling by affecting the post-translational states of histones and non-histone proteins, thereby influencing metabolic pathways and immune evasion mechanisms in tumor cells. Furthermore, this study assesses the feasibility of lactylation as a therapeutic target, providing insights for clinical treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. Future research should concentrate on elucidating the mechanisms of lactylation, developing efficient lactylation inhibitors, and validating their therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials, which could transform current cancer treatment and immunotherapy approaches. In summary, this review emphasizes the crucial role of lactylation in tumorigenesis and progression through a detailed analysis of its molecular mechanisms and clinical significance.

Deciphering the pharmacological mechanisms of Shenlingbaizhu formula in antibiotic-associated diarrhea treatment: Network pharmacological analysis and experimental validation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Shenlingbaizhu (SLBZ) formula, a classical traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) formula, has been widely used for treating antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). However, the underlying pharmacological mechanisms have not yet been investigated thoroughly.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the remission mechanism of SLBZ in the treatment of AAD, we conducted network pharmacological analysis and experimental validation in vitro and in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, the main compounds of SLBZ were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-MS) and online databases. The targets of the active components and AAD-related targets were predicted by network pharmacology, and the potential targets of SLBZ against AAD were obtained. Then the core targets were recognized after Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) analysis. Based on these, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway analyses were conducted, and the key pathway was screened. Subsequently, molecular docking was performed using Auto Dock Vina to find the key components that played a crucial role in that pathway. Molecular dynamics simulation was performed by Gromacs software to detect the binding mode. Finally, the results were confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments.

RESULTS

A total of 66 active ingredients of SLBZ were detected by UHPLC-MS, and 128 active ingredients were screened out by network pharmacological analysis. Additionally, 935 drug targets and 1686 AAD-related targets were obtained. Seventy-eight intersected genes were selected as potential therapeutic targets and 19 genes were excavated as core targets. Enrichment analysis revealed PI3K-AKT signaling pathway was the key pathway in SLBZ against AAD. Topological analysis further revealed that JAK2, MTOR, TLR4, and SYK were the key targets affected by SLBZ on the PI3K-AKT pathway, and 52 components of SLBZ were associated with them. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation revealed strong binding affinities between MTOR and diosgenin. Subsequently, after SLBZ treatment, the expression levels of JAK2, MTOR, TLR4, and SYK were found significantly upregulated in the AAD model rats (p < 0.05). The cell experiment further validated the good binding ability between MTOR and diosgenin.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrate that the therapeutic effect of SLBZ on AAD was achieved in part by inhibiting the PI3K-AKT pathway.

Inhibition of PCSK9 enhances the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects of TCR-T cells and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy

T cells play important roles in antitumor immunity. However, given that the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor microenvironment confers resistance to T cell-based immunotherapies, novel strategies to boost T cell-mediated antitumor efficacy are urgently needed for the treatment of HCC. Here, we show that high proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type9 (PCSK9) expression was negatively associated with HCC patient's overall survival and markers of CD8+ T cells. Pharmacological inhibition of PCSK9 enhanced tumor-specific killing and downregulated PD-1 expression of AFP-specific TCR-T. Inhibition of PCSK9 significantly enhances the anti-HCC efficacy of TCR-T cells and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in vivo. Moreover, PCSK9 inhibitor suppressed HCC growth dependent on CD8+ T cells. Mechanically, pharmacological inhibition of PCSK9 promoted low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-mediated activation of mTORC1 signaling in CD8+ T cells. LDLR deficiency was shown to impair cellular mTORC1 signaling and the anti-HCC function of CD8 T cells. On the basis of our findings in this study, we propose a potential metabolic intervention strategy that could be used to enhance the antitumor effects of immunotherapy for HCC.

The multifaceted role of PCSK9 in cancer pathogenesis, tumor immunity, and immunotherapy

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a well-known regulator of cholesterol metabolism and cardiovascular diseases, has recently garnered attention for its emerging involvement in cancer biology. The multifunctional nature of PCSK9 extends beyond lipid regulation and encompasses a wide range of cellular processes that can influence cancer progression. Studies have revealed that PCSK9 can modulate signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and Wnt/β-catenin, thereby influencing cellular proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. Additionally, the interplay between PCSK9 and cholesterol homeostasis may impact membrane dynamics and cellular migration, further influencing tumor aggressiveness. The central role of the immune system in monitoring and controlling cancer is increasingly recognized. Recent research has demonstrated the ability of PCSK9 to modulate immune responses through interactions with immune cells and components of the tumor microenvironment. This includes effects on dendritic cell maturation, T cell activation, and cytokine production, suggesting a role in shaping antitumor immune responses. Moreover, the potential influence of PCSK9 on immune checkpoints such as PD1/PD-L1 lends an additional layer of complexity to its immunomodulatory functions. The growing interest in cancer immunotherapy has prompted exploration into the potential of targeting PCSK9 for therapeutic benefits. Preclinical studies have demonstrated synergistic effects between PCSK9 inhibitors and established immunotherapies, offering a novel avenue for combination treatments. The strategic manipulation of PCSK9 to enhance tumor immunity and improve therapeutic outcomes presents an exciting area for further investigations. Understanding the mechanisms by which PCSK9 influences cancer biology and immunity holds promise for the development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the intricate connections between PCSK9, cancer pathogenesis, tumor immunity, and the potential implications for immunotherapeutic interventions.

Evolocumab prevents atrial fibrillation in rheumatoid arthritis rats through restraint of PCSK9 induced atrial remodeling

INTRODUCTION

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of autoimmune disease. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at high risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF), while whether PCSK9 is involved in the onset of AF among RA patients remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES

To explore the role of PCSK9 in the occurrence of AF in RA patients and decipher the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

We established a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) by immunization with type II collagen in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Atrial electrophysiological test was used to evaluate AF susceptibility. We performed a clinical study to examine the correlation between PCSK9 level and AF, which recruited healthy control, RA patients and RA patients complicated with AF. Evolocumab (a monoclonal antibody of PCSK9) is administered via intraperitoneal injection in CIA rats to assess the role of PCSK9 in RA-related AF. LPS-RS (LPS inhibitor), clodronate liposomes (depletion of macrophages), and cell co-culture model were used to dissect the mechanism underlying PCSK9 promotes AF.

