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AlAbdi L, Shamseldin HE, Khouj E, Helaby R, Aljamal B, Alqahtani M, Almulhim A, Hamid H, Hashem MO, Abdulwahab F, Abouyousef O, Jaafar A, Alshidi T, Al-Owain M, Alhashem A, Al Tala S, Khan AO, Mardawi E, Alkuraya H, Faqeih E, Afqi M, Alkhalifi S, Rahbeeni Z, Hagos ST, Al-Ahmadi W, Nadeef S, Maddirevula S, Khabar KSA, Putra A, Angelov A, Park C, Reyes-Ramos AM, Umer H, Ullah I, Driguez P, Fukasawa Y, Cheung MS, Gallouzi IE, Alkuraya FS. Beyond the exome: utility of long-read whole genome sequencing in exome-negative autosomal recessive diseases. Genome Med 2023; 15:114. [PMID: 38098057 PMCID: PMC10720148 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-read whole genome sequencing (lrWGS) has the potential to address the technical limitations of exome sequencing in ways not possible by short-read WGS. However, its utility in autosomal recessive Mendelian diseases is largely unknown. METHODS In a cohort of 34 families in which the suspected autosomal recessive diseases remained undiagnosed by exome sequencing, lrWGS was performed on the Pacific Bioscience Sequel IIe platform. RESULTS Likely causal variants were identified in 13 (38%) of the cohort. These include (1) a homozygous splicing SV in TYMS as a novel candidate gene for lethal neonatal lactic acidosis, (2) a homozygous non-coding SV that we propose impacts STK25 expression and causes a novel neurodevelopmental disorder, (3) a compound heterozygous SV in RP1L1 with complex inheritance pattern in a family with inherited retinal disease, (4) homozygous deep intronic variants in LEMD2 and SNAP91 as novel candidate genes for neurodevelopmental disorders in two families, and (5) a promoter SNV in SLC4A4 causing non-syndromic band keratopathy. Surprisingly, we also encountered causal variants that could have been identified by short-read exome sequencing in 7 families. The latter highlight scenarios that are especially challenging at the interpretation level. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight the continued need to address the interpretation challenges in parallel with efforts to improve the sequencing technology itself. We propose a path forward for the implementation of lrWGS sequencing in the setting of autosomal recessive diseases in a way that maximizes its utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama AlAbdi
- Department of Zoology, Collage of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan E Shamseldin
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtissal Khouj
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Helaby
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bayan Aljamal
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alqahtani
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha Almulhim
- Department of Zoology, Collage of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Halima Hamid
- Department of Zoology, Collage of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mais O Hashem
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firdous Abdulwahab
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Abouyousef
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Jaafar
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarfa Alshidi
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Owain
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Collage of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alhashem
- Collage of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Department, Division of Genetic and Metabolic Medicine, Prince Sultan Medical Military City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Al Tala
- Pediatric Department, Neonatal Unit, Armed Forces Hospital, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif O Khan
- Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Elham Mardawi
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, Security Forces Hospital Program, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Alkuraya
- Vitreoretinal Surgery and Ocular Genetics, Global Eye Care/Specialized Medical Center Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eissa Faqeih
- Section of Medical Genetics, King Fahad Medical City, Children's Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Afqi
- Metabolic and Genetic Center, King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Medical City, Almadinah Almunwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa Alkhalifi
- Newborn Screening, Ministry of Health, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhair Rahbeeni
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samya T Hagos
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wijdan Al-Ahmadi
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seba Nadeef
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sateesh Maddirevula
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S A Khabar
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Putra
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angel Angelov
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Changsook Park
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ana M Reyes-Ramos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husen Umer
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Ullah
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Patrick Driguez
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yoshinori Fukasawa
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ming Sin Cheung
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imed Eddine Gallouzi
