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Calvo M, Stefani S, Migliorisi G. Bacterial Infections in Intensive Care Units: Epidemiological and Microbiological Aspects. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:238. [PMID: 38534673 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Intensive care units constitute a critical setting for the management of infections. The patients' fragilities and spread of multidrug-resistant microorganisms lead to relevant difficulties in the patients' care. Recent epidemiological surveys documented the Gram-negative bacteria supremacy among intensive care unit (ICU) infection aetiologies, accounting for numerous multidrug-resistant isolates. Regarding this specific setting, clinical microbiology support holds a crucial role in the definition of diagnostic algorithms. Eventually, the complete patient evaluation requires integrating local epidemiological knowledge into the best practice and the standardization of antimicrobial stewardship programs. Clinical laboratories usually receive respiratory tract and blood samples from ICU patients, which express a significant predisposition to severe infections. Therefore, conventional or rapid diagnostic workflows should be modified depending on patients' urgency and preliminary colonization data. Additionally, it is essential to complete each microbiological report with rapid phenotypic minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and information about resistance markers. Microbiologists also help in the eventual integration of ultimate genome analysis techniques into complicated diagnostic workflows. Herein, we want to emphasize the role of the microbiologist in the decisional process of critical patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Calvo
- U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, A.O.U. "Policlinico-San Marco", Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Stefani
- U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, A.O.U. "Policlinico-San Marco", Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Migliorisi
- U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, A.O. "G.F. Ingrassia", Corso Calatafimi 1002, 90131 Palermo, Italy
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Halwani M. Prevalence of Penicillin Resistance Among Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in a General Hospital in Southwest Saudi Arabia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e55326. [PMID: 38559551 PMCID: PMC10981866 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The rise in infections caused by penicillin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae has become a global concern. However, the magnitude of this problem in Southwest Saudi Arabia has never been investigated. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of this bacteria in the region using in vitro data. Materials and methods This study retrospectively studied pneumococcal isolates collected by the Microbiology Laboratory of a general hospital in Al Baha, Saudi Arabia, from January 2013 to December 2017. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 8 mg/L was used as a cutoff concentration to detect the resistant isolates. Results A total of 201 S. pneumoniae isolates were identified using the VITEK® 2 system (bioMérieux SA, Marcy-l'Étoile, France). Most of these isolates (61%) were obtained from respiratory specimens, including sputum, tracheal aspirates, and bronchoalveolar lavage. Eye swabs accounted for 15% of the isolates, blood samples contributed 12%, ear swabs accounted for 7%, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 3.4%. The resistance of S. pneumoniae during the five years varied from 61% to 76%, with an overall resistance of 70% (141/201). The resistance rate per year was 71% (43/60) in 2013, 76% (35/46) in 2014, 61% (22/36) in 2015, 68% (20/29) in 2016, and 66% (21/30) in 2017. Conclusion The data confirm the presence of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae in Southwest Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the high resistance suggests a potential concern, emphasizing the need for penicillin control, surveillance, and vaccination to address this growing problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Halwani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha, SAU
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Goikoetxea G, Akhtar KTK, Prysiazhniuk A, Borsa BA, Aldag ME, Kavruk M, Ozalp VC, Hernandez FJ. Fluorescent and electrochemical detection of nuclease activity associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae using specific oligonucleotide probes. Analyst 2024; 149:1289-1296. [PMID: 38240377 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01532g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) represents a significant pathogenic threat, often responsible for community-acquired pneumonia with potentially life-threatening consequences if left untreated. This underscores the pressing clinical need for rapid and accurate detection of this harmful bacteria. In this study, we report the screening and discovery of a novel biomarker for S. pneumoniae detection. We used S. pneumoniae nucleases as biomarker and we have identified a specific oligonucleotide that works as substrate. This biomarker relies on a specific nuclease activity found on the bacterial membrane, forming the basis for the development of both fluorescence and electrochemical biosensors. We observed an exceptionally high sensitivity in the performance of the electrochemical biosensor, detecting as low as 102 CFU mL-1, whereas the fluorescence sensor demonstrated comparatively lower efficiency, with a detection limit of 106 CFU mL-1. Moreover, the specificity studies have demonstrated the biosensors' remarkable capacity to identify S. pneumoniae from other pathogenic bacteria. Significantly, both biosensors have demonstrated the ability to identify S. pneumoniae cultured from clinical samples, providing compelling evidence of the potential clinical utility of this innovative detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garazi Goikoetxea
- Nucleic Acids Technologies Laboratory (NAT-Lab), Linköping University, 58185, Sweden.