RESULTS

AF inducibility and duration were higher in CIA rats, accompanied by elevated plasma and atrial PCSK9. Interestingly, compared with healthy control subjects, patients with RA showed an increase in PCSK9, and the PCSK9 is much higher in RA patients complicated with AF. The level of PCSK9 was independently associated with AF risk in RA patients. In the in vivo experiment, evolocumab reduced AF susceptibility, and ameliorated atrial structural remodeling of CIA rats. Mechanistically, augmented LPS in CIA rats led to an increase in PCSK9, which exacerbated fibrosis of cardiac fibroblasts and apoptosis of cardiac myocytes by enhancement of M1 macrophages polarization and inflammation, thereby contributing to AF.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that elevated PCSK9 causes atrial structural remodeling by enhancement of M1 macrophages polarization in atria, and evolocumab can effectively protects CIA rats from AF.

[Role and Mechanism of Lactylation in Cancer]

Post translational modifications (PTMs) can change the properties of a protein by covalent addition of functional groups to one or more amino acids, and influence almost all aspects of normal cell biology and pathogenesis. Lactylation is a novel identified PTM, and has been found in both histone and non-histone proteins. Since associated with the end product of glycolysis-- lactate, lactylation modification could provide a new perspective for understanding the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications. Accumulated evidences suggest that lactylation play important roles in tumor progression and links to poor prognosis in clinical studies. Histone lactylation can affect gene expression in tumor cells and immunological cells, further promoting tumor progression and immune suppression. Lactylation on non-histone proteins can also regulate tumor progression and drug resistance. In this review, we aimed to summarize the roles of lactylation in cancer progression, microenvironment interactions and immune suppression, try to identify new molecular targets for cancer therapy and provide a new direction for combined targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
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Complement factor I knockdown inhibits colon cancer development by affecting Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc signaling pathway and glycolysis

BACKGROUND

Colon cancer (CC) occurrence and progression are considerably influenced by the tumor microenvironment. However, the exact underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear.

AIM

To investigate immune infiltration-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CC and specifically explored the role and potential molecular mechanisms of complement factor I (CFI).

METHODS

Immune infiltration-associated DEGs were screened for CC using bioinformatics. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to examine hub DEGs expression in the CC cell lines. Stable CFI-knockdown HT29 and HCT116 cell lines were constructed, and the diverse roles of CFI in vitro were assessed using CCK-8, 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine, wound healing, and transwell assays. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry staining were employed to evaluate the influence of CFI on the tumorigenesis of CC xenograft models constructed using BALB/c male nude mice. Key proteins associated with glycolysis and the Wnt pathway were measured using western blotting.

RESULTS

Six key immune infiltration-related DEGs were screened, among which the expression of CFI, complement factor B, lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1, and SRY-related high-mobility-group box 4 was upregulated, whereas that of fatty acid-binding protein 1, and bone morphogenic protein-2 was downregulated. Furthermore, CFI could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for CC. Functionally, CFI silencing inhibited CC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor growth. Mechanistically, CFI knockdown downregulated the expression of key glycolysis-related proteins (glucose transporter type 1, hexokinase 2, lactate dehydrogenase A, and pyruvate kinase M2) and the Wnt pathway-related proteins (β-catenin and c-Myc). Further investigation indicated that CFI knockdown inhibited glycolysis in CC by blocking the Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc pathway.

CONCLUSION

The findings of the present study demonstrate that CFI plays a crucial role in CC development by influencing glycolysis and the Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc pathway, indicating that it could serve as a promising target for therapeutic intervention in CC.

Complement factor I knockdown inhibits colon cancer development by affecting Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc signaling pathway and glycolysis

BACKGROUND

Colon cancer (CC) occurrence and progression are considerably influenced by the tumor microenvironment. However, the exact underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear.

AIM

To investigate immune infiltration-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CC and specifically explored the role and potential molecular mechanisms of complement factor I (CFI).

METHODS

Immune infiltration-associated DEGs were screened for CC using bioinformatics. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to examine hub DEGs expression in the CC cell lines. Stable CFI-knockdown HT29 and HCT116 cell lines were constructed, and the diverse roles of CFI in vitro were assessed using CCK-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, wound healing, and transwell assays. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry staining were employed to evaluate the influence of CFI on the tumorigenesis of CC xenograft models constructed using BALB/c male nude mice. Key proteins associated with glycolysis and the Wnt pathway were measured using western blotting.

RESULTS

Six key immune infiltration-related DEGs were screened, among which the expression of CFI, complement factor B, lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1, and SRY-related high-mobility-group box 4 was upregulated, whereas that of fatty acid-binding protein 1, and bone morphogenic protein-2 was downregulated. Furthermore, CFI could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for CC. Functionally, CFI silencing inhibited CC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor growth. Mechanistically, CFI knockdown downregulated the expression of key glycolysis-related proteins (glucose transporter type 1, hexokinase 2, lactate dehydrogenase A, and pyruvate kinase M2) and the Wnt pathway-related proteins (β-catenin and c-Myc). Further investigation indicated that CFI knockdown inhibited glycolysis in CC by blocking the Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc pathway.

CONCLUSION

The findings of the present study demonstrate that CFI plays a crucial role in CC development by influencing glycolysis and the Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc pathway, indicating that it could serve as a promising target for therapeutic intervention in CC.

Thymoquinone affects hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression in pancreatic cancer cells via HSP90 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is associated with some of the worst prognoses of all major cancers. Thymoquinone (TQ) has a long history in traditional medical practice and is known for its anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrosis and antioxidant pharmacological activities. Recent studies on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and PC have shown that HIF-1α affects the occurrence and development of PC in many aspects. In addition, TQ could inhibit the development of renal cancer by decreasing the expression of HIF-1α. Therefore, we speculate whether TQ affects HIF-1α expression in PC cells and explore the mechanism.