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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Yamazaki O, Yamashita M, Li J, Ochiai-Homma F, Yoshida T, Hirahashi J, Furukawa T, Kozuma K, Fujigaki Y, Seki G, Hayashi M, Shibata S. A novel I551F variant of the Na +/HCO 3- cotransporter NBCe1-A shows reduced cell surface expression, resulting in diminished transport activity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F771-F784. [PMID: 34719949 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00584.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous mutations in SLC4A4, which encodes the electrogenic Na+/[Formula: see text] cotransporter (NBCe1), cause proximal renal tubular acidosis associated with extrarenal symptoms. Although 17` mutated sites in SLC4A4 have thus far been identified among patients with proximal renal tubular acidosis, the physiological significance of other nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) remains largely undetermined. Here, we investigated the functional properties of SNVs in NBCe1. From the National Center for Biotechnology Information dbSNP database, we identified 13 SNVs that have not previously been characterized in the highly conserved, transmembrane domains of NBCe1-A. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that the I551F variant was present predominantly in the cytoplasm in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, whereas all other SNVs did not show as dramatic a change in subcellular distribution. Western blot analysis in HEK-293 cells demonstrated that the I551F variant showed impaired glycosylation and a 69% reduction in cell surface levels. To determine the role of I551 in more detail, we examined the significance of various artificial mutants in both nonpolarized HEK-293 cells and polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, which indicated that only I551F substitution resulted in cytoplasmic retention. Moreover, functional analysis using Xenopus oocytes demonstrated that the I551F variant had a significantly reduced activity corresponding to 39% of that of the wild-type, whereas any other SNVs and artificial I551 mutants did not show significant changes in activity. Finally, immunofluorescence experiments in HEK-293 cells indicated that the I551F variant retained wild-type NBCe1-A in the cytoplasm. These data demonstrate that the I551F variant of NBCe1-A shows impaired transport activity predominantly through cytoplasmic retention and suggest that the variant can have a dominant negative effect by forming complexes with wild-type NBCe1-A.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Electrogenic Na+/[Formula: see text] cotransporter 1-A (NBCe1-A) in the proximal tubule regulates the acid/base balance and fluid volume homeostasis. From the National Center for Biotechnology Information dbSNP database, we identified the I551F variant of NBCe1-A, which showed reduced glycosylation, cell surface expression, and transport activity. We also found that the I551F variant can exert a dominant negative effect on wild-type NBCe1-A, suggesting its physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamazaki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maho Yamashita
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jinping Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumika Ochiai-Homma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Department of General Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Hirahashi
- Department of General Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiji Furukawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Kozuma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Fujigaki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Matsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of General Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Kawakita General Hospital, Center for Clinical Education, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Al-Matouq J, Al-Haj L, Al-Saif M, Khabar KSA. Post-transcriptional screen of cancer amplified genes identifies ERBB2/Her2 signaling as AU-rich mRNA stability-promoting pathway. Oncogenesis 2021; 10:61. [PMID: 34535639 PMCID: PMC8448767 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-021-00351-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplification of specific cancer genes leads to their over-expression contributing to tumor growth, spread, and drug resistance. Little is known about the ability of these amplified oncogenes to augment the expression of cancer genes through post-transcriptional control. The AU-rich elements (ARE)-mediated mRNA decay is compromised for many key cancer genes leading to their increased abundance and effects. Here, we performed a post-transcriptional screen for frequently amplified cancer genes demonstrating that ERBB2/Her2 overexpression was able to augment the post-transcriptional effects. The ERBB1/2 inhibitor, lapatinib, led to the reversal of the aberrant ARE-mediated process in ERBB2-amplified breast cancer cells. The intersection of overexpressed genes associated with ERBB2 amplification in TCGA datasets with ARE database (ARED) identified ERBB2-associated gene cluster. Many of these genes were over-expressed in the ERBB2-positive SKBR3 cells compared to MCF10A normal-like cells, and were under-expressed due to ERBB2 siRNA treatment. Lapatinib accelerated the ARE-mRNA decay for several ERBB2-regulated genes. The ERBB2 inhibitor decreased both the abundance and stability of the