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Cervera-Garvi P, Galan-Hurtado MH, Ortega-Avila AB, Marchena-Rodriguez A, Lopezosa-Reca E, Castillo-Dominguez A, Diaz-Miguel S. Measurement properties of the Foot Function Index (FFI) questionnaire: A systematic review. Clin Rehabil 2024; 38:1226-1237. [PMID: 38856157 DOI: 10.1177/02692155241258299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Large numbers of people are subject to alterations and pathologies in the foot. To quantify how these problems of foot function affect the quality of life, clinicians and researchers have developed measures such as the Foot Function Index (FFI). Our aim is to determine the methodological quality of the FFI including adaptations to other languages. DATA SOURCES The studies considered in this review were extracted from the PubMed, Embase and CINAHL databases. The inclusion criteria were followed: (1) studies of patients with no previous foot or ankle pathology and aged over 18 years; (2) based on English-language patient-reported outcome measures that assess foot function; (3) the patient-reported outcome measures should present measurement properties based on COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) criteria. REVIEW METHODS The systematic review was conducted following the COSMIN criteria to establish the methodological quality of the original FFI, together with its variants and adaptations. The last search was carried out in May 2024. RESULTS Of the 1994 studies obtained in the preliminary search, 20 were eligible for inclusion in the final analysis. These results are the validations and cross-cultural adaptations to the following languages: the original FFI has cross-cultural adaptation in 13 languages and the FFI-Revised Short Form has been adapted and validated for use in 2 languages. CONCLUSION In terms of methodological quality, the FFI-Revised Short Form questionnaire is a valuable instrument for evaluating ankle and foot function and could usefully be expanded to be available in more languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cervera-Garvi
- Department Nursing and Podiatry, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Ana Belen Ortega-Avila
- Department Nursing and Podiatry, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Marchena-Rodriguez
- Department Nursing and Podiatry, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Lopezosa-Reca
- Department Nursing and Podiatry, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Salvador Diaz-Miguel
- Department Nursing and Podiatry, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
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Canca-Sanchez FJ, Morales-Asencio JM, Ortega-Avila AB, Gijon-Nogueron G, Cervera-Garvi P, Marchena-Rodriguez A, Canca-Sanchez JC. Predictive factors for foot pain in the adult population. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:52. [PMID: 38216960 PMCID: PMC10785436 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-07144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot pain has been associated to factors like: fat, body mass index, age increased, female gender and the presence of pathologies. Although evidence is limited. The purpose is to determine the predictive factors for foot pain in the adult population. METHODS From January to December 2021, 457 patients were > 18 years, gave signed informed consent to take part to this cross sectional study. All completed demographic data and various questionnaires related to pain: Foot Function Index, EuroQoL-5D and Visual Analogue Scale (foot pain). Anthropometric measurements were obtained using McPoil platform and foot posture was assessed by the Foot Posture Index (FPI). To determine whether a volume change is a predictive factor for foot pain, a parameter was established: the volumetric index for footwear (VIF). Factors linked to the presence of pain, including the considered VIF variables, were analyzed through multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Among the study population, 40.7% were male and 59.3% female. The mean age of 39.06 years and a body mass index of 25.58 Kg/cm2. The logistic regression model had a classification capability of 72.4%, a sensitivity of 72.3% and a specificity of 73%, in which, the predictors considered were the variables found to have a significant association with FFI-pain > 45 points,, showed that younger women, with a higher BMI, higher values of right FPI (pronation), poorer overall perceived health and with problems in walking were more likely to experience foot pain. CONCLUSION Predictive factors for foot pain in the adult population include gender, age, Body Mass Index, FPI on the right foot, perceived health and mobility. Clinical implication, the presented measure aids physicians in assessing their patients´ foot pain likelihood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Miguel Morales-Asencio
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA platform BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Belen Ortega-Avila
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA platform BIONAND, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA platform BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Cervera-Garvi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Marchena-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Canca-Sanchez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA platform BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