AIM

To elucidate the effect of TQ in PC cells and the regulatory mechanism of HIF-1α expression.

METHODS

Cell counting kit-8 assay, Transwell assay and flow cytometry were performed to detect the effects of TQ on the proliferative activity, migration and invasion ability and apoptosis of PANC-1 cells and normal pancreatic duct epithelial (hTERT-HPNE) cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay were performed to detect the expression of HIF-1α mRNA and protein in PC cells. The effects of TQ on the HIF-1α protein initial expression pathway and ubiquitination degradation in PANC-1 cells were examined by western blot assay and co-immunoprecipitation.

RESULTS

TQ significantly inhibited proliferative activity, migration, and invasion ability and promoted apoptosis of PANC-1 cells; however, no significant effects on hTERT-HPNE cells were observed. TQ significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression levels of HIF-1α in PANC-1, AsPC-1, and BxPC-3 cells. TQ significantly inhibited the expression of the HIF-1α initial expression pathway (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) related proteins, and promoted the ubiquitination degradation of the HIF-1α protein in PANC-1 cells. TQ had no effect on the hydroxylation and von Hippel Lindau protein mediated ubiquitination degradation of the HIF-1α protein but affected the stability of the HIF-1α protein by inhibiting the interaction between HIF-1α and HSP90, thus promoting its ubiquitination degradation.

CONCLUSION

The regulatory mechanism of TQ on HIF-1α protein expression in PC cells was mainly to promote the ubiquitination degradation of the HIF-1α protein by inhibiting the interaction between HIF-1α and HSP90; Secondly, TQ reduced the initial expression of HIF-1α protein by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Knockout of integrin αvβ6 protects against renal inflammation in chronic kidney disease by reduction of pro-inflammatory macrophages

Integrin αvβ6 holds promise as a therapeutic target for organ fibrosis, yet targeted therapies are hampered by concerns over inflammatory-related side effects. The role of αvβ6 in renal inflammation remains unknown, and clarifying this issue is crucial for αvβ6-targeted treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here, we revealed a remarkable positive correlation between overexpressed αvβ6 in proximal tubule cells (PTCs) and renal inflammation in CKD patients and mouse models. Notably, knockout of αvβ6 not only significantly alleviated renal fibrosis but also reduced inflammatory responses in mice, especially the infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, conditional knockout of αvβ6 in PTCs in vivo and co-culture of PTCs with macrophages in vitro showed that depleting αvβ6 in PTCs suppressed the migration and pro-inflammatory differentiation of macrophages. Screening of macrophage activators showed that αvβ6 in PTCs activates macrophages via secreting IL-34. IL-34 produced by PTCs was significantly diminished by αvβ6 silencing, and reintroduction of IL-34 restored macrophage activities, while anti-IL-34 antibody restrained macrophage activities enhanced by αvβ6 overexpression. Moreover, RNA-sequencing of PTCs and verification experiments demonstrated that silencing αvβ6 in PTCs blocked hypoxia-stimulated IL-34 upregulation and secretion by inhibiting YAP expression, dephosphorylation, and nuclear translocation, which resulted in the activation of Hippo signaling. While application of a YAP agonist effectively recurred IL-34 production by PTCs, enhancing the subsequent macrophage migration and activation. Besides, reduced IL-34 expression and YAP activation were also observed in global or PTCs-specific αvβ6-deficient injured kidneys. Collectively, our research elucidates the pro-inflammatory function and YAP/IL-34/macrophage axis-mediated mechanism of αvβ6 in renal inflammation, providing a solid rationale for the use of αvβ6 inhibition to treat kidney inflammation and fibrosis.

Dual-crosslinking gelatin-hyaluronic acid methacrylate based biomimetic PDAC desmoplastic niche enhances tumor-associated macrophages recruitment and M2-like polarization

The tumor microenvironment (TME) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by deposition of desmoplastic matrix (including collagen and hyaluronic acid). And the interactions between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor cells play a crucial role in progression of PDAC. Hence, the appropriate model of tumor cell-macrophage interaction within the unique PDAC TME is of significantly important. To this end, a 3D tumor niche based on dual-crosslinking gelatin methacrylate and hyaluronic acid methacrylate hydrogels was constructed to simulate the desmoplastic tumor matrix with matching compressive modulus and composition. The bionic 3D tumor niche creates an immunosuppressive microenvironment characterized by the downregulation of M1 markers and upregulation of M2 markers in TAMs. Mechanistically, RNA-seq analysis revealed that the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway might modulate the phenotypic balance and recruitment of macrophages through regulating SELE and VCAM-1. Furthermore, GO and GSEA revealed the biological process of leukocyte migration and the activation of cytokine-associated signaling were involved. Finally, the 3D tumor-macrophage niches with three different ratios were fabricated which displayed increased M2-like polarization and stemness. The utilization of the 3D tumor niche has the potential to provide a more accurate investigation of the interplay between PDAC tumor cells and macrophages within an in vivo setting.

Arenobufagin modulation of PCSK9-mediated cholesterol metabolism induces tumor-associated macrophages polarisation to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma progression

BACKGROUND

The tumor microenvironment (TME) of hepatocellular carcinoma is heterogeneous enough to be prone to drug resistance and multidrug resistance during treatment, and reprogramming of cholesterol metabolism in TME mediates tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) polarization, which has an impact on the regulation of malignant tumor progression. Arenobufagin (ARBU) was extracted and isolated from toad venom (purity ≥98 %), which is the main active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicine Chan'su with good anti-tumor effects.

PURPOSE

To investigate the regulatory effect of ARBU on lipid metabolism in tumor microenvironment, interfere with macrophage polarization, and determine its mechanism of action on liver cancer progression.

METHODS

In this study, the inhibitory effect of ARBU on the proliferation of Hepa1-6 in C57 mice and the safety of administration were evaluated by establishing a transplanted tumor model of Hepa1-6 hepatocellular carcinoma mice and using 5-FU as a positive control drug. In addition, we constructed a co-culture system of Hepa1-6 cells and primary mouse macrophages to study the effects of ARBU on the polarization phenotypic transformation of macrophages and the proliferation and migration of hepatoma cells. The influence of ARBU on the metabolism of lipids in the hepatocellular carcinoma mouse model was investigated by combining it with lipidomics technology. The influence of ARBU on the PCSK9/LDL-R signaling pathway and macrophage polarization, which regulate cholesterol metabolism, was tested by using qRT-PCR, gene editing, IF, and WB.

