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Satué K, Fazio E, Damiá E, Barbiera G, Medica P, Cravana C. Effect of age on androgens pattern in cyclic mares. Res Vet Sci 2024; 173:105276. [PMID: 38677075 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Androgens are produced in both sexes. In females produced by the adrenal gland and the ovaries they play a crucial role in regulating ovarian function, estrogen synthesis and follicular growth. Age leads to a reduction in androgen concentrations, although, at present, these mechanisms are not elucidated in mares. The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of testosterone (T), androstenedione (A4) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in mares of different ages. Blood samples were drawn from seventy cyclic Spanish Purebred mares belonging to five age groups: 3-5 years, 6-9 years, 10-13 years, 14-16 years and > 16 years. The concentrations of T, A4 and DHEA were determined by EIA, validated specifically for horses. Mares aged 3-5, 6-9 and 10-13 years had higher T concentrations (P < 0.05) than mares aged >16 years, and mares aged 6-9 years had also higher concentrations than those 14-16 years old (P < 0.05). A4 concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) in mares >16 years old when compared with those of other age groups. DHEA concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) in mares 14-16 years and > 16 years old when compared with those of other age groups. DHEA was positively correlated with T (r = 0.61; P < 0.05) and A4 (r = 0.51; P < 0.05). Age induces reduction in androgens' synthesis in physiologically cyclic Spanish Purebred mares. These physiological variations must be duly considered for a correct and objective interpretation of the analytical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Via Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Elena Damiá
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Via Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Cravana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Via Palatucci 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
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2
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Torkzadeh T, Asadi Z, Jafari Atrabi M, Eivazkhani F, Khodadi M, Hajiaghalou S, Akbarinejad V, Fathi R. Optimisation of hormonal treatment to improve follicular development in one-day-old mice ovaries cultured under in vitro condition. Reprod Fertil Dev 2023; 35:733-749. [PMID: 37995332 DOI: 10.1071/rd23027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Base medium containing knock-out serum replacement (KSR) has been found to support formation and maintenance of follicles in one-day-old mice ovaries, but has not been shown to properly support activation and growth of primordial follicles. AIMS The present study was conducted to tailor the hormonal content of base medium containing KSR to enhance development of primordial follicles in neonatal ovaries. METHODS One-day-old mice ovaries were initially cultured with base medium for four days, and then, different hormonal treatments were added to the culture media and the culture was proceeded for four additional days until day eight. Ovaries were collected for histological and molecular assessments on days four and eight. KEY RESULTS In experiment I, the main and interactive effects of FSH and testosterone were investigated and FSH promoted activation of primordial follicles and development of primary and preantral follicles, and upregulated genes of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (Pi3k ), KIT ligand (Kitl ), growth differentiation factor 9 (Gdf9 ) and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (Fshr ) (P Bmp15 ), Connexin-43 (Cx43 ) and luteinising hormone and choriogonadotropin receptor (Lhcgr ) (P P Lhcgr (P P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of culture medium containing KSR with gonadotropins, particularly hMG, could improve follicular growth and expression of factors regulating follicular development. IMPLICATIONS This study was a step forward in formulating an optimal medium for development of follicles in cultured one-day-old mice ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahoura Torkzadeh
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadi
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; and Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73014, USA
| | - Mohammad Jafari Atrabi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; and Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research (DPZ), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Farideh Eivazkhani
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Khodadi
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Hajiaghalou
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Akbarinejad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouhollah Fathi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Zhu Q, Li Y, Ma J, Ma H, Liang X. Potential factors result in diminished ovarian reserve: a comprehensive review. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:208. [PMID: 37880734 PMCID: PMC10598941 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ovarian reserve is defined as the quantity of oocytes stored in the ovary or the number of oocytes that can be recruited. Ovarian reserve can be affected by many factors, including hormones, metabolites, initial ovarian reserve, environmental problems, diseases, and medications, among others. With the trend of postponing of pregnancy in modern society, diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) has become one of the most common challenges in current clinical reproductive medicine. Attributed to its unclear mechanism and complex clinical features, it is difficult for physicians to administer targeted treatment. This review focuses on the factors associated with ovarian reserve and discusses the potential influences and pathogenic factors that may explain the possible mechanisms of DOR, which can be improved or built upon by subsequent researchers to verify, replicate, and establish further study findings, as well as for scientists to find new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Zhu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Ma
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Ma
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Gynecologic Oncology Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1, Donggangxi Rd, Chengguan District, 730000, Lanzhou, China.
