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Premalignant Conditions of Bone. JAAOS: GLOBAL RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2022; 6:01979360-202210000-00004. [PMID: 36227850 PMCID: PMC9575816 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-22-00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Development of malignancy is a multifactorial process, and there are multitude of conditions of bone that may predispose patients to malignancy. Etiologies of malignancy include benign osseous conditions, genetic predisposition, and extrinsic conditions. New-onset pain or growth in a previously stable lesion is that should concern for malignant change and should prompt a diagnostic workup for malignancy.
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Expression pattern and clinical significance of β-catenin gene and protein in patients with primary malignant and benign bone tumors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9488. [PMID: 35676319 PMCID: PMC9177768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed to unravel the status of local and circulating β-catenin in different primary bone tumors and its relevance to tumor types, severity, and chemotherapy. The β-catenin mRNA expression level and the expression of the protein (intensity level) were evaluated in tumor tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 150 patients with different types of primary bone tumors (78 malignant and 72 benign tumors) using Real-Time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The β-catenin mRNA expression level and the expression of the protein were increased in bone tumors which was positively correlated with the tumor malignancy. Amongst osteosarcoma, Ewing's Sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteochondroma, Giant Cell Tumor, and exostosis tumors, the osteosarcoma, and Giant Cell Tumor groups showed the highest level of β-catenin expression. The β-catenin expression in malignant bone tumors was significantly correlated with tumor grade, size, metastasis, tumor recurrent, and the level of response to chemotherapy. A similar pattern of β-catenin gene expression and its association with tumor characteristics was detected in the patient's peripheral blood cells. The simultaneous increase in the expression of the β-catenin gene and protein in tumor tissue and in circulating blood cells and its relationship with tumor severity indicates the possible promoting role of β-catenin in primary bone tumor pathogenesis.
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Obanife HO, Kingsley A, Ashindointiang J, Asuquo J, Ogunleye O, Joshua IE. Unusual location of osteochondroma in the temporal region in a patient with functional pituitary adenoma. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211058860. [PMID: 34861124 PMCID: PMC8649454 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211058860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteochondromas are common in the long bones and relatively rare in the head and
neck regions. We herein report a case of a solitary temporal bone osteochondroma
associated with a functional pituitary adenoma hypersecreting prolactin. The
patient was a 48-year-old man with progressive, painless temporal swelling
associated with gradual visual loss, gynaecomastia, erectile dysfunction, and
loss of libido. A brain computed tomography scan with bone windows showed right
temporal sessile bony expansion and a pituitary tumour. A pituitary function
test revealed hyperprolactinaemia. His symptoms resolved with medical
management, and excisional biopsy of the temporal tumour confirmed an
osteochondroma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of
a solitary temporal bone osteochondroma with a functional pituitary adenoma
hypersecreting prolactin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akaba Kingsley
- Department of Haematology, 108337University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - John Ashindointiang
- Department of Surgery, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Asuquo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 108337University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Olabisi Ogunleye
- Department of Surgery, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Iwasam E Joshua
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 108337University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
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Trombetta A, Migliarino V, Faletra F, Barbi E, Tornese G. An unusual diagnosis for an usual test. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:81. [PMID: 32522262 PMCID: PMC7285577 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-00846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMO) is a genetic condition characterized by the presence of multiple osteochondromas, usually at the lateral side of the most active growth plate of a long bone. These lesions may persist, be asymptomatic during childhood, and may increase in number and size until growth plates close. Therefore, diagnosis of HMO in children and young people can be challenging; while short stature can be more evident at the onset of puberty, asymptomatic ostheocondromas can progress into different degrees of orthopedic deformity. Moreover, multiple complications may arise due to the presence of osteochondromas, including tendon and compression muscle pain, neurovascular disorders, obstetric problems, scoliosis and malignant transformation into secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma in adulthood.
Case presentation
We report the case of a girl admitted to our Institute for growth delay. While laboratory tests, including growth hormone stimulation test, were normal, left hand X-ray revealed multiple osteochondromas, suggestive for HMO. The genetic test for EXT1 and EXT2 genes confirmed the radiological diagnosis, with a mutation inherited from the mother who displayed the same radiological abnormalities along with recurrent limb pain episodes.
Conclusions
HMO is a genetic condition whose diagnosis can be challenging, especially in females. Every pediatricians should consider a skeletal dysplasia in case of unexplained growth delay and a skeletal survey might be fundamental in reaching a diagnosis.
