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Peri F, De Nardi L, Canuto A, Gaiero A, Noli S, Ferretti M, Vergine G, Falcioni A, Copponi E, Tagliabue B, Massart F, Fabiani E, Stringhi C, Rubini M, Zamagni G, Amaddeo A, Genovese MR, Norbedo S. Drowning in Children and Predictive Parameters: A 15-Year Multicenter Retrospective Analysis. Pediatr Emerg Care 2023; 39:516-523. [PMID: 37335544 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drowning is a serious and underestimated public health problem, with the highest morbidity and mortality reported among children. Data regarding pediatric outcomes of drowning are often inadequate, and data collection is poorly standardized among centers. This study aims to provide an overview of a drowning pediatric population in pediatric emergency department, focusing on its main characteristics and management and evaluating prognostic factors. METHODS This is a retrospective multicenter study involving eight Italian Pediatric Emergency Departments. Data about patients between 0 to 16 years of age who drowned between 2006 and 2021 were collected and analyzed according to the Utstein-style guidelines for drowning. RESULTS One hundred thirty-five patients (60.9% males, median age at the event 5; interquartile range, 3-10) were recruited and only those with known outcome were retained for the analysis (133). Nearly 10% had a preexisting medical conditions with epilepsy being the most common comorbidity. One third were hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) and younger males had a higher rate of ICU admission than female peers. Thirty-five patients (26.3%) were hospitalized in a medical ward while 19 (14.3%) were discharged from the emergency department and 11 (8.3%) were discharged after a brief medical observation less than 24 hours. Six patients died (4.5%). Medium stay in the ED was approximately 40 hours. No difference in terms of ICU admission was found between cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by bystanders or trained medical personnel ( P = 0.388 vs 0.390). CONCLUSIONS This study offers several perspectives on ED victims who drowned. One of the major finding is that no difference in outcomes was seen in patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by bystanders or medical services, highlighting the importance of a prompt intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Peri
- From the Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura De Nardi
- From the Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Arianna Canuto
- From the Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Gaiero
- Pediatric and Neonatology Unit, Ospedale San Paolo Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - Serena Noli
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Institute, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Marta Ferretti
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Institute, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vergine
- Department of Pediatrics, Infermi Hospital Rimini, ASL Romagna, Italy
| | - Alice Falcioni
- Department of Pediatrics, Infermi Hospital Rimini, ASL Romagna, Italy
| | | | - Bruna Tagliabue
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Massart
- Pediatric Unit, Maternal and Infant Department, Santa Chiara's University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fabiani
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Gaspare Salesi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Monica Rubini
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Parma Children's Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Zamagni
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Amaddeo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Genovese
- From the Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefania Norbedo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
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Bierens J, Bray J, Abelairas-Gomez C, Barcala-Furelos R, Beerman S, Claesson A, Dunne C, Fukuda T, Jayashree M, T Lagina A, Li L, Mecrow T, Morgan P, Schmidt A, Seesink J, Sempsrott J, Szpilman D, Thom O, Tobin J, Webber J, Johnson S, Perkins GD. A systematic review of interventions for resuscitation following drowning. Resusc Plus 2023; 14:100406. [PMID: 37424769 PMCID: PMC10323217 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, in collaboration with drowning researchers from around the world, aimed to review the evidence addressing seven key resuscitation interventions: 1) immediate versus delayed resuscitation; (2) compression first versus ventilation first strategy; (3) compression-only CPR versus standard CPR (compressions and ventilations); (4) ventilation with and without equipment; (5) oxygen administration prior to hospital arrival; (6) automated external defibrillation first versus cardiopulmonary resuscitation first strategy; (7) public access defibrillation programmes. Methods The review included studies relating to adults and children who had sustained a cardiac arrest following drowning with control groups and reported patient outcomes. Searches were run from database inception through to April 2023. The following databases were searched Ovid MEDLINE, Pre-Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool and the certainty of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. The findings are reported as a narrative synthesis. Results Three studies were included for two of the seven interventions (2,451 patients). No randomised controlled trials were identified. A retrospective observational study reported in-water resuscitation with rescue breaths improved patient outcomes compared to delayed resuscitation on land (n = 46 patients, very low certainty of evidence). The two observational studies (n = 2,405 patients), comparing compression-only with standard resuscitation, reported no difference for most outcomes. A statistically higher rate of survival to hospital discharge was reported for the standard resuscitation group in one of these studies (29.7% versus 18.1%, adjusted odds ratio 1.54 (95% confidence interval 1.01-2.36) (very low certainty of evidence). Conclusion The key finding of this systematic review is the paucity of evidence, with control groups, to inform treatment guidelines for resuscitation in drowning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Bierens