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4
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Tsai YR, Liao YN, Kang HY. Current Advances in Cellular Approaches for Pathophysiology and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Cells 2023; 12:2189. [PMID: 37681921 PMCID: PMC10487183 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent gynecological and endocrine disorder that results in irregular menstruation, incomplete follicular development, disrupted ovulation, and reduced fertility rates among affected women of reproductive age. While these symptoms can be managed through appropriate medication and lifestyle interventions, both etiology and treatment options remain limited. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in cellular approaches utilized for investigating the pathophysiology of PCOS through in vitro cell models, to avoid the confounding systemic effects such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy. The primary objective is to enhance the understanding of abnormalities in PCOS-associated folliculogenesis, particularly focusing on the aberrant roles of granulosa cells and other relevant cell types. Furthermore, this article encompasses analyses of the mechanisms and signaling pathways, microRNA expression and target genes altered in PCOS, and explores the pharmacological approaches considered as potential treatments. By summarizing the aforementioned key findings, this article not only allows us to appreciate the value of using in vitro cell models, but also provides guidance for selecting suitable research models to facilitate the identification of potential treatments and understand the pathophysiology of PCOS at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- An-Ten Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Kaohsiung City 802, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Nung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yo Kang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Center for Hormone and Reproductive Medicine Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan
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Morton AJ, Candelaria JI, McDonnell SP, Zgodzay DP, Denicol AC. Review: Roles of follicle-stimulating hormone in preantral folliculogenesis of domestic animals: what can we learn from model species and where do we go from here? Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 1:100743. [PMID: 37567683 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The pituitary gonadotropin FSH is a glycoprotein critical for the development of ovarian follicles. Upon binding to its G protein-coupled membrane receptor located on the granulosa cells of ovarian follicles, FSH elicits a cascade of downstream intracellular responses to promote follicle growth, maturation and steroidogenic activity, leading to the acquisition of meiotic and developmental competence of the enclosed oocyte. The essential role of FSH for proper antral follicle development and fertility is indisputable; over the decades, increasing evidence has also pointed toward survival and growth-promoting effects elicited by FSH in earlier-stage preantral follicles, deeming these follicles FSH-responsive as opposed to the FSH-dependent antral follicles. Transgenic mouse models lacking GnRH1, Fshβ or Fshr clearly demonstrate this difference by showing that, morphologically, preantral follicles develop to the secondary stage without FSH signaling; however, exogenous expression or administration of FSH to hormone-deficient mice promotes preantral follicle development, with more pronounced effects seen in earlier stages (i.e., primary follicles). In hypophysectomized sheep, FSH administration also promotes the growth of primary-stage preantral follicles. However, in vivo studies in this area are more challenging to perform in domestic animals compared to rodents, and therefore most of the research to date has been done in vitro. Here, we present the existing evidence for a role of FSH in regulating the growth and survival of preantral follicles from data generated in rodents and domestic animals. We provide an overview of the process of folliculogenesis, FSH synthesis and cellular signaling, and the response to FSH by preantral follicles in vivo and in vitro, as well as interactions between FSH and other molecules to regulate preantral folliculogenesis. The widespread use of FSH in ovarian stimulation programs for assisted reproduction creates a real need for a better understanding of the effects of FSH beyond stimulation of antral follicle growth, and more research in this area could lead to the development of more effective fertility programs. In addition to its importance as an agricultural species, the cow provides a desirable model for humans regarding ovarian stimulation due to similar timing of folliculogenesis and follicle size, as well as similar ovarian architecture. The refinement of minimally invasive methods to allow the study of preantral folliculogenesis in live animals will be critical to understand the short- and long-term effects of FSH in ovarian folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Morton
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Juliana I Candelaria
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Stephanie P McDonnell
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Daniel P Zgodzay
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Anna C Denicol