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May-Davis S, Doveren A, Sweere R, Smak J, Vermeulen Z. Hereditary Multiple Exostoses-A Comprehensive Examination of a 4-Year-Old Dutch Warmblood Male With Maternal Links to HME in First and Second Generations. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 64:55-58. [PMID: 30973153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is a condition rarely diagnosed in horses, which has not been previously reported in Dutch Warmblood horses. Its presentation resembles that diagnosed in humans, and it is predominantly active during periods of skeletal maturation. This case study reports a link between a granddam with no obvious HME lesions and its first and second generations presenting with HME, albeit with different sires. The severity in affected horses (n = 5) varied from one foreleg to the other with extensive multiple lesions of 123 of 205 bones in a half sibling in the first generation. In the second generation, axial deviations were reported, including similar lesions to those found in the first generation. Rib and limb lesions were the most commonly reported in the first and second generations by age four. However, an extensive examination of the 4-year Dutch Warmblood first generation male revealed lesions from the first cervical vertebra to the first caudal vertebra, inclusive of rib and limb lesions. As all horses with this condition are untreatable, early detection and diagnosis would provide the owner/breeder with options to avoid financial loss and emotional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon May-Davis
- The University of New England, Canine and Equine Research Group, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Aldo Doveren
- The University of New England, Canine and Equine Research Group, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Remko Sweere
- The University of New England, Canine and Equine Research Group, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeroen Smak
- The University of New England, Canine and Equine Research Group, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zefanja Vermeulen
- The University of New England, Canine and Equine Research Group, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Tong K, Liu H, Wang X, Zhong Z, Cao S, Zhong C, Yang Y, Wang G. Osteochondroma: Review of 431 patients from one medical institution in South China. J Bone Oncol 2017; 8:23-29. [PMID: 28932679 PMCID: PMC5587240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The geographic distribution of osteochondroma (OC) varies greatly around the world. There has been no recent report on OC in a large Chinese population. The aim of this study was to characterize OC by an epidemiological analysis of the clinical data from one medical institution in South China. METHODS We searched medical electronic records from January 2001 to January 2016 in one large hospital in South China to identify patients with a definite diagnosis of OC. Their epidemiological data were collected and analyzed statistically, including gender, tumor site, age at first diagnosis and symptoms, local recurrence and malignant transformation. Differences between genders and between solitary osteochondroma (SO) and multiple osteochondroma (MO) were particularly analyzed. RESULTS A total of 431 OC patients (291 males and 140 females; 329 SOs and 102 MOs) were identified. The gender ratio was 2.08 with a male predominance. OCs were mostly located around the knee (250 cases). 280 patients were in their 0s to 20s upon first diagnosis. The average age at the time of first diagnosis was 20.63 years for all, 18.47 years for males and 25.11 years for females (P=0.000). OC recurred locally in 35 patients (15 SOs and 20 MOs), with a significant difference between SO/MO (P=0.000) but not between genders (P=0.100). The average interval from the primary surgery to local or malignant recurrence was 37.41 months. Malignant transformation was found in 5 patients (4 males and 1 female), showing no gender difference (P=0.549). CONCLUSIONS OC may have a male predominance in Chinese population. It mostly occurred at 0-20 years of age and around the knee. Upon the first diagnosis of OC, the males tended to be younger than the females, and so did the MO patients than the SO ones. In addition, MO had a higher incidence of local recurrence. Intervals from primary surgery to local recurrence or malignant transformation in MO patients were longer than in SO patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Hongzhe Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Ziyi Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Shenglu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Chengjie Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - YunPing Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
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Guo X, Lin M, Shi T, Yan W, Chen W. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Newly Identifies Mutations in Exostosin-1 and Exostosin-2 Genes of Patients with Multiple Osteochondromas. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2017; 242:173-181. [PMID: 28690282 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.242.