phosphorylated inactive form of the mRNA decay-promoting protein, tristetraprolin (ZFP36/TTP). The ERBB2 siRNA was also able to reduce the phosphorylated ZFP36/TTP form. In contrast, ectopic expression of ERBB2 in MCF10A or HEK293 cells led to increased abundance of the phosphorylated ZFP36/TTP. The effect of ERBB2 on TTP phosphorylation appeared to be mediated via the MAPK-MK2 pathway. Screening for the impact of other amplified cancer genes in HEK293 cells also demonstrated that EGFR, AKT2, CCND1, CCNE1, SKP2, and FGFR3 caused both increased abundance of phosphorylated ZFP36/TTP and ARE-post-transcriptional reporter activity. Thus, specific amplified oncogenes dysregulate post-transcriptional ARE-mediated effects, and targeting the ARE-mediated pathway itself may provide alternative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenan Al-Matouq
- grid.415310.20000 0001 2191 4301Molecular BioMedicine Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211 Saudi Arabia ,Present Address: Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Science, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Latifa Al-Haj
- grid.415310.20000 0001 2191 4301Molecular BioMedicine Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211 Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher Al-Saif
- grid.415310.20000 0001 2191 4301Molecular BioMedicine Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S. A. Khabar
- grid.415310.20000 0001 2191 4301Molecular BioMedicine Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211 Saudi Arabia
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Al‐Qahtani QH, Moghrabi WN, Al‐Yahya S, Al‐Haj L, Al‐Saif M, Mahmoud L, Al‐Mohanna F, Al‐Souhibani N, Alaiya A, Hitti E, Khabar KSA. Kinome inhibition reveals a role for polo-like kinase 1 in targeting post-transcriptional control in cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2120-2139. [PMID: 33411958 PMCID: PMC8334256 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctions in post-transcriptional control are observed in cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we employed a kinome inhibitor library (n = 378) in a reporter system selective for 3'-untranslated region-AU-rich elements (ARE). Fifteen inhibitors reduced the ARE-reporter activity; among the targets is the polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). RNA-seq experiments demonstrated that the PLK1 inhibitor, volasertib, reduces the expression of cytokine and cell growth ARE mRNAs. PLK1 inhibition caused accelerated mRNA decay in cancer cells and was associated with reduced phosphorylation and stability of the mRNA decay-promoting protein, tristetraprolin (ZFP36/TTP). Ectopic expression of PLK1 increased abundance and stability of high molecular weight of ZFP36/TTP likely of the phosphorylated form. PLK1 effect was associated with the MAPK-MK2 pathway, a major regulator of ARE-mRNA stability, as evident from MK2 inhibition, in vitro phosphorylation, and knockout experiments. Mutational analysis demonstrates that TTP serine 186 is a target for PLK1 effect. Treatment of mice with the PLK1 inhibitor reduced both ZFP36/TTP phosphorylation in xenograft tumor tissues, and the tumor size. In cancer patients' tissues, PLK1/ARE-regulated gene cluster was overexpressed in solid tumors and associated with poor survival. The data showed that PLK1-mediated post-transcriptional aberration could be a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamraa H. Al‐Qahtani
- Molecular BioMedicine ProgramFaisal Specialist Hospital and Research CentreRiyadhKingSaudi Arabia
- Present address:
Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11495Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid N. Moghrabi
- Molecular BioMedicine ProgramFaisal Specialist Hospital and Research CentreRiyadhKingSaudi Arabia
| | - Suhad Al‐Yahya
- Molecular BioMedicine ProgramFaisal Specialist Hospital and Research CentreRiyadhKingSaudi Arabia
| | - Latifa Al‐Haj
- Molecular BioMedicine ProgramFaisal Specialist Hospital and Research CentreRiyadhKingSaudi Arabia
| | - Maher Al‐Saif
- Molecular BioMedicine ProgramFaisal Specialist Hospital and Research CentreRiyadhKingSaudi Arabia
| | - Linah Mahmoud
- Molecular BioMedicine ProgramFaisal Specialist Hospital and Research CentreRiyadhKingSaudi Arabia
| | - Falah Al‐Mohanna
- Department of Comparative MedicineKing Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research CentreRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Norah Al‐Souhibani
- Molecular BioMedicine ProgramFaisal Specialist Hospital and Research CentreRiyadhKingSaudi Arabia
| | - Ayodele Alaiya
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering ProgramFaisal Specialist Hospital and Research CentreRiyadhKingSaudi Arabia
| | - Edward Hitti
- Molecular BioMedicine ProgramFaisal Specialist Hospital and Research CentreRiyadhKingSaudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S. A. Khabar
- Molecular BioMedicine ProgramFaisal Specialist Hospital and Research CentreRiyadhKingSaudi Arabia
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5
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Morton CC. ASHG 2020 Curt Stern Award introduction: Fowzan Sami Alkuraya. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:392-394. [PMID: 33667392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is based on the address given by the author at the 2020 virtual meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) on October 26, 2020. The video of the original address can be found at the ASHG website.