CONCLUSION

ARBU significantly inhibited the proliferation of Hepa1-6 in vivo and in vitro, regulated cholesterol metabolism, and promoted the M1-type polarization of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. ARBU inhibits cholesterol synthesis in the TME through the PCSK9/LDL-R signaling pathway, thereby blocking macrophage M2 polarization, promoting apoptosis of the tumor cells, and inhibiting their proliferation and migration.

The emerging role of lactate in tumor microenvironment and its clinical relevance

In recent years, the significant impact of lactate in the tumor microenvironment has been greatly documented. Acting not only as an energy substance in tumor metabolism, lactate is also an imperative signaling molecule. It plays key roles in metabolic remodeling, protein lactylation, immunosuppression, drug resistance, epigenetics and tumor metastasis, which has a tight relation with cancer patients' poor prognosis. This review illustrates the roles lactate plays in different aspects of tumor progression and drug resistance. From the comprehensive effects that lactate has on tumor metabolism and tumor immunity, the therapeutic targets related to it are expected to bring new hope for cancer therapy.

Exploring the impact of insufficient thermal ablation on hepatocellular carcinoma: NDST2 overexpression mechanism and its role in facilitating growth and invasion of residual cancer cells

OBJECTIVE

Incomplete thermal ablation (ITA) fosters the malignancy of residual cells in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with unclear mechanisms now. This study aims to investigate the expression changes of NDST2 following ITA of HCC and its impact on residual cancer cells.

METHODS

An in vitro model of heat stress-induced liver cancer was constructed to measure the expression of NDST2 using Quantitative Real-Time PCR and Western blotting experiments. The sequencing data from nude mice were used for validation. The clinical significance of NDST2 in HCC was evaluated by integrating datasets. Gene ontology and pathway analysis were conducted to explore the potential signaling pathways regulated by NDST2. Additionally, NDST2 was knocked down in heat stress-induced HCC cells, and the effects of NDST2 on these cells were verified using Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, scratch assays, and Transwell assays.

RESULTS

NDST2 expression levels are elevated in HCC, leading to a decrease in overall survival rates of HCC patients. Upregulation of immune checkpoint levels in high NDST2-expressing HCC may contribute to immune evasion by liver cancer cells. Additionally, the low mutation rate of NDST2 in HCC suggests a relatively stable expression of NDST2 in this disease. Importantly, animal and cell models treated with ITA demonstrate upregulated expression of NDST2. Knockdown of NDST2 in heat stress-induced liver cancer cells results in growth inhibition associated with gene downregulation.

CONCLUSION

The upregulation of NDST2 can accelerate the progression of residual HCC after ITA, suggesting a potential role for NDST2 in the therapeutic efficacy and prognosis of residual HCC.

Integrated single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing data reveal molecular subtypes based on lactylation-related genes and prognosis and therapeutic response in glioma

Objectives

Glioma, the most common and aggressive form of brain cancer, possesses a complex biology, which makes elucidating its underlying mechanisms and developing effective treatment strategies challenging. Lactylation is a recently discovered post-translational modification and has emerged as a novel research target to understand its role in various biological processes and diseases. Herein, we explored the role of lactylation in gliomas.

Methods

Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data were downloaded from the Tumour Immune Single-Cell Hub database. The R package 'Seurat' was used for processing the scRNA-seq data. Lactylation-related genes were identified from published literature and the Molecular Signatures Database. An unsupervised clustering method was used to identify glioma subtypes based on identified lactylation-related genes. Differences among the various clusters were examined, including clinical features, differentially expressed genes (DEGs), enriched pathways and immune cell infiltrates. A lactylation score was generated to predict the overall survival (OS) of patients with glioma using DEGs between the two clusters.

Results

The lactylation-related genes were obtained from the scRNA-seq data, identifying two molecular subtypes, and a prognostic signature was established to stratify patients with glioma into high- and low-score groups. Analysis of the tumour immune microenvironment revealed that patients in the high-score group exhibited increased immune cell infiltration, chemokine expression and immune checkpoint expression but exhibited worse OS and better response to immunotherapy.

Conclusions

Altogether, we established a novel signature based on lactylation-related clusters for robust survival prediction and immunotherapeutic response in gliomas.

PCSK9 induces endothelial cell autophagy by regulating the PI3K/ATK pathway in atherosclerotic coronary heart disease

OBJECTIVE

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arteries, and its pathogenesis is related to endothelial dysfunction. It has been found that the protein convertase subtilin/kexin9 type (PCSK9) plays an important role in AS, but its specific mechanism is still unclear.

METHODS

In this study, we first cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with 50 or 100μg/ml oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) for 24 hours to establish a coronary atherosclerosis cell model.

RESULTS

The results showed that ox-LDL induced HUVEC injury and autophagy and upregulated PCSK9 protein expression in HUVECs in a concentration-dependent manner. Silencing PCSK9 expression with siRNA inhibited ox-LDL-induced HUVEC endothelial dysfunction, inhibited the release of inflammatory factors, promoted HUVEC proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. In addition, ox-LDL increased the expression of LC3B-I and LC3B-II and decreased the expression of p62. However, these processes are reversed by sh-PCSK9. In addition, sh-PCSK9 can inhibit PI3K, AKT and mTOR phosphorylation and promote autophagy.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our research shows that silencing PCSK9 inhibits the PI3K/ATK/mTOR pathway to activate ox-LDL-induced autophagy in vascular endothelial cells, alleviating endothelial cell injury and inflammation.