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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Devillers MM, François CM, Chester M, Corre R, Cluzet V, Giton F, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Guigon CJ. Androgen receptor signaling regulates follicular growth and steroidogenesis in interaction with gonadotropins in the ovary during mini-puberty in mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1130681. [PMID: 37152943 PMCID: PMC10154677 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1130681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In females, androgens contribute to ovarian diseases such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), but their action is also crucial for ovarian physiology, i.e., follicular growth and estradiol (E2) synthesis during reproductive life, in interaction with the gonadotropins LH and FSH. However, it is unclear whether androgens already play a role in the ovary at mini-puberty, a phase of postnatal development with active follicular growth and high E2 levels. Therefore, we analyzed the potential actions of androgens on the ovary and their possible interaction with gonadotropins during this period in mice. We used molecular-based studies and pharmacological approaches in vivo and on cultured ovaries. We found that mini-pubertal ovaries produce significant amounts of testosterone and display androgen receptor (AR) expression in growing follicles, both under the control of LH. By blocking AR signaling either in vivo or in ovarian cultures, we found that this pathway may participate in the regulation of prepubertal E2 synthesis and follicular growth, possibly by regulating the expression of a number of key intra-ovarian regulators, including FSH receptor (Fshr), the aromatase enzyme converting androgens into estrogens (Cyp19a1) and the cell cycle inhibitor p27KIP1 (Cdkn1b). We further showed that AR may stimulate FSH-mediated regulation of Cyp19a1 through its action on Fshr mRNA abundance. Overall, this work supports the idea that AR signaling is already activated in mini-pubertal ovaries to regulate E2 synthesis and follicular growth, at the interplay with LH and FSH signaling. Its early action may, thus, contribute to the implementation of early ovarian function with possible impacts on reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie M. Devillers
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte M. François
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Chester
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Corre
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Victoria Cluzet
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Frank Giton
- AP-HP, Pôle biologie-Pathologie Henri Mondor, Inserm IMRB U955, Créteil, France
| | - Joëlle Cohen-Tannoudji
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Céline J. Guigon
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Céline J. Guigon,
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Esencan E, Beroukhim G, Seifer DB. Age-related changes in Folliculogenesis and potential modifiers to improve fertility outcomes - A narrative review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2022; 20:156. [PMID: 36397149 PMCID: PMC9670479 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-022-01033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive aging is characterized by a decline in oocyte quantity and quality, which is directly associated with a decline in reproductive potential, as well as poorer reproductive success and obstetrical outcomes. As women delay childbearing, understanding the mechanisms of ovarian aging and follicular depletion have become increasingly more relevant. Age-related meiotic errors in oocytes are well established. In addition, it is also important to understand how intraovarian regulators change with aging and how certain treatments can mitigate the impact of aging. Individual studies have demonstrated that reproductive pathways involving antimullerian hormone (AMH), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), neurotropins, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and mitochondrial function are pivotal for healthy oocyte and cumulus cell development and are altered with increasing age. We provide a comprehensive review of these individual studies and explain how these factors change in oocytes, cumulus cells, and follicular fluid. We also summarize how modifiers of folliculogenesis, such as vitamin D, coenzyme Q, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may be used to potentially overcome age-related changes and enhance fertility outcomes of aged follicles, as evidenced by human and rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Esencan
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Gabriela Beroukhim
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David B Seifer
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