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Gil-Perotín S, Jaijo T, Verdú AG, Rubio P, Mazón M, Gasqué-Rubio R, Díaz S. Epilepsy, status epilepticus, and hemiplegic migraine coexisting with a novel SLC4A4 mutation. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:3647-3654. [PMID: 33439394 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recessive mutations in the SLC4A4 gene cause a syndrome characterised by proximal renal tubular acidosis (pRTA), mental retardation, dental and ocular abnormalities, and hemiplegic migraine. Rare cases involving the development of epilepsy or its severe complication-status epilepticus-have been described. METHODS The clinical and genetic status of four affected members in a Spanish family was studied. The SLC4A4 gene mutation was detected with a next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel in the proband, and Sanger confirmed the putative mutations in affected relatives. In silico analysis was performed to elucidate the putative effect of mutation on the splicing process. RESULTS A novel mutation, c.2562+2T>G, was identified in the homozygous state in all diseased members of the family. This mutation affected a canonical splice site and is predicted to abolish the wild-type donor site, which predicts a premature truncated NBCe1 protein with cotransport activity. The resulting protein lacks the 190 amino acids of the carboxyl-terminus, and the effect is likely to be a loss of function. All patients suffered from severe pRTA and ocular abnormalities, and the adults also suffered from neurological complications, such as hemiplegic migraine and/or epilepsy. Two developed life-threatening status epilepticus, although they fully recovered and remained free of seizures with valproate. CONCLUSION These results expand the clinical and mutational spectra of SLC4A4-related disease and have implications for understanding the potential role of NBCe1 in the pathophysiologic processes of hemiplegic migraine and epilepsy/status epilepticus associated with the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gil-Perotín
- Neurology Department, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe (IISLAFE), Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Teresa Jaijo
- Genetic Unit, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe (IISLAFE), Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés G Verdú
- Neurophysiology Department, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Rubio
- Neurophysiology Department, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Mazón
- Radiology Department, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, C/San Clemente, 12, 46025, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Gasqué-Rubio
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe (IISLAFE), Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Samuel Díaz
- Neurology Department, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
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The Role of Noncoding Variants in Heritable Disease. Trends Genet 2020; 36:880-891. [PMID: 32741549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of disease has largely focused on coding regions. However, it has become clear that a large proportion of the noncoding genome is functional and harbors genetic variants that contribute to disease etiology. Here, we review recent examples of inherited noncoding alterations that are responsible for Mendelian disorders or act to influence complex traits. We explore both rare and common genetic variants and discuss the wide range of mechanisms by which they affect gene regulation to promote disease. We also debate the challenges and progress associated with identifying and interpreting the functional and clinical significance of genetic variation in the context of the noncoding regulatory landscape.