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Alshammari S, Alshwieer MAM, Dammas SS, Alrasheed AM, Alasmari MA, Alahmari MMA, Alazmi AK. Arabic translation, cross cultural adaptation, and validation of Foot Health Status Questionnaire among Saudi individuals with plantar fasciitis. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:754. [PMID: 37794498 PMCID: PMC10552317 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring quality of life (QoL) plays an essential role in enabling meaningful cross-cultural comparisons. The Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) is a valid tool for assessing both foot-specific and general health-related quality of life (HrQoL), making it suitable for evaluating Plantar Fasciitis (PF) patients. METHODOLOGY The aim of this study is to translate the FHSQ into Arabic following methodological assessments of the translation procedure. The translation was done using forward and back translation. A pre-test questionnaire was distributed among 50 patients, resulting in the final FHSQ-Ar version, which then underwent various psychometric evaluations among 87 persons with PF, including internal consistency, dimensionality, reliability, interpretability, and construct validity against the 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). RESULTS Internal consistency was adequate, ranging from 0.70 to 0.92. Reliability values ranged from 0.69 to 0.80, with a poor standard error of measurement (individual) but an acceptable standard error of measurement (group). Two domains exhibited floor effects, while one domain showed a ceiling effect. Regarding validity, three out of four hypothesized correlations with VAS scores were confirmed. Factor analysis revealed four dimensions, and confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good fit (comparative fit index = 0.98, standardized root mean square = 0.06). CONCLUSION The psychometric properties of the FHSQ-Ar were satisfactory. Further validation for other diseases may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Alshammari
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Yozu A, Sonoda K, Hasegawa T, Kaminishi K, Osumi M, Sumitani M, Chiba R, Ota J. Effect of experimentally induced plantar pain on trunk posture during gait. J Phys Ther Sci 2023; 35:613-618. [PMID: 37670762 PMCID: PMC10475643 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.35.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Plantar pain is associated with the prevalence of low back pain. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that some kind of physical change should be occurring in the trunk due to plantar pain. However, the physical effect of plantar pain on the trunk remains unknown. We evaluated the effect of plantar pain on trunk posture during gait. [Participants and Methods] Ten healthy volunteers participated in the present study. Participants walked under two conditions: without pain and with pain. In the with pain condition, we set pain-inducing devices to the right foot to induce plantar pain during stance phase. By using 3D motion analysis system, the angles of the head, thorax, and pelvis segments, as well as the neck, trunk, bilateral hip, bilateral knee, and bilateral ankle joints, were measured. We analyzed the angle data throughout the gait cycle by using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping. [Results] The anterior trunk tilt was observed in the right stance phase. [Conclusion] The anterior trunk tilt observed in the with pain condition may be a burden on the trunk. Our results presented one of the possible reasons for increased prevalence of low back pain in the plantar pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arito Yozu
- Department of Precision Engineering, School of Engineering,
The University of Tokyo: 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Pain and Palliative Medicine, The University
of Tokyo Hospital, Japan
| | - Kohta Sonoda
- Department of Precision Engineering, School of Engineering,
The University of Tokyo: 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hasegawa
- Department of Precision Engineering, School of Engineering,
The University of Tokyo: 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kohei Kaminishi
- Research into Artifacts, Center for Engineering (RACE),
School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Osumi
- Department of Pain and Palliative Medicine, The University
of Tokyo Hospital, Japan
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of
Health Sciences, Kio University, Japan
| | - Masahiko Sumitani
- Department of Pain and Palliative Medicine, The University
of Tokyo Hospital, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Chiba
- Division on Neuroscience, Department of Physiology,
Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Jun Ota
- Research into Artifacts, Center for Engineering (RACE),
School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Çil ET, Serif T, Şaylı U, Subaşı F. The effectiveness of "Dijital Steps" web based telerehabilitation system for patient with hindfoot pain: A randomised controlled trial. Foot (Edinb) 2023; 56:102040. [PMID: 37209492 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2023.102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare effective therapeutic options for hindfoot pain, develop and investigate the effectiveness of tele-rehabilitation systems, and ensure patients perform their exercises and preventive measures regularly and accurately, while monitoring results. METHODS Hindfoot pain (HP) patients (N = 77 with 120 feet) were admitted to this study and divided into two pathologies; Plantar Fasciitis and Achilles Tendinopathy. Patients in each pathology were randomized into three different rehabilitation programs-web-based telerehabilitation (PF-T & AT-T), -hands-on healing techniques combined with exercise (PF-C & AT-C)-unsupervised home exercise (PF-H & AT-H) program. Disability, activity restrictions, first-step pain, dorsiflexion-plantar flexion range of motion and kinesiophobia scores were recorded. The outcomes of the study groups were collected pre-post intervention (8thweek). Telerehabilitation system was developed via user-driven innovation and tested before using formally. RESULTS Each group had significant improvements in pain, disability, functional status and kinesiophobia (p < 0.001). In terms of functional status, PF-C had a statistically significant difference from others (p < 0.001). There was no difference between the groups for the pain scores in both pathologies. (p > 0.001). However, web-based telerehabilitation (PF-T & AT-T) were found to be more effective on kinesiophobia compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The presented web-based telerehabilitation system for management of hindfoot pain is an effective way and might be preferred instead of unsupervised home exercise specially for kinesiophobia. Additionally, Foot and ankle stretching and strengthening exercises protocols, myofascial releasing and mulligan concept manual therapy are effective modalities in terms of ROM, VISA-A, FAAM, FFI, TSK and VAS scores for hindfoot pain. The results indicated that three promised different rehabilitation protocols could be an effective strategy for HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Tuğçe Çil