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Janet Bray
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cristian Abelairas-Gomez
- CLINURSID Research Group and Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Roberto Barcala-Furelos
- REMOSS Research Group, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade de Vigo. Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Andreas Claesson
- Centre for Resuscitation Science, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cody Dunne
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Tatsuma Fukuda
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Toranomon Hospital, Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muralidharan Jayashree
- Department of Pediatrics. Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anthony T Lagina
- School of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Lei Li
- School of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tom Mecrow
- Royal National Lifeboat Institution, West Quay Road, Poole, Dorset, UK
| | - Patrick Morgan
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Andrew Schmidt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Jeroen Seesink
- Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Department of Anaesthesiology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - David Szpilman
- Brazilian Lifesaving Society, SOBRASA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ogilvie Thom
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Joshua Tobin
- UT Health San Antonio, Dept of Anesthesiology, San Antonio, USA
| | - Jonathon Webber
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Ryan K, Bui MD, Johnson B, Eddens KS, Schmidt A, Ramos WD. Drowning in the United States: Patient and Scene Characteristics using the novel CARES Drowning Variables. Resuscitation 2023; 187:109788. [PMID: 37030551 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drowning results in more than 360,000 deaths annually, making it the 3rd leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide. Prior studies examining drowning internationally have reviewed factors surrounding drowning however in the U.S. limited data exists. This study evaluated the novel drowning elements collected in the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) during the first 2 years of data collection. METHODS A retrospective analysis of the CARES database identified cases of drowning etiology for the two years 2020 and 2021. Demographics and incident characteristics were collected. Characteristics included items such as body of water, precipitating event, and who extracted patients. Survival to hospital discharge and neurological outcomes were compared between groups based on who initiated CPR using Pearson's Chi-Squared tests. RESULTS Among 1,767 drowning cases, 69.7% were male, 47.1% white and 11.9% survived to hospital discharge. Body of water was often natural body (36.2%) or swimming pool (25.9%) and bystanders removed the patient in 42.7% of incidents. Swimming was the most common activity at time of submersion (18.6%) however in 50.2% of cases, activity was unknown or missing. When compared to EMS/First Responder initiating CPR, odds of neurologically favorable survival were significantly higher in the Bystander initiated CPR group (OR=2.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.02-4.01). CONCLUSION In this national cohort of drowning patients in cardiac arrest, the novel CARES drowning elements provide additional detail of epidemiological factors. Bystander CPR was associated with improved neurological outcomes. Future studies utilizing the drowning elements can inform injury prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ryan
- Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center/Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, 785 Albany Street, 5(th) Floor, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Matthew D Bui
- Boston Medical Center/Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, BCD Building, 800 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Brett Johnson
- University of Massachusetts Medical Center/UMASS Chan School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Katherine S Eddens
- Associate Research Scientist, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, 1025 E 7th St, C101, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Andrew Schmidt
- Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine -Jacksonville, 655 W 8TH ST C506, Jacksonville, FL 32209
| | - William D Ramos
- Associate Professor, Director - Aquatics Institute, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Dept. of Health & Wellness Design, 1025 E 7th St, Bloomington, IN 47405
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Thom O, Roberts K, Leggat PA, Devine S, Peden AE, Franklin RC. Addressing gaps in our understanding of the drowning patient: a protocol for the retrospective development of an Utstein style database and multicentre collaboration. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068380. [PMID: 36759033 PMCID: PMC9923278 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This retrospective observational study aims to create a comprehensive database of the circumstances of drowning (including care provided and outcomes of care) to report against the Utstein style for drowning (USFD) for patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Four areas will be examined: a feasibility study of the USFD; a comparison of classification and prognostication systems; examination of indications and efficacy of different ventilation strategies; and differences in the circumstances, severity, treatment and outcomes of drowning by sex and gender. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This protocol outlines retrospective data collection for all patients presenting to EDs of the Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service in Queensland, Australia with the presenting problem or discharge diagnosis of drowning or immersion between 2015 and 2022. Patients computerised health records (emergency medical service record, pathology, radiology results, medical and nursing notes for ED, inpatient units and intensive care units) will be used to extract data for entry into an USFD database. Descriptive (eg, median, IQR) and inferential statistical analyses (eg, analysis of variance) will be used to answer the separate research questions. Development of an International Drowning Registry using the USFD dataset and the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) web application is discussed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by Metro North Human Research and Ethics Committee (Project No: 49754) and James Cook University Human Research Ethics Committee (H8014). It has been endorsed by national drowning prevention organisations Royal Life Saving Society Australia (RLSSA) and Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA). Study findings will provide data to better inform clinical management of drowning patients and provide an evidence base on sex and gender differences in drowning. Results will be disseminated through peer review publications, conference presentations and media releases. Results will also be disseminated through RLSSA and SLSA membership of the Australian and New Zealand Resuscitation Council and the Australian Water Safety Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogilvie Thom
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kym Roberts
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter A Leggat
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- College of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, UK
| | - Susan Devine
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy E Peden
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Life Saving Society Australia, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Charles Franklin
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Royal Life Saving Society Australia, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
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Bierens J, Hoogenboezem J. Fatal drowning statistics from the Netherlands - an example of an aggregated demographic profile. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:339. [PMID: 35177025 PMCID: PMC8851711 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Incompleteness of fatal drowning statistics is a familiar problem impeding public health measures. Part of the problem may be that only data on accidental drowning are used and not the full potential of accessible data. Methods This study combines cause-of-death certificates and public prosecutor’s court documents between 1998 and 2017 to obtain an aggregated profile. Data are also used as a basis for a trend analysis. Results The dataset includes 5571 drowned persons (1.69 per 100,000). The highest risk group are persons above the age of 50. Demographic differences are observed between suicide by drowning, accidental drowning, and drowning due to transportation (0.72, 0.64, 0.28 per 100.000) and between native Dutch, and Dutch with western and non-western background (1.46, 1.43, 1.76 per 100.000). Non-residents account for another 12.2%. When comparing the periods 1998–2007 with 2008–2017, the Standard Mortality declines for suicide drowning and accidental drowning among persons with a native Dutch and non-western background. Single regression analysis confirms a decrease of drowning over the full period, breakpoint analysis shows an increase in the incidence of the total number of drowning, suicide by drowning and accidental drowning starting in 2007, 2008 resp. 2012. Discussion Compared to the formal number of fatal accidental drowning in the Netherlands (n = 1718; incidence 0.52 per 100,000), the study identifies 350% more drowning. Differences in demographic data and the recent increase needs to be explored for public health interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-12620-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Bierens
- Research Group Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jan Hoogenboezem
- Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (Statistics Netherlands), Department of Causes of Death Statistics, Henri Faasdreef 312, 2492, JP, Den Haag, the Netherlands
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Koon W, Clemens T, Bierens J, Quan L. Studying outcome predictors of drowning at the scene: Why do we have so few answers? Am J Emerg Med 2021; 46:361-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Resuscitation and emergency care in drowning: A scoping review. Resuscitation 2021; 162:205-217. [PMID: 33549689 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ILCOR Basic Life Support Task Force and the international drowning research community considered it timely to undertake a scoping review of the literature to identify evidence relating to the initial resuscitation, hospital-based interventions and criteria for safe discharge related to drowning. METHODS Medline, PreMedline, Embase, Cochrane Reviews and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from 2000 to June 2020 to identify relevant literature. Titles and abstracts and if necessary full text were reviewed in duplicate. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported on the population (adults and children who are submerged in water), interventions (resuscitation in water/boats, airway management, oxygen administration, AED use, bystander CPR, ventilation strategies, ECMO, protocols for hospital discharge (I), comparator (standard care) and outcomes (O) survival, survival with a favourable neurological outcome, CPR quality, physiological end-points). RESULTS The database search yielded 3242 references (Medline 1104, Pre-Medline 202, Embase 1722, Cochrane reviews 12, Cochrane CENTRAL 202). After removal of duplicates 2377 papers were left for screening titles and abstracts. In total 65 unique papers were included. The evidence identified was from predominantly high-income countries and lacked consistency in the populations, interventions and outcomes reported. Clinical studies were exclusively observational in nature. CONCLUSION This scoping review found that there is very limited evidence from observational studies to inform evidence based clinical practice guidelines for drowning. The review highlights an urgent need for high quality research in drowning.