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Al-Ansari MM, Al-Saif M, Arafah M, Eldali AM, Tulbah A, Al-Tweigeri T, Semlali A, Khabar KS, Aboussekhra A. Clinical and functional significance of tumor/stromal ATR expression in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:49. [PMID: 32414408 PMCID: PMC7229635 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are active and important cancer-promoting cells, with significant impact on patient prognosis. Therefore, we investigated here the role of the protein kinase ATR in breast stromal fibroblasts in the prognosis of locally advanced breast cancer patients. Methods We have used immunohistochemistry to assess the level of ATR in breast cancer tissues and their adjacent normal tissues. Immunoblotting as well as quantitative RT-PCR were utilized to show the role of breast cancer cells and IL-6 as well as AUF-1 in downregulating ATR in breast stromal fibroblasts. Engineered human breast tissue model was also used to show that ATR-deficient breast stromal fibroblasts enhance the growth of breast cancer cells. Results We have shown that the protein kinase ATR is downregulated in cancer cells and their neighboring CAFs in breast cancer tissues as compared to their respective adjacent normal tissues. The implication of cancer cells in ATR knockdown in CAFs has been proven in vitro by showing that breast cancer cells downregulate ATR in breast fibroblasts in an IL-6/STAT3-dependent manner and via AUF-1. In another cohort of 103 tumors from locally advanced breast cancer patients, we have shown that absence or reduced ATR expression in tumoral cells and their adjacent stromal fibroblasts is correlated with poor overall survival as well as disease-free survival. Furthermore, ATR expression in CAFs was inversely correlated with tumor recurrence and progression. Conclusion ATR downregulation in breast CAFs is frequent, procarcinogenic, and correlated with poor patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mysoon M Al-Ansari
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#03, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher Al-Saif
- Molecular BioMedicine Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Arafah
- Department of Pathology, King Saud University, PO BOX 2925, Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelmonneim M Eldali
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Tulbah
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taher Al-Tweigeri
- Department of Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhabib Semlali
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval Québec, Local 1758, 2420 rue de la terrasse, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Khalid S Khabar
- Molecular BioMedicine Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelilah Aboussekhra
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#03, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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Lulli M, Nencioni D, Papucci L, Schiavone N. Zeta-crystallin: a moonlighting player in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:965-976. [PMID: 31563996 PMCID: PMC11104887 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Crystallins were firstly found as structural proteins of the eye lens. To this family belong proteins, such as ζ-crystallin, expressed ubiquitously, and endowed with enzyme activity. ζ-crystallin is a moonlighting protein endowed with two main different functions: (1) mRNA binding with stabilizing activity; (2) NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase. ζ-crystallin has been clearly demonstrated to stabilize mRNAs encoding proteins involved in renal glutamine catabolism during metabolic acidosis resulting in ammoniagenesis and bicarbonate ion production that concur to compensate such condition. ζ-crystallin binds also mRNAs encoding for antiapoptotic proteins, such as Bcl-2 in leukemia cells. On the other hand, the physiological role of its enzymatic activity is still elusive. Gathering research evidences and data mined from public databases, we provide a framework where all the known ζ-crystallin properties are called into question, making it a hypothetical pivotal player in cancer, allowing cells to hijack or subjugate the acidity response mechanism to increase their ability to resist oxidative stress and apoptosis, while fueling their glutamine addicted metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lulli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, Firenze, 50134, Italy.
| | - Daniele Nencioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Laura Papucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Nicola Schiavone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, Firenze, 50134, Italy.
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10
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Wang D, Du X, Li Y, Li Q. A polymorphism in the transcriptional regulatory region strongly influences ovine FSHR mRNA decay. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 54:83-90. [PMID: 30153358 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is an important G protein-coupled receptor, which is required for steroidogenesis, follicular development and female infertility. Here, we report a novel polymorphism in the 3'-UTR that strongly influences ovine FSHR mRNA decay. The partial 3'-UTR sequence of Hu sheep FSHR gene was isolated and characterized, and a polymorphism (c.2327A>G) was identified. Luciferase assay and qRT-PCR showed that c.2327A>G polymorphism in the 3'-UTR exerts a strong regulatory role in FSHR transcription. This regulatory role is achieved by affecting FSHR mRNA decay. Furthermore, the c.2327A>G mutation in the 3'-UTR influences ARE (AU-rich element, a cis-acting element promoting mRNA decay)-mediated mRNA decay of Hu sheep FSHR gene. Together, our study identified a novel polymorphism and elucidated a new mechanism underlying transcriptional regulation of FSHR in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinxia Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qifa Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Horita