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Tacha Serif
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uğur Şaylı
- Sonomed-OsteoAcademy Medical Center Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feryal Subaşı
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul, Turkey
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Marshall M, Blagojevic‐Bucknall M, Rathod‐Mistry T, Thomas MJ, Edwards JJ, Peat G, Menz HB, Roddy E. Identifying Long-Term Trajectories of Foot Pain Severity and Potential Prognostic Factors: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2023; 75:1123-1131. [PMID: 34806345 PMCID: PMC10952181 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify distinct foot pain trajectories over 7 years and examine their associations with potential prognostic factors. METHODS Adults ages ≥50 years and registered with 4 general practices in North Staffordshire, UK were mailed a baseline health survey. Those reporting current or recent foot pain were invited to attend a research assessment clinic. Follow-up was by repeated postal surveys at 18, 36, 54, and 84 months. Distinct trajectories of foot pain were explored using latent class growth analysis (LCGA). Subsequently, identified trajectories were combined into most and least progressive groups, and covariate-adjusted associations with a range of prognostic factors were examined. RESULTS Of 560 adults with foot pain attending baseline research clinics, 425 (76%) provided data at baseline and 2 or more follow-up time points. LCGA for foot pain severity (0-10 numerical rating scale) identified a 4-trajectory model: "mild, improving" (37%); "moderate, improving" (33%); "moderate-severe, persistent" (24%); and "severe, persistent" (6%). Compared with individuals in more favorable (improving) pain trajectories, those in less favorable (persistent) pain trajectories were more likely to be obese, have routine/manual and intermediate occupations, have poorer physical and mental health, have catastrophizing beliefs, have greater foot-specific functional limitation, and have self-assessed hallux valgus at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Four distinct trajectories of foot pain were identified over a 7-year period, with one-third of individuals classified as having pain that is persistently moderate-severe and severe in intensity. The effect of intervening to target modifiable prognostic factors such as obesity and hallux valgus on long-term outcomes in people with foot pain requires investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Marshall
- Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of MedicineKeele UniversityStaffordshireUK
| | | | - Trishna Rathod‐Mistry
- Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of MedicineKeele UniversityStaffordshireUK
| | - Martin J. Thomas
- Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK, and Haywood Academic Rheumatology Centre, Midlands Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Haywood HospitalBurslemStaffordshireUK
| | - John J. Edwards
- Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of MedicineKeele UniversityStaffordshireUK
| | - George Peat
- Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of MedicineKeele UniversityStaffordshireUK
| | - Hylton B. Menz
- Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK, and School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Edward Roddy
- Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK, and Haywood Academic Rheumatology Centre, Midlands Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Haywood HospitalBurslemStaffordshireUK
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Ritt MWJ, Koning H, van Dalen BV, ter Meulen BC. Tibial Nerve Block as Treatment of Chronic Foot Pain. Anesth Pain Med 2023; 13:e131180. [PMID: 37489169 PMCID: PMC10363362 DOI: 10.5812/aapm-131180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Minimally invasive therapies can alleviate pain and improve walking in individuals with persistent foot and ankle pain. Objectives The current study aimed to define the protracted consequences of tibial nerve blocks with steroids for individuals with persistent foot pain and to investigate the link between the thermography of the plantar foot and the beneficial effect of a tibial nerve block with steroids. Methods All patients with chronic foot pain (n = 45) in this cohort underwent a block of the tibial nerve in the Department of Pain Therapy of Pain Clinic De Bilt, Utrecht, Netherlands, within November 2019 to April 2020. The thermographic images of patients were taken before and after injection. Results were retrospectively evaluated after 18 months. Results In this study, 53% of the patients had pain relief at 7 weeks of follow-up with a unilateral or bilateral block of the tibial nerve. An improvement in walking distance was reported by 22% of the patients. Side effects of the tibial nerve block reported at 7 weeks of follow-up increased pain (5%) and the occurrence of leg cramps (5%) among the treated patients. At 18 months, 45% of the successfully treated feet still had benefits. A difference between the big toe's temperature and the foot's average temperature of less than -0.9°C on thermography before and after the tibial nerve block can predict a beneficial result of therapy. Conclusions Tibial nerve block provides a safe, minimally invasive treatment option for almost half of the patients with painful feet in this cohort, and when successful, it can last a long term. Thermographic imaging of the plantar foot can predict only to a small extent the beneficial effect of the tibial nerve block with steroids on foot pain. Tibial nerve block should be considered when custom foot orthoses have been inadequate for pain relief or restricted walking distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W J Ritt