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Noroozzadeh M, Salehi Jahromi M, Gholami H, Amiri M, Ramezani Tehrani F. Ovarian expression of follicle stimulating hormone and activin receptors genes in a prenatally-androgenized rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome in adulthood. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:7765-7771. [PMID: 35668149 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of genes involved in basic pathways, such as folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis may be affected following prenatal androgen exposure. Besides, exposure to androgens during prenatal life plays a central role in developing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in females in later life. In the present study, we aimed to examine the expression of the follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and activin receptor (actR) genes in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) of a prenatally-androgenized rat model of PCOS in adulthood. METHODS AND RESULTS In the adult rat model of PCOS and their controls (n = 8 in each group), different phases of the estrous cycle were determined by vaginal smear. Total RNA was extracted from the ovarian GCs using the TRIzol protocol, a reverse transcription kit was used for complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis, and the expression of FSHR and actR genes was measured by SYBR-Green Real-Time PCR. GraphPad Prism was used for statistical analysis of data, and the t-Student's test was used to compare the results between the two groups. PCOS rats had longer and irregular estrous cycles compared to controls. The expression of FSHR and actR genes were significantly decreased in the rat model of PCOS compared to control rats. In PCOS rats, genes expression ratios for FSHR and actR were 0.91 ± 0.11 times (P = 0.008) and 0.42 ± 0.13 times (P = 0.048) less than controls, respectively. CONCLUSION Reduced expression of the FSHR and actR genes in ovarian GCs may be one of the mechanisms mediating PCOS-related disorders, especially abnormal ovarian folliculogenesis and ovulation dysfunction, following exposure to androgens during fetal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Noroozzadeh
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 23 Arabi Ave, Yaman Street, Velenjak, 1985717413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Salehi Jahromi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Hanieh Gholami
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Amiri
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 23 Arabi Ave, Yaman Street, Velenjak, 1985717413, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 23 Arabi Ave, Yaman Street, Velenjak, 1985717413, Tehran, Iran.
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Witek P, Grzesiak M, Koziorowski M, Slomczynska M, Knapczyk-Stwora K. Long-Term Changes in Ovarian Follicles of Gilts Exposed Neonatally to Methoxychlor: Effects on Oocyte-Derived Factors, Anti-Müllerian Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, and Cognate Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052780. [PMID: 35269923 PMCID: PMC8911393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we investigated the effects of neonatal exposure to methoxychlor (MXC), a synthetic organochlorine used as an insecticide with estrogenic, antiestrogenic, and antiandrogenic activities on ovarian follicles of adult pigs. Piglets were injected with MXC (20 μg/kg body weight) or corn oil (controls) from postnatal Day 1 to Day 10 (n = 5 per group). Then, mRNA expression, protein abundance and immunolocalization of growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and cognate receptors (ACVR1, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, TGFBR1, BMPR2, and AMHR2), as well as FSH receptor (FSHR) were examined in preantral and small antral ovarian follicles of sexually mature gilts. The plasma AMH and FSH levels were also assessed. In preantral follicles, neonatal exposure to MXC increased GDF9, BMPR1B, TGFBR1, and BMPR2 mRNAs, while the levels of AMH and BMP15 mRNAs decreased. In addition, MXC also decreased BMP15 and BMPR1B protein abundance. Regarding small antral follicles, neonatal exposure to MXC upregulated mRNAs for BMPR1B, BMPR2, and AMHR2 and downregulated mRNAs for AMH, BMPR1A, and FSHR. MXC decreased the protein abundance of AMH, and all examined receptors in small antral follicles. GDF9 and BMP15 were immunolocalized in oocytes and granulosa cells of preantral follicles of control and treated ovaries. All analyzed receptors were detected in the oocytes and granulosa cells of preantral follicles, and in the granulosa and theca cells of small antral follicles. The exception, however, was FSHR, which was detected only in the granulosa cells of small antral follicles. In addition, MXC decreased the plasma AMH and FSH concentrations. In conclusion, the present study may indicate long-term effects of neonatal MXC exposure on GDF9, BMP15, AMH, and FSH signaling in ovaries of adult pigs. However, the MXC effects varied at different stages of follicular development. It seems that neonatal MXC exposure may result in accelerated initial recruitment of ovarian follicles and impaired cyclic recruitment of antral follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Witek
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.G.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (K.K.-S.)
| | - Małgorzata Grzesiak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Marek Koziorowski
- Department of Physiology and Reproduction of Animals, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100 Kolbuszowa, Poland;
| | - Maria Slomczynska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Knapczyk-Stwora
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.G.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (K.K.-S.)
