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Li X, Deng J, Long Y, Ma Y, Wu Y, Hu Y, He X, Yu S, Li D, Li N, He F. Focus on brain-lung crosstalk: Preventing or treating the pathological vicious circle between the brain and the lung. Neurochem Int 2024; 178:105768. [PMID: 38768685 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Recently, there has been increasing attention to bidirectional information exchange between the brain and lungs. Typical physiological data is communicated by channels like the circulation and sympathetic nervous system. However, communication between the brain and lungs can also occur in pathological conditions. Studies have shown that severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), cerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and other brain diseases can lead to lung damage. Conversely, severe lung diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, and respiratory failure can exacerbate neuroinflammatory responses, aggravate brain damage, deteriorate neurological function, and result in poor prognosis. A brain or lung injury can have adverse effects on another organ through various pathways, including inflammation, immunity, oxidative stress, neurosecretory factors, microbiome and oxygen. Researchers have increasingly concentrated on possible links between the brain and lungs. However, there has been little attention given to how the interaction between the brain and lungs affects the development of brain or lung disorders, which can lead to clinical states that are susceptible to alterations and can directly affect treatment results. This review described the relationships between the brain and lung in both physiological and pathological conditions, detailing the various pathways of communication such as neurological, inflammatory, immunological, endocrine, and microbiological pathways. Meanwhile, this review provides a comprehensive summary of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for diseases related to the brain and lungs. It aims to support clinical endeavors in preventing and treating such ailments and serve as a reference for the development of relevant medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiaofang He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shuang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Fei He
- Department of Geratology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University(the Fifth Clinical College of Chongqing Medical University), Chongqing, 402160, China.
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Kang ES, Yook JS, Ha MS. Breathing Exercises for Improving Cognitive Function in Patients with Stroke. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102888. [PMID: 35629013 PMCID: PMC9144753 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with stroke may experience a certain degree of cognitive decline during the period of recovery, and a considerable number of such patients have been reported to show permanent cognitive damage. Therefore, the period of recovery and rehabilitation following stroke is critical for rapid cognitive functional improvements. As dysfunctional breathing has been reported as one of the factors affecting the quality of life post stroke, a number of studies have focused on the need for improving the breathing function in these patients. Numerous breathing exercises have been reported to enhance the respiratory, pulmonary, cognitive, and psychological functions. However, scientific evidence on the underlying mechanisms by which these exercises improve cognitive function is scattered at best. Therefore, it has been difficult to establish a protocol of breathing exercises for patients with stroke. In this review, we summarize the psychological, vascular, sleep-related, and biochemical factors influencing cognition in patients and highlight the need for breathing exercises based on existing studies. Breathing exercises are expected to contribute to improvements in cognitive function in stroke based on a diverse array of supporting evidence. With relevant follow-up studies, a protocol of breathing exercises can be developed for improving the cognitive function in patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Soo Kang
- Department of Sports Science Convergence-Graduate School, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea;
| | - Jang Soo Yook
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea;
| | - Min-Seong Ha
- Department of Sports Culture, College of the Arts, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2290-1926
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