- Department Intensive Care, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Koning
- Department of Pain Therapy, Pain Clinic De Bilt, De Bilt, the Netherlands
| | | | - Bas C ter Meulen
- Department of Neurology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Rosende- Bautista C, Alonso -Tajes F, Reina-Bueno M, Pérez-García S, Seoane-Pillado MT. Influencia de la altura del arco longitudinal interno y la posición del pie en el dolor y la disfunción en población adulta. REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE PODOLOGÍA 2022. [DOI: 10.20986/revesppod.2022.1635/2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Tasnim N, Schmitt D, Zeininger A. Effects of human variation on foot and ankle pain in rural Madagascar. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:308-320. [PMID: 34397101 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Foot and ankle dysfunction in barefoot/minimally shod populations remains understudied. Although factors affecting musculoskeletal pain in Western populations are well-studied, little is known about how types of work, gender, and body shape influence bone and joint health in non-Western and minimally shod communities. This study examines the effect of human variation on locomotor disability in an agrarian community in Madagascar. MATERIALS AND METHODS Foot measurements were collected along with height, weight, age, and self-report data on daily activity and foot and ankle pain from 41 male and 48 female adults. A short form revised foot function index (FFI-R), that measures functional disability related to foot pain, was calculated. Raw and normalized foot measurements were compared by gender and used in a multiple linear regression model to determine predictors of FFI-R. RESULTS Compared to men, women reported higher FFI-R scores (p = 0.014), spent more time on their feet (p = 0.019), and had higher BMIs (p = 0.0001). For their weight, women had significantly smaller and narrower feet than men. Bimalleolar breadth (p = 0.0005) and foot length (p = 0.0223) standardized by height, time spent on feet (p = 0.0102), ankle circumference standardized by weight (p = 0.0316), and age (p = 0.0090) were significant predictors of FFI-R score. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that human variation in anatomical and behavioral patterns serve as significant explanations for increased foot and ankle pain in women in this non-Western rural population. Foot and ankle pain were prevalent at similar levels to those in industrialized populations, indicating that research should continue to examine its effect on similar barefoot/minimally shod communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Tasnim
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Schmitt
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angel Zeininger
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Bovonsunthonchai S, Thong-On S, Vachalathiti R, Intiravoranont W, Suwannarat S, Smith R. Thai version of the foot function index: a cross-cultural adaptation with reliability and validity evaluation. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2020; 12:56. [PMID: 32944253 PMCID: PMC7488097 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-020-00206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The study aimed to translate the foot function index (FFI) questionnaire to Thai and to determine psychometric properties of the questionnaire among individuals with plantar foot complaints. Methods The Thai version of the FFI (FFI-Th) was adapted according to a forward and backward translation protocol by two independent translators and analyzed by a linguist and a committee. The FFI-Th was administered among 49 individuals with plantar foot complaints to determine internal consistency, reliability, and validity. Cronbach’s alpha and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC3,1) were used to test the internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The Principal Component Analysis with varimax rotation method was used to test the factor structure and construct validity. Furthermore, the criterion validity was tested using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (rp) between the FFI-Th and the visual analogue pain scale (pain-VAS) as well as the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). Results The FFI-Th showed good to excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability in the total score, pain, disability, and activity limitation subscales. The Principal Component Analysis produced 4 principal factors from the FFI-Th items. Criterion validity of the FFI-Th total score showed moderate to strong correlations with pain-VAS and EQ-5D-5L, and EQ-VAS scores. Conclusion The FFI-Th was a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess the foot function in a Thai population. Trial registration NCT03161314 (08/05/2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunee Bovonsunthonchai
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170 Thailand
| | - Suthasinee Thong-On
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170 Thailand
| | - Roongtiwa Vachalathiti
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170 Thailand
| | - Warinda Intiravoranont
- Physical Therapy Center, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Sarawut Suwannarat
- Physical Therapy Center, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Richard Smith
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