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple osteochondromas (MO) is one of the most common benign bone tumors in humans with an autosomal dominant hereditary mode. MO is a genetic heterogeneity disease with variable number and size of osteochondromas, as well as changeable number and location of diseased bones. Mutations in Exostosin-1/Exostosin-2 (EXT1/EXT2) genes are the main molecular basis of MO. EXT1 and EXT2 genes encode exostosin 1 and exostosin 2, respectively, both of which are transmembrane glycosyltransferases that elongate the chains of heparin sulfate (HS) at HS proteoglycans (HSPGs). HSPGs are considered to be involved in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. Owing to large size of EXT1/EXT2 genes and lack of mutation hotspots, molecular diagnosis of MO is challenging. Here, we applied targeted next-generation sequencing (t-NGS) in mutation screening of EXT1/EXT2 genes for 10 MO patients. The results were compared and validated with Sanger sequencing. Overall, nine mutations identified by t-NGS were confirmed with Sanger sequencing, excluding two variants of false positive, suggesting the reliability of mutation screening by t-NGS. The nine mutations identified by t-NGS include two missense mutations (EXT1: c.1088G>A and c.2120C>T), one splicing mutation (EXT2: c.744-1G>T), and six nonsense mutations (EXT1: c.351C>G, c.1121G>A, and c.1843_1846dup; EXT2: c.67C>T, c.561delG, and c.575T>A). In summary, our paper provides the primary data of the application of t-NGS in MO molecular diagnosis, including six newly identified mutations (EXT1: c.1843_1846dup, c.1088G>A, c.351C>G, and c.2120C>T and EXT2: c.744-1G>T and c.575T>A), which further enrich the mutation database of MO from the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Fuzhou Affiliated to Xiamen University
| | - Mingrui Lin
- Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian Traditional Medical University
| | - Tengfei Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Fuzhou Affiliated to Xiamen University
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Bone Tumors, The Second Hospital of Fuzhou Affiliated to Xiamen University
| | - Wenxu Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Fuzhou Affiliated to Xiamen University
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Mărginean CO, Meliţ LE, Mărginean MO. Daughter and mother diagnosed with hereditary multiple exostoses: A case report and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e5824. [PMID: 28072741 PMCID: PMC5228701 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) or osteochondromatosis is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by multiple osteochondromas and skeletal deformities. PATIENT CONCERNS & DIAGNOSES We present the case of a 5 years and 9 month-old patient who presented with inferior limb pain for approximately 6 months, associating also deformity of the right index finger for a month. Hand X-ray revealed a radiologic abnormality of the right radius, therefore the child was referred to our clinic for further investigations. The X-rays revealed multiple osteochondromas of the radius, metacarpal bones, hand phalangeal bones, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsal bones, and foot phalangeal bones. We mention that the same radiological aspect was identified in the case of the patient's mother, undiagnosed until that moment. OUTCOMES The particularity of this case consists in identification of a rare genetic pathology, HME in a 5-year-old patient, without any known familial history, after the occurrence of a nontraumatic joint dislocation of the right index finger. CONCLUSION HME is a rare genetic condition, without a curative treatment, burdened by multiple complications, and whose diagnosis is usually established during childhood.
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Beltrami G, Ristori G, Scoccianti G, Tamburini A, Capanna R. Hereditary Multiple Exostoses: a review of clinical appearance and metabolic pattern. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 13:110-118. [PMID: 27920806 DOI: 10.11138/ccmbm/2016.13.2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is an inherited genetic condition characterized by the presence of multiple exostoses (osteochondromas). MHE is a relatively rare autosomal dominant disorder, mainly caused by loss of function mutations in two genes: exostosin-1 (EXT1) and exostosin-2 (EXT2). These genes are linked to heparan sulfate (HS) synthesis, but the specific molecular mechanism leading to the disruption of the cartilage structure and the consequent exostoses formation is still not resolved. The aim of this paper is to encounter the main aspects of HME reviewing the literature, in order to improve clinical features and evolution, and the metabolic-pathogenetic mechanisms underlying. Although MHE may be asymptomatic, a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations is found in paediatric patients with this disorder. Pain is experienced by the majority of patients, even restricted motion of the joint is often encountered. Sometimes exostoses can interfere with normal development of the growth plate, giving rise to limb deformities, low stature and scoliosis. Other many neurovascular and associated disorders can lead to surgery. The most feared complication is the malignant transformation of an existing osteochondroma into a secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma, during adulthood. The therapeutic approach to HME is substantially surgical, whereas the medical one is still at an experimental level. In conclusion, HME is a complex disease where the paediatrician, the geneticist and the orthopaedic surgeon play an interchangeable role in diagnosis, research and therapy. We are waiting for new studies able to explain better the role of HS in signal transduction, because it plays a role in other bone and cartilage diseases (in particular malignant degeneration) as well as in skeletal embryology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Beltrami
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, "Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi", Firenze, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ristori
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, "Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi", Firenze, Italy
| | - Guido Scoccianti
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, "Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi", Firenze, Italy
| | - Angela Tamburini
- Hematology-Oncology Service, Department of Pediatrics, "Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Meyer", Firenze, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Capanna
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, "Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi", Firenze, Italy
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