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Spain
- SOMAprobes SL. Donostia, 20009, Spain
| | - Khadija-Tul Kubra Akhtar
- Nucleic Acids Technologies Laboratory (NAT-Lab), Linköping University, 58185, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 58185, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58185, Sweden
| | - Alona Prysiazhniuk
- Nucleic Acids Technologies Laboratory (NAT-Lab), Linköping University, 58185, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 58185, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58185, Sweden
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Baris A Borsa
- Nucleic Acids Technologies Laboratory (NAT-Lab), Linköping University, 58185, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 58185, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58185, Sweden
| | | | - Murat Kavruk
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Veli C Ozalp
- Department of Medical Biology, Atilim University, 06830, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Frank J Hernandez
- Nucleic Acids Technologies Laboratory (NAT-Lab), Linköping University, 58185, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 58185, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58185, Sweden
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Guo Y, Sun Y, Wu H, Lu J, Lin Y, Zhu J, Lai M, Zhang M, Wang J, Zheng J. Protective effect and mechanism of nanoantimicrobial peptide ND-C14 against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. World J Emerg Med 2024; 15:28-34. [PMID: 38188557 PMCID: PMC10765074 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2024.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a common pathogen that causes bacterial pneumonia. However, with increasing bacterial resistance, there is an urgent need to develop new drugs to treat S. pneumoniae infections. Nanodefensin with a 14-carbon saturated fatty acid (ND-C14) is a novel nanoantimicrobial peptide designed by modifying myristic acid at the C-terminus of human α-defensin 5 (HD5) via an amide bond. However, it is unclear whether ND-C14 is effective against lung infections caused by S. pneumoniae. METHODS In vitro, three groups were established, including the control group, and the HD5 and ND-C14 treatment groups. A virtual colony-count assay was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of HD5 and ND-C14 against S. pneumoniae. The morphological changes of S. pneumoniae treated with HD5 or ND-C14 were observed by scanning electron microscopy. In vivo, mice were divided into sham, vehicle, and ND-C14 treatment groups. Mice in the sham group were treated with 25 μL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Mice in the vehicle and ND-C14 treatment groups were treated with intratracheal instillation of 25 μL of bacterial suspension with 2×108 CFU/mL (total bacterial count: 5×106 CFU), and then the mice were given 25 μL PBS or intratracheally injected with 25 μL of ND-C14 (including 20 μg or 50 μg), respectively. Survival rates were evaluated in the vehicle and ND-C14 treatment groups. Bacterial burden in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were counted. The lung histology of the mice was assessed. A propidium iodide uptake assay was used to clarify the destructive effect of ND-C14 against S. pneumoniae. RESULTS Compared with HD5, ND-C14 had a better bactericidal effect against S. pneumoniae because of its stronger ability to destroy the membrane structure of S. pneumoniae in vitro. In vivo, ND-C14 significantly delayed the death time and improved the survival rate of mice infected with S. pneumoniae. ND-C14 reduced bacterial burden and lung tissue injury. Moreover, ND-C14 had a membrane permeation effect on S. pneumoniae, and its destructive ability increased with increasing ND-C14 concentration. CONCLUSION The ND-C14 may improve bactericidal effects on S. pneumoniae both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Guo
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yaqi Sun
- National Children’s Regional Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Hongxia Wu
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Jiaqing Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Meihong Lai
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Meiqi Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Jungang Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The First People’s Hospital of Yuexi County, Yuexi 616650, China
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