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Szpilman D, Palacios Aguilar J, Barcala-Furelos R, Baker S, Dunne C, Peden AE, Brander R, Claesson A, Avramidis S, Leavy J, Luckhaus JL, Manino LA, Marques O, Nyitrai NJ, Pascual-Gomez LM, Springer L, Stanley TJ, Venema AM, Queiroga AC. Drowning and aquatic injuries dictionary. Resusc Plus 2021; 5:100072. [PMID: 34223340 PMCID: PMC8244532 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2020.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drowning is a significant public health issue with more than 320,000 deaths globally every year. These numbers are greatly underestimated, however, due to factors such as inadequate data collection, inconsistent categorization and failure to report in certain regions and cultures. The objective of this study was to develop a standardised drowning dictionary using a consensus-based approach. Through creation of this resource, improved clarity amongst stakeholders will be achieved and, as a result, so will our understanding of the drowning issue. Methodology A list of terms and their definitions were created and sent to 16 drowning experts with a broad range of backgrounds across four continents and six languages. A review was conducted using a modified Delphi process over five rounds. A sixth round was done by an external panel evaluating the terms’ content validity. Results The drowning dictionary included more than 350 terms. Of these, less than 10% had been previously published in peer review literature. On average, the external expert validity endorsing the dictionary shows a Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI/Ave) of 0.91, exceeding the scientific recommended value. Ninety one percent of the items present an I-CVI (Level Content Validity Index) value considered acceptable (>0.78). The endorsement was not a universal agreement (S-CVI/UA: 0.44). Conclusion The drowning dictionary provides a common language, and the authors envisage that its use will facilitate collaboration and comparison across prevention sectors, education, research, policy and treatment. The dictionary will be open to readers for discussion and further review at www.idra.world.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Szpilman
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Brazilian Lifesaving Society (SOBRASA), Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Drowning Prevention Commission, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.,Medical Committee, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jose Palacios Aguilar
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Grupo Internacional de Actividades de Prevención y Socorrismo (GIAPS), Spain
| | - Roberto Barcala-Furelos
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Medical Committee, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.,REMOSS Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y del Deporte de Pontevedra, Universidade de Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,CLINURSID Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Radiology and Public Health, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Shayne Baker
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Royal Life Saving Society (RLSS), The Commonwealth, Worcester, UK.,Rescue Commission, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cody Dunne
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Medical Committee, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amy E Peden
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Drowning Prevention Commission, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rob Brander
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,UNSW Sydney Beach Safety Research Group, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andreas Claesson
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Centre for Resuscitation Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stathis Avramidis
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Greek Lifesaving Sports Association, Greece.,National Public Health Organization, Greece
| | - Justine Leavy
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Collaboration for Evidence, Research & Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Jamie Linnea Luckhaus
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Boy Scouts of America, USA
| | - Leonardo A Manino
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Medical Committee, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.,EPSA - Argentinian Life Saving Aquatic Team - Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Board of Directors - International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olga Marques
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,University of Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Portugal
| | - Nina Joy Nyitrai
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,University of Newcastle Australia, Australia
| | - Luis-Miguel Pascual-Gomez
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Escuela Segoviana de Socorrismo, Spain.,AETSAS (Spanish Association of Professional Lifesavers), Spain
| | - Leonardo Springer
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,FEPONS, Portugal.,ISEC Lisboa Polytechnic, Portugal.,CIEBA-FBAUL, Portugal
| | - Teresa Jane Stanley
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Drowning Prevention Auckland, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Allart M Venema
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Catarina Queiroga
- IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.,Drowning Prevention Commission, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.,Medical Committee, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.,EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ASNASA - Associação de Nadadores Salvadores "Patrão Salva Vidas Ezequiel da Silva Seabra", Portugal
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Ryan KM, Bui MD, Dugas JN, Zvonar I, Tobin JM. Impact of prehospital airway interventions on outcome in cardiac arrest following drowning: A study from the CARES Surveillance Group. Resuscitation 2021; 163:130-135. [PMID: 33482267 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drowning results in more than 360,000 deaths annually, making it the 3rd leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide. Prior studies have examined airway interventions affecting patient outcomes in cardiac arrest, but less is known about drowning patients in arrest. This study evaluated the outcomes of drowning patients in the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) who received advanced airway management. METHODS A retrospective analysis of the CARES database identified cases of drowning etiology between 2013 and 2018. Patients were stratified by airway intervention performed by EMS personnel. Demographics, sustained return of spontaneous circulation [ROSC], survival to hospital admission, survival to hospital discharge, and neurological outcomes