Dual roles of HK3 in regulating the network between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages in neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common and deadliest extracranial solid tumor in children. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is a strategy for attenuating tumor-promoting states. The crosstalk between cancer cells and TAMs plays a pivotal role in mediating tumor progression in NB. The overexpression of Hexokinase-3 (HK3), a pivotal enzyme in glucose metabolism, has been associated with poor prognosis in NB patients. Furthermore, it correlates with the infiltration of M2-like macrophages within NB tumors, indicating its significant involvement in tumor progression. Therefore, HK3 not only directly regulates the malignant biological behaviors of tumor cells, such as proliferation, migration, and invasion, but also recruits and polarizes M2-like macrophages through the PI3K/AKT-CXCL14 axis in neuroblastoma. The secretion of lactate and histone lactylation alterations within tumor cells accompanies this interaction. Additionally, elevated expression of HK3 in M2-TAMs was found at the same time. Modulating HK3 within M2-TAMs alters the biological behavior of tumor cells, as demonstrated by our in vitro studies. This study highlights the pivotal role of HK3 in the progression of NB malignancy and its intricate regulatory network with M2-TAMs. It establishes HK3 as a promising dual-functional biomarker and therapeutic target in combating neuroblastoma.

Ezetimibe inhibits the migration and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells by targeting TGFβ2 and EMT

The important role of cholesterol in tumor metastasis has been widely studied in recent years. Ezetimibe is currently the only selective cholesterol uptake inhibitor on the market. Here, we explored the effect of ezetimibe on breast cancer metastasis by studying its impact on breast cancer cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Differential gene expression analysis and validation were also carried out to compare ezetimibe-treated and untreated breast cancer cells. Finally, breast cancer cells overexpressing TGFβ2 were constructed, and the effect of TGFβ2 on the migration and invasion of ezetimibe-treated breast cancer cells was examined. Our results show that ezetimibe treatment of breast cancer cells inhibited cell migration, invasion, and EMT, and it significantly suppressed the expression of TGFβ2. Overexpression of TGFβ2 reversed the inhibitory effect of ezetimibe on the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Taken together, our results suggest that ezetimibe might be a potential candidate for the treatment of breast cancer metastasis.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the MIF-ACKR3 receptor-ligand interaction between iCAFs and tumor cells in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract with a high morbidity and mortality rate. The heterogeneity of ESCC poses challenges in treatment and contributes to the poor prognosis of patients. Therefore, it is crucial to gain a better understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) heterogeneity and identify novel therapeutic targets.

METHODS

To solve this problem, we performed a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of ESCC samples obtained from the GEO database.

RESULTS

A total of 31,283 single cells were categorized into nine cell types, which included four non-immune cells (epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, schwann cells) and five immune cells (T cells, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, B cells). Our study revealed the presence of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments in ESCC. We have also identified not only inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblast (iCAFs) and myofibroblastic cancer-associated fibroblasts (myCAFs) but also a subset of antigen presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts (apCAFs) which express high levels of HLA class II molecules in ESCC. Furthermore, our analysis of cell communication showed up-regulation of MIF-ACKR3 interaction between iCAFs and tumor cells in tumors compared to normal tissues. Finally, it was demonstrated that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) facilitates tumor cell migration and invasion through interacting with ACKR3 in vitro.

CONCLUSIONS

This study exposes the features of the tumor microenvironment of ESCC via scRNA-seq and examines the dynamics of various cellular subpopulations, thus facilitating the identification of future therapeutic targets for ESCC.

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and D-Dopachrome Tautomerase (DDT): Pathways to Tumorigenesis and Therapeutic Opportunities

Discovered as inflammatory cytokines, MIF and DDT exhibit widespread expression and have emerged as critical mediators in the response to infection, inflammation, and more recently, in cancer. In this comprehensive review, we provide details on their structures, binding partners, regulatory mechanisms, and roles in cancer. We also elaborate on their significant impact in driving tumorigenesis across various cancer types, supported by extensive in vitro, in vivo, bioinformatic, and clinical studies. To date, only a limited number of clinical trials have explored MIF as a therapeutic target in cancer patients, and DDT has not been evaluated. The ongoing pursuit of optimal strategies for targeting MIF and DDT highlights their potential as promising antitumor candidates. Dual inhibition of MIF and DDT may allow for the most effective suppression of canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways, warranting further investigations and clinical exploration.

PSAT1 mediated EMT of colorectal cancer cells by regulating Pl3K/AKT signaling pathway

Background: The metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the significant barriers impeding its treated consequence and bring about high mortality, less surgical resection rate and poor prognosis of CRC patients. PSAT1 is an enzyme involved in serine biosynthesis. The studies showed that PSAT1 plays the part of a crucial character in the regulation of tumor metastasis. And Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a process of cell reprogramming in which epithelialcells obtain mesenchymal phenotypes. It is a crucial course in promoting cell metastasis and the progression of malignant tumors. The relationship between PSAT1 and EMT in colorectal cancer, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, remains enigmatic and warrants thorough exploration. These findings suggest that PSAT1 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for mitigating colorectal cancer metastasis and holds the potential to emerge as a valuable prognostic biomarker in forthcoming research endeavors. Materials and Methods: Utilizing TCGA dataset in conjunction with clinical CRC specimens, our initial focus was directed towards an in-depth examination of PSAT1 expression within CRC, specifically exploring its potential correlation with the adverse prognostic outcomes experienced by patients. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the regulatory influence exerted by PSAT1 on CRC through the utilization of siRNA knockdown techniques. In the realm of in vitro experimentation, we meticulously evaluated the impact of PSAT1 on various facets of CRC progression, including cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and colony formation. In order to elucidate the intricate effects in question, we adopted a multifaceted methodology that encompassed a range of assays and analyses. These included wound healing assays, transwell assays, utilization of the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and colony formation assays. By employing this diverse array of investigative techniques, we were able to achieve a comprehensive comprehension of the multifaceted role that PSAT1 plays in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. This multifarious analysis greatly contributed to our in-depth understanding of the complex mechanisms at play in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Using WB and PCR experiments, we found that PSAT1 has a role in regulating EMT development in CRC.In terms of mechanism, we found that PSAT1 affected EMT by Regulating Pl3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Results: Our investigation revealed a noteworthy down-regulation of PSAT1 expression in CRC specimens. Importantly, this down-regulation exhibited a significant positive correlation with the unfavorable prognosis of patients afflicted with CRC. Functionally, our study showcased that the siRNA-mediated knockdown of PSAT1 markedly enhanced various key aspects of CRC pathogenesis in an in vitro setting. Specifically, this included a substantial promotion of CRC cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and colony formation. Moreover, the silencing of PSAT1 also demonstrated a substantial promotion of the EMT process. Intriguingly, our research unveiled a hitherto unexplored mechanism underlying the regulatory role of PSAT1 in CRC and EMT. We have established, for the first time, that PSAT1 exerts its influence by modulating the activation of the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. This mechanistic insight provides a valuable contribution to the understanding of the molecular underpinnings of CRC progression and EMT induction mediated by PSAT1. Conclusions: In unison, our research findings shed light on the previously uncharted and significant role of the PSAT1/PI3K/AKT axis in the initiation of the EMT process in CRC. Furthermore, our discoveries introduce a novel biomarker with potential implications for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CRC.