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Systemic and Intrafollicular Androgen Concentrations in Cycling Mares. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 106:103759. [PMID: 34670694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The evidence that androgens regulate the folliculogenesis supports the hypothesis that intrafollicular testosterone (T), androstenedione (A4) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) could be modified along follicular growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes and related relationships between systemic and intrafollicular T, A4 and DHEA in post-deviation and impending ovulation follicles. Sixty ovaries were taken after the slaughter of 30 clinically healthy mares. In according to the sizes, the follicles were classified in 3 different categories, as small (20-30 mm), medium (31-40 mm) and large (≥ 41 mm), and the follicular fluid (FF) samplings were extracted from each single follicle. Intrafollicular concentrations of T, A4, and DHEA were significantly higher than systemic ones. Intrafollicular and systemic T and A4 concentrations were strongly and positively correlated, and DHEA negatively. A4 was the predominant androgen in FF. T and A4 were positively and DHEA negatively correlated with the follicular diameter. T and A4 significantly increased in large and medium than small follicle sizes. DHEA was significantly higher in small than medium and large follicle size. The increase of intrafollicular androgens suggests the presence of androgenic environment based in the biotransformation of DHEA in A4 and later in T in the follicles, and the progressive oestradiol-17β (E2) production with the advance of follicular growth. The evidence of significant correlations between systemic and intrafollicular androgens considerably helps to understanding more deeply the role of these steroids in the physiology of follicular development in the mare, adding a new segment of scientific literature.
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11
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Kim SH, Yoon JT. Morphological changes in mouse ovary due to hormonal hypersecretion and matrix metalloproteinase -2 activity. Histol Histopathol 2021; 36:527-534. [PMID: 33620082 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed whether aberrant gonadotropin secretion affects the morphological remodeling of murine ovarian tissues facilitated by activated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes. Six mice were intraperitoneally injected with 5 IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) every two days after estrus synchronization. Morphology and expression of various MMPs were assessed following the successful induction of hormonal secretion in these tissues. HCG treatment, but not PMSG treatment, resulted in the expanded production of granulose second follicular cells. In addition, the number of developing follicular cells in the HCG group increased compared with that in the PMSG group. Ovarian diameters were also very small in the PMSG group. Immunohistochemistry revealed decreased MMP-2 protein activity in the HCG group and increased MMP-2 activity in the PMSG group. Activity was particularly high in theca and granulose cells of the PMSG group, but only partial activity was observed in the theca cells of the HCG group. Vascular endothelial growth factor activity was increased in both the external and internal theca cell walls in the PMSG group while the HCG group showed high overall expression of this protein in the internal theca cells. These data indicate that follicular cell activity and remodeling of the ovaries differ based on the type of secretory hormone signals they receive. Inappropriate gonadotropin secretion may induce functional changes in the ovaries, and follicular remodeling may be facilitated by the activity of various MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hwan Kim
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Jungang-ro, Ansung, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jong-Taek Yoon
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Jungang-ro, Ansung, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Animal Life and Environment Science, Hankyong National University, Jungang-ro, Ansung, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
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12
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Neves AR, Montoya-Botero P, Polyzos NP. The Role of Androgen Supplementation in Women With Diminished Ovarian Reserve: Time to Randomize, Not Meta-Analyze. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:653857. [PMID: 34079524 PMCID: PMC8165260 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.653857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) remains one of the most challenging tasks in IVF clinical practice. Despite the promising results obtained from animal studies regarding the importance of androgens on folliculogenesis, the evidence obtained from clinical studies remains inconclusive. This is mainly due to the lack of an evidence-based methodology applied in the available trials and to the heterogeneity in the inclusion criteria and IVF treatment protocols. In this review, we analyze the available evidence obtained from animal studies and highlight the pitfalls from the clinical studies that prevent us from closing the chapter of this line of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel Neves