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Arnold JB, Halstead J, Grainger AJ, Keenan AM, Hill CL, Redmond AC. Foot and Leg Muscle Weakness in People With Midfoot Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 73:772-780. [PMID: 32170831 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare foot and leg muscle strength in people with symptomatic midfoot osteoarthritis (OA) with asymptomatic controls, and to determine the association between muscle strength, foot pain, and disability. METHODS Participants with symptomatic midfoot OA and asymptomatic controls were recruited for this cross-sectional study from general practices and community health clinics. The maximum isometric muscle strength of the ankle plantarflexors, dorsiflexors, invertors and evertors, and the hallux and lesser toe plantarflexors was measured using hand-held dynamometry. Self-reported foot pain and foot-related disability were assessed with the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index. Differences in muscle strength were compared between groups. Multivariable regression was used to determine the association between muscle strength, foot pain, and disability after adjusting for covariates. RESULTS People with midfoot OA (n = 52) exhibited strength deficits in all muscle groups, ranging from 19% (dorsiflexors) to 30% (invertors) relative to the control group (n = 36), with effect sizes of 0.6-1.1 (P < 0.001). In those with midfoot OA, ankle invertor muscle strength was negatively and independently associated with foot pain (β = -0.026 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) -0.051, -0.001]; P = 0.045). Invertor muscle strength was negatively associated with foot-related disability, although not after adjustment for depressive symptoms (β = -0.023 [95% CI -0.063, 0.017]; P = 0.250). CONCLUSION People with symptomatic midfoot OA demonstrate weakness in the foot and leg muscles compared to asymptomatic controls. Preliminary indications from this study suggest that strengthening of the foot and leg muscles may offer potential to reduce pain and improve function in people with midfoot OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Arnold
- University of Leeds, NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds, UK, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Jill Halstead
- University of Leeds, NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, and Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrew J Grainger
- University of Leeds, NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Anne-Maree Keenan
- University of Leeds, NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds, UK
| | - Catherine L Hill
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Anthony C Redmond
- University of Leeds, NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds, UK
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Gates LS, Arden NK, Hannan MT, Roddy E, Gill TK, Hill CL, Dufour AB, Rathod-Mistry T, Thomas MJ, Menz HB, Bowen CJ, Golightly YM. Prevalence of Foot Pain Across an International Consortium of Population-Based Cohorts. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 71:661-670. [PMID: 30592547 PMCID: PMC6483849 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Despite the potential burden of foot pain, some of the most fundamental epidemiologic questions surrounding the foot remain poorly explored. The prevalence of foot pain has proven to be difficult to compare across existing studies due to variations in case definitions. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of foot pain in several international population‐based cohorts using original data and to explore differences in the case definitions used. Methods Foot pain variables were examined in 5 cohorts: the Chingford 1000 Women Study, the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, the Framingham Foot Study, the Clinical Assessment Study of the Foot, and the North West Adelaide Health Study. One question about foot pain was chosen from each cohort based on its similarity to the American College of Rheumatology pain question. Results The precise definition of foot pain varied between the cohorts. The prevalence of foot pain ranged from 13% to 36% and was lowest in the cohort in which the case definition specific to pain was used, compared to the 4 remaining cohorts in which a definition included components of pain, aching, or stiffness. Foot pain was generally more prevalent in women and obese individuals and generally increased with age, with the prevalence being much lower in younger participants (ages 20–44 years). Conclusion Foot pain is common and is associated with female sex, older age, and obesity. Estimates of the prevalence of foot pain are likely to be affected by the case definition used. Therefore, in future population studies, the use of consistent measures of data collection must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy S Gates
- University of Southampton, Southampton, and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nigel K Arden
- University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Edward Roddy
- Keele University and Haywood Hospital, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Tiffany K Gill
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine L Hill
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide and The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
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13
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Keenan AM, Drake C, Conaghan PG, Tennant A. The prevalence and impact of self-reported foot and ankle pain in the over 55 age group: a secondary data analysis from a large community sample. J Foot Ankle Res 2019; 12:53. [PMID: 31788030 PMCID: PMC6858640 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-019-0363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While the prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal problems are high, most attention has been directed towards the back, knee and hip disorders. Foot pain is known to be common in older adults and accounts for a significant burden on health services. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of foot and ankle joint pain, considering age, presence of co-morbidities and other site joint pain, in a large community sample. Methods In the North Yorkshire Health study, 16,222 people over 55 years participated in a detailed survey of the prevalence and impact of lower limb joint problems. Self-assessment of overall body pain and functional activities of daily living were assessed. Participants indicated the presence of joint pain, stiffness or swelling during the last 3 months which had lasted for more than 6 weeks on a manikin: data were captured on the foot and the ankle. Results The prevalence of self-reported foot and ankle joint pain was substantial: 184.33 per 1000, second only to knee problems. While foot pain was common, it was mostly associated with joint pain at other sites; only 1 in 11 of those with foot and ankle pain reported it only in the foot. Logistic regression modeling revealed while established factors such as co-morbidities, knee and hip problems contributed to functional impairment, foot and ankle problems contributed to an additional increased risk of having difficulty standing and walking by two fold (OR = 2.314, 95%CI 2.061–2.598), going up and down stairs by 71% (OR = 1.711, 95%CI 1.478–1.980) and getting up from a seated position by 44% (OR = 1.438, 95%CI 1.197–1.729). Conclusion These results suggest that not only are foot problems in the over 55 age group extremely prevalent, they have a considerable impact on functional abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Maree Keenan
- 1NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, Leeds, England
| | - Chris Drake
- 2Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds, England
| | - Philip G Conaghan
- 3Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, University of Leeds, Leeds, England
| | - Alan Tennant
- 4Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England
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14
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Hendry GJ, Fenocchi L, Woodburn J, Steultjens M. Foot pain and foot health in an educated population of adults: results from the Glasgow Caledonian University Alumni Foot Health Survey. J Foot Ankle Res 2018; 11:48. [PMID: 30140313 PMCID: PMC6098653 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-018-0290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Foot pain is common amongst the general population and impacts negatively on physical function and quality of life. Associations between personal health characteristics, lifestyle/behaviour factors and foot pain have been studied; however, the role of wider determinants of health on foot pain have received relatively little attention. Objectives of this study are i) to describe foot pain and foot health characteristics in an educated population of adults; ii) to explore associations between moderate-to-severe foot pain and a variety of factors including gender, age, medical conditions/co-morbidity/multi-morbidity, key indicators of general health, foot pathologies, and social determinants of health; and iii) to evaluate associations between moderate-to-severe foot pain and foot function, foot health and health-related quality-of-life. Methods Between February and March 2018, Glasgow Caledonian University Alumni with a working email address were invited to participate in the cross-sectional electronic survey (anonymously) by email via the Glasgow Caledonian University Alumni Office. The survey was constructed using the REDCap secure web online survey application and sought information on presence/absence of moderate-to-severe foot pain, patient characteristics (age, body mass index, socioeconomic status, occupation class, comorbidities, and foot pathologies). Prevalence data were expressed as absolute frequencies and percentages. Multivariate logistic and linear regressions were undertaken to identify associations 1) between independent variables and moderate-to-severe foot pain, and 2) between moderate-to-severe foot pain and foot function, foot health and health-related quality of life. Results Of 50,228 invitations distributed, there were 7707 unique views and 593 valid completions (median age [inter-quartile range] 42 [31–52], 67.3% female) of the survey (7.7% response rate). The sample was comprised predominantly of white Scottish/British (89.4%) working age adults (95%), the majority of whom were overweight or obese (57.9%), and in either full-time or part-time employment (82.5%) as professionals (72.5%). Over two-thirds (68.5%) of the sample were classified in the highest 6 deciles (most affluent) of social deprivation. Moderate-to-severe foot pain affected 236/593 respondents (39.8%). High body mass index, presence of bunions, back pain, rheumatoid arthritis, hip pain and lower occupation class were included in the final multivariate model and all were significantly and independently associated with moderate-to-severe foot pain (p < 0.05), except for rheumatoid arthritis (p = 0.057). Moderate-to-severe foot pain was significantly and independently associated lower foot function, foot health and health-related quality of life scores following adjustment for age, gender and body mass index (p < 0.05). Conclusions Moderate-to-severe foot pain was highly prevalent in a university-educated population and was independently associated with female gender, high body mass index, bunions, back pain, hip pain and lower occupational class. Presence of moderate-to-severe foot pain was associated with worse scores for foot function, foot health and health-related quality-of-life. Education attainment does not appear to be protective against moderate-to-severe foot pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J Hendry
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA Scotland, UK
| | - Linda Fenocchi
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA Scotland, UK
| | - Jim Woodburn
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA Scotland, UK
| | - Martijn Steultjens
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA Scotland, UK
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15