Pathways and molecules for overcoming immunotolerance in metastatic gastrointestinal tumors

Worldwide, gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is recognized as one of the leading malignancies diagnosed in both genders, with mortality largely attributed to metastatic dissemination. It has been identified that in GI cancer, a variety of signaling pathways and key molecules are modified, leading to the emergence of an immunotolerance phenotype. Such modifications are pivotal in the malignancy's evasion of immune detection. Thus, a thorough analysis of the pathways and molecules contributing to GI cancer's immunotolerance is vital for advancing our comprehension and propelling the creation of efficacious pharmacological treatments. In response to this necessity, our review illuminates a selection of groundbreaking cellular signaling pathways associated with immunotolerance in GI cancer, including the Phosphoinositide 3-kinases/Akt, Janus kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3, Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, Transforming Growth Factor-beta/Smad, Notch, Programmed Death-1/Programmed Death-Ligand 1, and Wingless and INT-1/beta-catenin-Interleukin 10. Additionally, we examine an array of pertinent molecules like Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase, Human Leukocyte Antigen G/E, Glycoprotein A Repetitions Predominant, Clever-1, Interferon regulatory factor 8/Osteopontin, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3, Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, Cell division control protein 42 homolog, and caspases-1 and -12.

Prognostic Value of PCSK9 Levels in Premenopausal Women at Risk of Breast Cancer-Evidence from a 17-Year Follow-Up Study

BACKGROUND AND AIM

The involvement of cholesterol in cancer development remains a topic of debate, and its association with breast cancer has yet to be consistently demonstrated. Considering that circulating cholesterol levels depend on several concomitant processes, we tested the liability of plasma levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), one of the key regulators of cholesterol levels, as a prognostic biomarker in the context of breast neoplastic events.

METHODS

Within a prospective randomized breast cancer prevention trial we measured baseline plasma levels of PCSK9. A total of 235 at-risk premenopausal women were randomized and followed up for 17 years. Participants enrolled in this placebo-controlled, phase II, double-blind trial were randomly assigned to receive either tamoxifen 5 mg/d or fenretinide 200 mg/d, both agents, or placebo for 2 years. The associations with breast cancer events were evaluated through competing risk and Cox regression survival models, adjusted for randomization strata (5-year Gail risk ≥ 1.3% vs. intraepithelial neoplasia or small invasive breast cancer of favorable prognosis), age, and treatment allocation. PCSK9 associations with biomarkers linked to breast cancer risk were assessed on blood samples collected at baseline.

RESULTS

The plasmatic PCSK9 median and interquartile range were 207 ng/mL and 170-252 ng/mL, respectively. Over a median follow-up period of 17 years and 89 breast neoplastic events, disease-free survival curves showed a hazard ratio of 1.002 (95% CI: 0.999-1.005, p = 0.22) for women with PCSK9 plasma levels ≥ 207 ng/mL compared to women with levels below 207 ng/mL. No differences between randomization strata were observed. We found a negative correlation between PCSK9 and estradiol (r = -0.305), maintained even after partial adjustment for BMI and age (r = -0.287). Cholesterol (r = 0.266), LDL-C (r = 0.207), non-HDL-C (r = 0.246), remnant cholesterol (r = 0.233), and triglycerides (r = 0.233) also correlated with PCSK9.

CONCLUSIONS

In premenopausal women at risk of early-stage breast cancer, PCSK9 did not appear to have a role as a prognostic biomarker of breast neoplastic events. Larger studies are warranted investigating patients in different settings.

Advancements in colorectal cancer research: Unveiling the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neddylation (Review)

Neddylation, akin to ubiquitination, represents a post‑translational modification of proteins wherein neural precursor cell‑expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8 (NEDD8) is modified on the substrate protein through a series of reactions. Neddylation plays a pivotal role in the growth and proliferation of animal cells. In colorectal cancer (CRC), it predominantly contributes to the proliferation, metastasis and survival of tumor cells, decreasing overall patient survival. The strategic manipulation of the NEDD8‑mediated neddylation pathway holds immense therapeutic promise in terms of the potential to modulate the growth of tumors by regulating diverse biological responses within cancer cells, such as DNA damage response and apoptosis, among others. MLN4924 is an inhibitor of NEDD8, and its combined use with platinum drugs and irinotecan, as well as cycle inhibitors and NEDD activating enzyme inhibitors screened by drug repurposing, has been found to exert promising antitumor effects. The present review summarizes the recent progress made in the understanding of the role of NEDD8 in the advancement of CRC, suggesting that NEDD8 is a promising anti‑CRC target.

[Integrin and N-cadherin Co-Regulate the Polarity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Mechanobiological Mechanisms]

Objective

To investigate the synergistic regulation of the polarization of mesenchymal stem cells by integrin and N-cadherin-mediated mechanical adhesion and the underlying mechanobiological mechanisms.