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Pedro Montoya-Botero
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Conceptum – Unidad de Fertilidad del Country, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nikolaos P. Polyzos
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University (UZ Gent), Gent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Nikolaos P. Polyzos,
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13
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Yang L, Xu H, Chen Y, Miao C, Zhao Y, Xing Y, Zhang Q. Melatonin: Multi-Target Mechanism Against Diminished Ovarian Reserve Based on Network Pharmacology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:630504. [PMID: 33959095 PMCID: PMC8095380 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.630504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) significantly increases the risk of female infertility and contributes to reproductive technology failure. Recently, the role of melatonin in improving ovarian reserve (OR) has attracted widespread attention. However, details on the pharmacological targets and mechanisms of melatonin-improved OR remain unclear. OBJECTIVE A systems pharmacology strategy was proposed to elucidate the potential therapeutic mechanism of melatonin on DOR at the molecular, pathway, and network levels. METHODS The systems pharmacological approach consisted of target identification, data integration, network construction, bioinformatics analysis, and molecular docking. RESULTS From the molecular perspective, 26 potential therapeutic targets were identified. They participate in biological processes related to DOR development, such as reproductive structure development, epithelial cell proliferation, extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway, PI3K signaling, among others. Eight hub targets (MAPK1, AKT1, EGFR, HRAS, SRC, ESR1, AR, and ALB) were identified. From the pathway level, 17 significant pathways, including the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and the estrogen signaling pathway, were identified. In addition, the 17 signaling pathways interacted with the 26 potential therapeutic targets to form 4 functional modules. From the network point of view, by regulating five target subnetworks (aging, cell growth and death, development and regeneration, endocrine and immune systems), melatonin could exhibit anti-aging, anti-apoptosis, endocrine, and immune system regulation effects. The molecular docking results showed that melatonin bound well to all hub targets. CONCLUSION This study systematically and intuitively illustrated the possible pharmacological mechanisms of OR improvement by melatonin through anti-aging, anti-apoptosis, endocrine, and immune system regulation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Xu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenyun Miao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Xing
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qin Zhang,
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14
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Hughes CHK, Murphy BD. Nuclear receptors: Key regulators of somatic cell functions in the ovulatory process. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 78:100937. [PMID: 33288229 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of the ovarian follicle to its culmination by ovulation is an essential element of fertility. The final stages of ovarian follicular growth are characterized by granulosa cell proliferation and differentiation, and steroid synthesis under the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The result is a population of granulosa cells poised to respond to the ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH). Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors play indispensable roles in the regulation of these events. The key regulators of the final stages of follicular growth that precede ovulation from this family include the estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) and the androgen receptor (AR), with additional roles for others, including steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) and liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1). Following the LH surge, the mural and cumulus granulosa cells undergo rapid changes that result in expansion of the cumulus layer, and a shift in ovarian steroid hormone biosynthesis from estradiol to progesterone production. The nuclear receptor best associated with these events is LRH-1. Inadequate cumulus expansion is also observed in the absence of AR and ESR2, but not the progesterone receptor (PGR). The terminal stages of ovulation are regulated by PGR, which increases the abundance of the proteases that are directly responsible for rupture. It further regulates the prostaglandins and cytokines associated with the inflammatory-like characteristics of ovulation. LRH-1 regulates PGR, and is also a key regulator of steroidogenesis, cellular proliferation, and cellular migration, and cytoskeletal remodeling. In summary, nuclear receptors are among the panoply of transcriptional regulators with roles in ovulation, and several are necessary for normal ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla H K Hughes