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Walsh TP, Quinn SJ, Evans AM, Yaxley A, Chisholm JA, Kow L, Shanahan EM. Fat mass, but not fat-free mass, predicts increased foot pain with obesity, independent of bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2018; 14:1389-1395. [PMID: 30057094 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot pain is a common manifestation of obesity. OBJECTIVE To determine if bariatric surgery is associated with a reduction in foot pain and if body mass index (BMI) or body composition predict a change in foot pain. SETTING University hospital. METHODS Participants with foot pain awaiting bariatric surgery were recruited for this prospective study. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine predictors of change in foot pain between baseline and 6-month follow-up using body composition (fat mass index and fat-free mass index) or BMI, adjusting for, depression, age, sex, and group (surgery versus control). RESULTS Forty-five participants (38 female), mean ± standard deviation age of 45.7 ± 9.4 years, were recruited for this study. Twenty-nine participants mean ± standard deviation BMI of 44.8 ± 7.0 kg underwent bariatric surgery, while 16 participants mean ± standard deviation BMI of 47.9 ± 5.2 kg were on the waiting list (control). One participant was lost to follow-up. The treatment group lost a mean of 24.3 kg (95% confidence interval [CI] 21.1-27.5), while the control group gained 1.2 kg (95% CI -2.5 to 4.9), respectively. In multivariable analysis, bariatric surgery was significantly associated with reduced foot pain at 6-month follow-up -32.6 points (95% CI -43.8 to -21.4, P < .001), while fat mass index was significantly associated with increased pain at follow-up 1.5 points (95% CI .2 to 2.8, P = .027), after controlling for fat-free mass index, age, sex, and depression. CONCLUSIONS Bariatric surgery was significantly associated with reduced foot pain. Higher baseline fat mass index, but not fat-free mass index or BMI, was predictive of increased foot pain at follow-up. Foot pain may be mediated by metabolic, rather than mechanical, factors in bariatric surgery candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom P Walsh
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Stephen J Quinn
- Department of Statistics, Data Science and Epidemiology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angela M Evans
- Discipline of Podiatry, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison Yaxley
- Nutrition & Dietetics, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jacob A Chisholm
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lilian Kow
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - E Michael Shanahan
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia; Department of Rheumatology, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia
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16
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Walsh TP, Gill TK, Evans AM, Yaxley A, Chisholm JA, Kow L, Arnold JB, Shanahan EM. Changes in foot pain, structure and function following bariatric surgery. J Foot Ankle Res 2018; 11:35. [PMID: 29988337 PMCID: PMC6022514 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-018-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bariatric surgery candidates have a high prevalence of foot pain, depression and elevated plantar pressures. There is, however, limited research into how these factors interact pre- and post-surgery. The aims of this study were therefore to investigate the mechanical and non-mechanical factors associated with foot pain severity before, and the change after, surgery. Methods Bariatric surgery candidates underwent baseline and six-month follow-up measures. Foot pain was measured with the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire. Mechanical measures included body mass index (BMI), dynamic plantar pressures, radiographic foot posture, and hindfoot range of motion. Depressive symptoms, the non-mechanical measure, were assessed by questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine which variables were associated with foot pain at baseline and at follow-up. Multilevel repeated models assessed the associations between foot pain and plantar pressure, adjusting for the interaction between group and follow-up time. Results Forty-five participants (84% female), with mean (SD) age of 45.7 (9.4) years were recruited. Twenty-nine participants had bariatric surgery and 16 participants remained on the waiting list (controls). Following bariatric surgery, foot pain reduced significantly by - 35.7 points (95% CI -42.2 to - 28.8), while depressive symptoms and whole foot peak pressures had a significant mean change of - 5.9 points (95% CI -10.3 to - 1.5) and - 36 kPa (95% CI -50 to - 22), respectively. In multivariable analysis, depressive symptoms were associated with foot pain at baseline β = 0.7 (95% CI 0.2 to 1.2) after controlling for age, gender, BMI, foot posture and plantar pressure. Depressive symptoms were also associated with foot pain at follow-up in those undergoing bariatric surgery, β = 1.2 (95% CI 0.8 to 1.7). Foot posture and hindfoot range of motion did not change following surgery and a change in plantar pressures was not associated with a change in foot pain. Conclusions Foot pain severity in bariatric surgery candidates was associated with depressive symptoms at baseline. Reduced foot pain following bariatric surgery was associated with an improvement in depressive symptoms, without a significant change in foot posture or foot function. Foot pain severity in bariatric candidates may be mediated by non-mechanical or non-local factors before and following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom P Walsh
- 1College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia.,2Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia 5011 Australia
| | - Tiffany K Gill
- 3Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Angela M Evans
- 4Discipline of Podiatry, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Alison Yaxley
- 5Nutrition & Dietetics, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Jacob A Chisholm
- 6Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Lilian Kow
- 6Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - John B Arnold