Methods

Bilayer polyethylene glyeol (PEG) hydrogels were formulated and modified with RGD and HAVDI peptides, respectively, to achieve mechanical adhesion to integrin and N-cadherin and to replicate the integrin-mediated mechanical interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix and the N-cadherin-mediated cell-cell mechanical interaction. The polar proteins, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and phosphorylated myosin light chain (pMLC), were characterized through immunofluorescence staining in individual cells with or without contact with HAVDI peptides under integrin-mediated adhesion, N-cadherin-mediated adhesion, and different intracellular forces. Their expression levels and polar distribution were analyzed using Image J.

Results

Integrin-mediated adhesion induced significantly higher polar strengths of PI3K and pMLC in the contact group than in those in the no contact group, resulting in the concentration of the polar angle of PI3K to β-catenin in the range of 135° to 180° and the concentration of the polar angle of pMLC to β-catenin in the range of 0° to 45° in the contact group. Inhibition of integrin function led to inhibition of the polarity distribution of PI3K in the contact group, but did not change the polarity distribution of pMLC protein. The effect of N-cadherin on the polarity distributions of PI3K and pMLC was similar to that of integrin. However, inhibition of the mechanical adhesion of N-cadherin led to inhibition of the polarity intensity and polarity angle distribution of PI3K and pMLC proteins in the contact group. Furthermore, inhibition of the mechanical adhesion of N-cadherin caused weakened polarity intensity of integrin β1, reducing the proportion of cells with polarity angles between integrin β1 and β-catenin concentrating in the range of 135° to 180°. Additionally, intracellular forces influenced the polar distribution of PI3K and pMLC proteins. Reducing intracellular forces weakened the polarity intensity of PI3K and pMLC proteins and their polarity distribution, while increasing intracellular forces enhanced the polarity intensity of PI3K and pMLC proteins and their polarity distribution.

Conclusion

Integrin and N-cadherin co-regulate the polarity distribution of cell proteins and N-cadherin can play an important role in the polarity regulation of stem cells through local inhibition of integrin.

CRISPLD1 promotes gastric cancer progression by regulating the Ca2+/PI3K-AKT signaling pathway

Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant tumor with poor prognosis. Studies have shown that cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain containing 1 (CRISPLD1) is associated with tumor progression. However, its role in GC is unclear. The present study aimed to determine the pathogenic mechanism of CRISPLD1 in GC. Analysis of public databases revealed high mRNA expression of CRISPLD1 in GC, which was associated with poor prognosis. Additionally, CRISPLD1 expression levels showed significant correlations with T stage, overall survival events, and stage. Knockdown of CRISPLD1 reduced cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Furthermore, CRISPLD1 knockdown decreased intracellular calcium levels in GC cells and inhibited the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway. Treatment with an AKT activator reversed the inhibitory effect of CRISPLD1 knockdown on GC cell migration and invasion. Our findings suggest that CRISPLD1 promotes tumor cell progression in GC by mediating intracellular calcium levels and activating the PI3K-AKT pathway, highlighting CRISPLD1 as a potential therapeutic target for GC.

SORBS1 inhibits epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of breast cancer cells by regulating PI3K/AKT signaling and macrophage phenotypic polarization

This study aimed to explore the regulatory role of SORBS1 in macrophage polarization and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, as well as analyze its mechanism in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of breast cancer cells. We established SORBS1-overexpressing and knockout cell lines and verified the effects of SORBS1 on cell viability, invasion, and migration by phenotyping experiments and assaying the expression of associated proteins. Furthermore, we established a breast cancer cell and macrophage co-culture system to validate the effect of SORBS1 expression on macrophage polarization and killing of breast cancer cells. Bioinformatics analysis showed that SORBS1 was lowly expressed in breast cancer (BRCA) samples and highly expressed in healthy tissues. Decreased SORBS1 expression was associated with poor prognosis, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was the most significantly enriched pathway. In vitro experiments showed that high expression of SORBS1 inhibited the migration of breast cancer cells, as well as the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and blocked EMT of these cells. In addition, SORBS1 induced macrophage polarization to the M1-type and enhanced the killing effect on breast cancer cells in the co-culture system. In conclusion, we successfully verified that SORBS1 inhibits the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells, induces macrophage M1-type polarization, and blocks EMT of breast cancer cells, and it may act by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Inhibition of proprotein convertases activity results in repressed stemness and invasiveness of cancer stem cells in gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC), the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with most deaths caused by advanced and metastatic disease, has limited curative options. Here, we revealed the importance of proprotein convertases (PCs) in the malignant and metastatic potential of GC cells through the regulation of the YAP/TAZ/TEAD pathway and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer stem cells (CSC).

METHODS

The general PCs inhibitor, decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethyl-ketone (CMK), was used to repress PCs activity in CSCs of various GC cell lines. Their tumorigenic properties, drug resistance, YAP/TAZ/TEAD pathway activity, and invasive properties were then investigated in vitro, and their metastatic properties were explored in a mouse xenograft model. The prognostic value of PCs in GC patients was also explored in molecular databases of GC.

RESULTS

Inhibition of PCs activity in CSCs in all GC cell lines reduced tumorsphere formation and growth, drug efflux, EMT phenotype, and invasive properties that are associated with repressed YAP/TAZ/TEAD pathway activity in vitro. In vivo, PCs' inhibition in GC cells reduced their metastatic spread. Molecular analysis of tumors from GC patients has highlighted the prognostic value of PCs.

CONCLUSIONS

PCs are overexpressed in GC and associated with poor prognosis. PCs are involved in the malignant and metastatic potential of CSCs via the regulation of EMT, the YAP/TAZ/TEAD oncogenic pathway, and their stemness and invasive properties. Their repression represents a new strategy to target CSCs and impair metastatic spreading in GC.