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Qc, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Bruce D Murphy
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Qc, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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15
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Wang X, Wang L, Sun Y, Wu D, Li J, Zhu L, Jiang S, Pan X. The optimized research of the in vitro culture of preantral follicles in mice. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23498. [PMID: 33463764 PMCID: PMC7676217 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Efficiency of preantral follicle culture in vitro is low and is dependent on species, development stage, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration. Here, we optimized the preantral follicle in vitro culture system in mice. METHODS The primary follicles (PM follicles, 80-100 μm diameter ) and early secondary follicles (ES follicles, 110-130 μm diameter) isolated from 14-day female mice were cultured in mediums containing 10 mIU/mL or 100 mIU/mL r-FSH. The follicle growth and oocyte maturation were observed. Estradiol (E2) was detected by ELISA. FSH receptor (FSHR), Ki-67, 3β-HSD, CYP17, and CYP19 levels were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot. RESULTS The antrum formation and oocyte maturation rates of ES follicles were significantly higher than those of PM follicles (P < .05). They were also significantly higher in ES follicles with 100 mIU/mL r-FSH than with 10 mIU/mL r-FSH (P < .05). A higher FSHR level was found in ES follicles. Meanwhile, with 10 mIU/mL r-FSH, the ES follicles exhibited a pattern of flat growth, whereas a pattern of stereoscopic spatial growth was observed with 100 mIU/mL r-FSH. The 100 mIU/mL r-FSH stimulated granulosa cell proliferation more significantly than 10 mIU/mL r-FSH. Moreover, FSH significantly promoted ES follicle granulosa cell proliferation compared to PM follicular granulosa cells. The secretion of E2 and the expressions of 3β-HSD, CYP 17, and CYP 19 in ES follicles with 100 mIU/mL r-FSH were significantly higher than those with 10 mIU/mL r-FSH. CONCLUSIONS The 100 mIU/mL r-FSH ideally promotes the development of ES follicles, whose growth pattern can more reasonably simulate the growth of follicles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Wang
- Center for Reproductive MedicineJilin Medical UniversityJilinChina
| | - Liguo Wang
- Department of UrologyAffiliated Hospital of Jilin Medical UniversityJilinChina
| | - Yanmei Sun
- Center for Reproductive MedicineJilin Medical UniversityJilinChina
| | - Di Wu
- Center for Reproductive MedicineJilin Medical UniversityJilinChina
| | - Jiao Li
- Center for Reproductive MedicineJilin Medical UniversityJilinChina
| | - Lin Zhu
- Center for Reproductive MedicineJilin Medical UniversityJilinChina
| | - Shiwen Jiang
- Center for Reproductive MedicineWuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- Center for Reproductive MedicineJilin Medical UniversityJilinChina
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16
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Neto CC, Soares KL, Padilha RT, Botelho MA, Queiroz DB, Figueiredo JR, de Melo Magalhães-Padilha D. The effect of bioidentical nanostructured progesterone in the in vitro culture of preantral follicles and oocyte maturation. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:657-664. [PMID: 32696218 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of bioidentical nanostructured progesterone alone or in association with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on the in vitro survival and development of preantral follicles (experiment 1) and oocyte maturation (experiment 2). Bioidentical hormones have a molecular structure identical with that of endogenous hormones; nanostructured substances refer to those reduced to a nanoscale. In experiment 1, fragments of goat ovarian tissue were cultured for 7 days in α-MEM+ alone or supplemented with nanoprogesterone (MEM+ + P4) or P4 and hCG (MEM+ + P4 + hCG). In experiment 2, two mediums of oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) were compared. Medium 1 consisted of TCM 199+ + LH, and medium 2 consisted of TCM 199+ with nanoprogesterone and hCG. The MEM+ + P4 + hCG treatment showed the lowest percentage of follicular survival after 7 days of culture. MEM+ + P4 and MEM+ + P4 + hCG treatments showed higher percentage of follicular activation than MEM+. In experiment 2, there were no differences between mediums 1 and 2 for all endpoints evaluated. In conclusion, the addition of nanoprogesterone is advisable for in vitro culture of preantral follicles and oocyte maturation. However, the association of nanoprogesterone with hCG causes the cellular death of initial follicles but shows efficacy in IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cordeiro Neto
- Postgraduate Biotechnology, Potiguar University/Laureate International Universities, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 1610, Lagoa Nova, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59056-000, Brazil
| | - Kadja Lopes Soares