were compared between airway groups using chi-squared tests and logistic regression. RESULTS Among 2388 drowning patients, 70.4% were male, 41.8% white, and 13.1% survived to hospital discharge. Patients that received supraglottic airways [SGA] had statistically significantly lower odds of survival to hospital admission compared to endotracheal tube [ETT] use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42-0.76) as well as lower odds of survival to discharge compared to bag valve mask [BVM] use (aOR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.19-0.86) when accounting for relative ROSC timing. CONCLUSION In this national cohort of drowning patients in cardiac arrest, SGA use was associated with significantly lower odds of survival to hospital admission and discharge. However, survival to discharge with favorable neurological outcome did not differ significantly between airway management techniques. Further studies will need to examine if airway intervention order or time to intervention affects outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Ryan
- Boston University School of Medicine, 785 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
| | - Matthew D Bui
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Julianne N Dugas
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, BCD Building, 800 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Ivan Zvonar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, BCD Building, 800 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Joshua M Tobin
- American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council, 431 18th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20006, United States
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Fukuda T, Ohashi-Fukuda N, Hayashida K, Kondo Y, Kukita I. Bystander-initiated conventional vs compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation and outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning. Resuscitation 2019; 145:166-174. [PMID: 31639461 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Great emphasis has been placed on rescue breathing in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) due to drowning. However, there is no evidence about the effect of rescue breathing on neurologically favorable survival after OHCA due to drowning. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of bystander-initiated conventional (with rescue breathing) versus compression-only (without rescue breathing) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in OHCA due to drowning. METHODS This nationwide population-based observational study using prospectively collected government-led registry data included patients with OHCA due to drowning who were transported to an emergency hospital in Japan between 2013 and 2016. The primary outcome was one-month neurologically favorable survival. RESULTS The full cohort (n = 5121) comprised 2486 (48.5%) male patients, and the mean age was 72.4 years (standard deviation, 21.6). Of these, 968 (18.9%) received conventional CPR, and 4153 (81.1%) received compression-only CPR. 928 patients receiving conventional CPR were propensity-matched with 928 patients receiving compression-only CPR. In the propensity score-matched cohort, one-month neurologically favorable survival was not significantly different between the two groups (7.5% in the conventional CPR group vs. 6.6% in the compression-only CPR group; risk ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.82-1.60; P = 0.4147). This association was consistent across a variety of subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with OHCA due to drowning, there were no differences in one-month neurologically favorable survival between bystander-initiated conventional and compression-only CPR groups, although several important data (e.g., water temperature, submersion duration, or body of water) could not be addressed. Further study is warranted to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuma Fukuda
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Naoko Ohashi-Fukuda
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kei Hayashida
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kondo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu-shi, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kukita
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
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Fukuda T, Ohashi-Fukuda N, Hayashida K, Kukita I. Association of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning in Japan, 2013-2016. Resuscitation 2019; 141:111-120. [PMID: 31202824 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performed by bystanders is essential in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) due to primary cardiac cause. However, evidence about the effect of bystander CPR on neurologically favorable survival after OHCA due to drowning is scarce and controversial. METHODS This nationwide population-based observational study using prospectively collected government-led registry data included patients with OHCA due to drowning who were transported to an emergency hospital between 2013 and 2016. The primary outcome was one-month neurologically favorable survival defined as Glasgow-Pittsburgh Cerebral Performance Category score of 1-2. The secondary outcomes were one-month survival and prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). RESULTS The full cohort (n = 12,139) comprised 6291 (51.8%) male patients, and the mean age was 73.7 (standard deviation [SD], 18.8). Of these, 5157 (42.5%) received bystander CPR, and 6982 (57.5%) did not. 4345 patients receiving bystander CPR were propensity-matched with 4345 patients not receiving bystander CPR. In the propensity score-matched cohort, bystander CPR was associated with increased chance of one-month neurologically favorable survival (0.4% vs. 0.8%; risk ratio [RR], 2.19; 95%confidence interval [CI], 1.21-3.95; P = 0.0076), one-month survival (1.1% vs. 1.7%; RR, 1.55; 95%CI, 1.09-2.22; P = 0.0150), and prehospital ROSC (2.7% vs. 3.5%; RR, 1.30; 95%CI, 1.03-1.65; P = 0.0296). Similar association was observed across a variety of sensitivity analyses. In subgroup analysis, statistically significant difference was not observed in pediatric OHCA due to drowning, although the sample size was too small (n = 218). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with OHCA due to drowning, bystander CPR was associated with increased chance of neurologically favorable survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuma Fukuda
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Naoko Ohashi-Fukuda
- Regional Perinatal Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Naha City Hospital, 2-31-1 Furujima, Naha-shi, Okinawa, 902-8511, Japan; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kei Hayashida
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kukita
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
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