Integrating Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification to Explore the Pharmacological Mechanisms of Radix Paeoniae Rubra Against Glioma

Glioma has a high mortality and can hardly be completely cured. Radix Paeoniae Rubra (RPR) is a prevalent component in traditional Chinese medicine used for tumor treatments. We explored the mechanism of RPR in treating glioma using network pharmacology and experiments. A network pharmacology approach was used to screen active ingredients, targets of RPR and glioma. We then constructed a herb-active ingredient-target-pathway network and conducted protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, as well as Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Molecular docking was also performed. Using CCK-8, colony formation, and xenograft experiments, we evaluated the effect of RPR on glioma. The involved pathway and proteins were identified by Western blot. From public databases, we identified nine active RPR ingredients and 40 overlapping targets among 109 RPR targets and 1360 glioma-associated targets. The PPI analysis revealed ten targets, such as AKT1, TP53, and VEGFA, which were identified as hub genes. The results from GO and KEGG analysis highlighted the involvement of the PI3K/AKT pathway. A herb-active ingredient-target-pathway network was constructed. By docking molecular structures, six suitable conformations have been identified. The RPR extract demonstrated anti-tumor properties by inhibiting glioma cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, likely achieved by suppressing the phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. RPR concurrently downregulated the phosphorylation level of AKT1 and the protein expression level of VEGFA, while upregulating the expression of P53 in the U251 cell line. Utilizing network pharmacology and molecular docking, our study not only predicted the impact of RPR on glioma but also delineated the herb-active ingredient-target-pathway network. Experimentally, we confirmed that RPR may exert its anti-tumor properties by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, including AKT1, and by regulating the expression levels of VEGFA and P53.

Association between Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Another Brick in the Wall

In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors have significantly changed the field of oncology, emerging as first-line treatment, either alone or in combination with other regimens, for numerous malignancies, improving overall survival and progression-free survival in these patients. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors might also cause severe or fatal immune-related adverse events, including adverse cardiovascular events. Initially, myocarditis was recognized as the main immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiac event, but our knowledge of other potential immune-related cardiovascular adverse events continues to broaden. Recently, preclinical and clinical data seem to support an association between immune checkpoint inhibitors and accelerated atherosclerosis as well as atherosclerotic cardiovascular events such as cardiac ischemic disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. In this review, by offering a comprehensive overview of the pivotal role of inflammation in atherosclerosis, we focus on the potential molecular pathways underlying the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors on cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, we provide an overview of therapeutic strategies for cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy to prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases.

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: A Fundamental Cellular and Microenvironmental Process in Benign and Malignant Prostate Pathologies

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial and fundamental mechanism in many cellular processes, beginning with embryogenesis via tissue remodulation and wound healing, and plays a vital role in tumorigenesis and metastasis formation. EMT is a complex process that involves many transcription factors and genes that enable the tumor cell to leave the primary location, invade the basement membrane, and send metastasis to other tissues. Moreover, it may help the tumor avoid the immune system and establish radioresistance and chemoresistance. It may also change the normal microenvironment, thus promoting other key factors for tumor survival, such as hypoxia-induced factor-1 (HIF-1) and promoting neoangiogenesis. In this review, we will focus mainly on the role of EMT in benign prostate disease and especially in the process of establishment of malignant prostate tumors, their invasiveness, and aggressive behavior. We will discuss relevant study methods for EMT evaluation and possible clinical implications. We will also introduce clinical trials conducted according to CONSORT 2010 that try to harness EMT properties in the form of circulating tumor cells to predict aggressive patterns of prostate cancer. This review will provide the most up-to-date information to establish a keen understanding of the cellular and microenvironmental processes for developing novel treatment lines by modifying or blocking the pathways.

Knockdown of SQLE promotes CD8+ T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment

Cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism are critical aspects that shape the process of tumor development and associated microenvironmental conditions owing to the ability of cholesterol to drive tumor growth and invasion. Squalene Epoxidase (SQLE) is the second rate-limiting enzyme involved in the synthesis of cholesterol. The functional role of SQLE within the tumor microenvironment, however, has yet to be established. Here we show that SQLE is distinctively expressed across most types of cancer, and the expression level is highly correlated with tumor mutation burden and microsatellite instability. Accordingly, SQLE was identified as a prognostic risk factor in cancer patients. In addition, we observed a negative correlation between SQLE expression and immune cell infiltration across multiple cancers, and murine xenograft model further confirmed that SQLE knockdown was associated with enhanced intratumoral CD8+ T cell infiltration. Using next-generation sequencing, we identified 410 genes distinctively expressed in tumors exhibiting SQLE inhibition. KEGG and GO analysis further verified that SQLE altered the immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we found that the metabolism and translation of proteins is the main binding factor with SQLE. Our findings ascertain that SQLE is a potential target in multiple cancers and suppressing SQLE establishes an essential mechanism for shaping tumor microenvironment.

Targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9): from bench to bedside

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has evolved as a pivotal enzyme in lipid metabolism and a revolutionary therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia and its related cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This comprehensive review delineates the intricate roles and wide-ranging implications of PCSK9, extending beyond CVD to emphasize its significance in diverse physiological and pathological states, including liver diseases, infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and notably, cancer. Our exploration offers insights into the interaction between PCSK9 and low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs), elucidating its substantial impact on cholesterol homeostasis and cardiovascular health. It also details the evolution of PCSK9-targeted therapies, translating foundational bench discoveries into bedside applications for optimized patient care. The advent and clinical approval of innovative PCSK9 inhibitory therapies (PCSK9-iTs), including three monoclonal antibodies (Evolocumab, Alirocumab, and Tafolecimab) and one small interfering RNA (siRNA, Inclisiran), have marked a significant breakthrough in cardiovascular medicine. These therapies have demonstrated unparalleled efficacy in mitigating hypercholesterolemia, reducing cardiovascular risks, and have showcased profound value in clinical applications, offering novel therapeutic avenues and a promising future in personalized medicine for cardiovascular disorders. Furthermore, emerging research, inclusive of our findings, unveils PCSK9's potential role as a pivotal indicator for cancer prognosis and its prospective application as a transformative target for cancer treatment. This review also highlights PCSK9's aberrant expression in various cancer forms, its association with cancer prognosis, and its crucial roles in carcinogenesis and cancer immunity. In conclusion, this synthesized review integrates existing knowledge and novel insights on PCSK9, providing a holistic perspective on its transformative impact in reshaping therapeutic paradigms across various disorders. It emphasizes the clinical value and effect of PCSK9-iT, underscoring its potential in advancing the landscape of biomedical research and its capabilities in heralding new eras in personalized medicine.