- Postgraduate Biotechnology, Potiguar University/Laureate International Universities, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 1610, Lagoa Nova, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59056-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Tenório Padilha
- Postgraduate Biotechnology, Potiguar University/Laureate International Universities, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 1610, Lagoa Nova, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59056-000, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Botelho
- Postgraduate Biotechnology, Potiguar University/Laureate International Universities, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 1610, Lagoa Nova, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59056-000, Brazil
| | - Dinalva Brito Queiroz
- Postgraduate Biotechnology, Potiguar University/Laureate International Universities, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 1610, Lagoa Nova, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59056-000, Brazil
| | - José Ricardo Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes Enclosed in Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), Veterinary Faculty, State University of Ceará, Av. Paranjana, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60740-000, Brazil
| | - Deborah de Melo Magalhães-Padilha
- Postgraduate Biotechnology, Potiguar University/Laureate International Universities, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 1610, Lagoa Nova, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59056-000, Brazil.
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17
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Nagao S, Baba T, Fujibe Y, Adachi S, Ikeda K, Morishita M, Kuno Y, Honnma H, Endo T, Kiya T, Saito T. Pioglitazone suppresses excessive follicular development in murine preantral follicles. J Ovarian Res 2019; 12:82. [PMID: 31472696 PMCID: PMC6717350 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-019-0556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disease that is common in women in their reproductive period. Patients with this disease suffer from anovulation and hyperandrogenism. Ovulation induction with exogenous gonadotropin often causes ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome because many small antral follicles pause in their growth. Treatment with insulin sensitizers is reportedly effective for both anovulation associated with PCOS, and suppression of excessive follicular growth; however, the underlying mechanism of action remains unknown. Although pioglitazone is known as an insulin sensitizer, it also has a potent modulator of cell growth and apoptosis irrespective of insulin resistance. To clarify the effect of pioglitazone on follicular growth, we performed in vitro culture of murine preantral follicles. Secondary follicles (100-160 μm in diameter) isolated from 6-week-old ICR mice were individually cultured for 13 days. Culture conditions were as follows: 1) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; 33 mIU/mL; control), 2) FSH plus dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 500 ng/mL), 3) FSH plus pioglitazone (5 ng/mL), and 4) FSH plus DHT/pioglitazone. Survival rate and follicle diameter were evaluated, and concentrations of estradiol (E2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in culture media were measured. mRNA expression of various growth-promoting factors and Vegf within follicles were also assessed. Although no significant differences were observed with regard to survival rate, follicle diameters on day 13 were significantly different. Compared with the control group, the DHT group showed enhanced growth, while groups administered pioglitazone showed stagnation of the accelerated growth induced by DHT. Although DHT treatment enhanced the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) mRNA, pioglitazone exposure suppressed induction of Bmp2 mRNA by DHT. Vegf mRNA and protein expression were also significantly reduced when pioglitazone was added to culture media containing DHT. Administration of pioglitazone negatively affected follicular growth and VEGF levels, which may suppress excessive follicular growth and prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Nagao
- Present address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Baba
- Present address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Yuya Fujibe
- Present address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Sayaka Adachi
- Present address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Keiko Ikeda
- Present address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Miyuki Morishita
- Present address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshika Kuno
- Present address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honnma
- Sapporo ART Clinic, 1-4 North 7 West 4, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0807, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Endo
- Present address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kiya
- Ena Ladies Clinic, Hanakawa South 9-1-86-2, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 061-3209, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Present address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
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