- 7Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - E Michael Shanahan
- 1College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia.,Department of Rheumatology, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia
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17
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McQueen P, Gates L, Marshall M, Doherty M, Arden N, Bowen C. The effect of variation in interpretation of the La Trobe radiographic foot atlas on the prevalence of foot osteoarthritis in older women: the Chingford general population cohort. J Foot Ankle Res 2017; 10:54. [PMID: 29234466 PMCID: PMC5723087 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-017-0239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of foot osteoarthritis (OA) is much less understood than hip, knee and hand OA. The foot is anatomically complex and different researchers have investigated different joints with lack of methodological standardisation across studies. The La Trobe Foot Atlas (LFA) is the first to address these issues in providing quantitative assessment of radiographic foot OA, but has not been tested externally. The aim of this study was to evaluate three different interpretive approaches to using the LFA for grading OA when scoring is difficult due to indistinct views of interosseous space and joint contour. Methods Foot radiographs of all remaining participants (n = 218) assessed in the Chingford Women Study 23 year visit (mean (SD) for age: 75.5 years (5.1)) were scored using the LFA defined protocol (Technique 1). Two revised scoring strategies were applied to the radiographs in addition to the standard LFA analyses. Technique 2 categorised joints that were difficult to grade as ‘missing’. Technique 3 included joints that were difficult to grade as an over estimated score. Radiographic OA prevalence was defined for the foot both collectively and separately for individual joints. Results When radiographs were scored using the LFA (Technique 1), radiographic foot OA was present in 89.9%. For Technique 2 the presence of radiographic foot OA was 83.5% and for Technique 3 it was 97.2%. At the individual joint level, using Technique 1, the presence of radiographic foot OA was higher with a wider range (18.3–74.3%) than Technique 2 (17.9–46.3%) and lower with a wider range (18.3–74.3%) than Technique 3 (39.9–79.4%). Conclusion The three different ways of interpreting the LFA scoring system when grading of individual joints is technically difficult and result in very different estimates of foot OA prevalence at both the individual joint and global foot level. Agreement on the best strategy is required to improve comparability between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McQueen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus Building 45, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK.,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Lucy Gates
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus Building 45, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK.,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michelle Marshall
- Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Research Institute for Primary Care & Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Michael Doherty
- Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre and Academic Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nigel Arden
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Catherine Bowen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus Building 45, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK.,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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18
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Gill TK, Menz HB, Landorf KB, Arnold JB, Taylor AW, Hill CL. Identification of Clusters of Foot Pain Location in a Community Sample. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2017; 69:1903-1908. [PMID: 28229556 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify foot pain clusters according to pain location in a community-based sample of the general population. METHODS This study analyzed data from the North West Adelaide Health Study. Data were obtained between 2004 and 2006, using computer-assisted telephone interviewing, clinical assessment, and self-completed questionnaire. The location of foot pain was assessed using a diagram during the clinical assessment. Hierarchical cluster analysis was undertaken to identify foot pain location clusters, which were then compared in relation to demographics, comorbidities, and podiatry services utilization. RESULTS There were 558 participants with foot pain (mean age 54.4 years, 57.5% female). Five clusters were identified: 1 with predominantly arch and ball pain (26.8%), 1 with rearfoot pain (20.9%), 1 with heel pain (13.3%), and 2 with predominantly forefoot, toe, and nail pain (28.3% and 10.7%). Each cluster was distinct in age, sex, and comorbidity profile. Of the two clusters with predominantly forefoot, toe, and nail pain, one of them had a higher proportion of men and those classified as obese, had diabetes mellitus, and used podiatry services (30%), while the other was comprised of a higher proportion of women who were overweight and reported less use of podiatry services (17.5%). CONCLUSION Five clusters of foot pain according to pain location were identified, all with distinct age, sex, and comorbidity profiles. These findings may assist in the identification of individuals at risk for developing foot pain and in the development of targeted preventive strategies and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany K Gill
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Karl B Landorf
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia, and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John B Arnold
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anne W Taylor
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine L Hill
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
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