S, Simsek E, Simsek T, Yildirim N, Ishiura H, Nakamura M, Satoh N, Suzuki A, Tsukada H, Mizuno T, Seki G, Tsuji S, Nangaku M. SLC4A4 compound heterozygous mutations in exon-intron boundary regions presenting with severe proximal renal tubular acidosis and extrarenal symptoms coexisting with Turner's syndrome: a case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:103. [PMID: 29914390 PMCID: PMC6006740 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Congenital NBCe1A deficiency with the SLC4A4 mutation causes severe proximal renal tubular acidosis, which often comprises extrarenal symptoms, such as intellectual disability and developmental delay, glaucoma, cataract and band keratopathy. To date, almost all mutations have been found to be homozygous mutations located in exons. Case presentation We performed direct nucleotide sequencing analysis of exons and exon–intron boundary regions of the SLC4A4 in a patient presenting with severe renal proximal tubule acidosis, glaucoma and intellectual disability and her parents without these signs. The examination revealed compound heterozygous mutations in exon–intron boundary regions, c.1076 + 3A > C and c.1772 − 2A > T, neither of which have been reported previously. While the former mutation was found in the mother, the latter was found in the father. The transcript of the SLC4A4 gene was almost undetectable, and the patient was also diagnosed with Turner’s syndrome. Conclusions We identified two novel SLC4A4 mutations, c.1076 + 3A > C and c.1772 − 2A > T. When presented in a compound heterozygous state, these mutations caused a phenotype of severe renal proximal tubular acidosis along with glaucoma and mental retardation. This is the first report of congenital proximal renal tubular acidosis carrying compound heterozygous SLC4A4 mutations in exon–intron boundary regions. We suggest that an mRNA surveillance mechanism, nonsense-mediated RNA decay, following aberrant splicing was the reason that the SLC4A4 transcript was almost undetectable in the proband.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Horita
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113 0033, Japan.
| | - Enver Simsek
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Esogu Meşelik Yerleşkesi, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Tulay Simsek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Esogu Meşelik Yerleşkesi, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Yildirim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Esogu Meşelik Yerleşkesi, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113 0033, Japan
| | - Motonobu Nakamura
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113 0033, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Satoh
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113 0033, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113 0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukada
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113 0033, Japan
| | - Tomohito Mizuno
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113 0033, Japan
| | - George Seki
- Yaizu City Hospital, 1000, Dobara, Yaizu, 425 0055, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Neurology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113 0033, Japan.,Institute of Medical Genomics, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3, Kozunomori, Narita-shi, Chiba-ken, 286 8686, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113 0033, Japan
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12
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Sun W, Gao Q, Schaefke B, Hu Y, Chen W. Pervasive allele-specific regulation on RNA decay in hybrid mice. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800052. [PMID: 30456349 PMCID: PMC6238540 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular RNA abundance is determined by both RNA transcription and decay. Therefore, change in RNA abundance, which can drive phenotypic diversity between different species, could arise from genetic variants affecting either process. However, previous studies in the evolution of RNA expression have been largely focused on transcription. Here, to globally investigate the effects of cis-regulatory divergence on RNA decay in mammals for the first time, we quantified allele-specific differences in RNA decay rates (ASD) in an F1 hybrid mouse. Out of 8,815 genes with sufficient data, we identified 621 genes exhibiting significant cis-divergence. Systematic analysis of these genes revealed that the genetic variants affecting microRNA binding and RNA secondary structures contribute to the observed divergences. Finally, we demonstrated that although the divergences in RNA abundance were predominantly determined by allelic differences in RNA transcription, most genes with significant ASD did not exhibit significant difference in RNA abundance. For these genes, the apparently compensatory effect between the allelic differences in RNA transcription and ASD suggests that changes in RNA decay could serve as important means to stabilize RNA abundances during mammalian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Laboratory for Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qingsong Gao
- Laboratory for Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schaefke
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Medi-X Institute, SUSTech Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Khan AO, Basamh OS. Pediatric primary calcific band keratopathy with or without glaucoma from biallelic SLC4A4 mutations. Ophthalmic Genet 2018; 39:425-427. [PMID: 29671668 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2018.1459738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in the gene SLC4A4 (Solute Carrier Family 4 Member 4) cause protean manifestations in children that include proximal retinal tubular acidosis, developmental delay, band keratopathy, and glaucoma. A unique SLC4A4 mutation causes an ocular-only phenotype. In this retrospective case series, we highlight our experience with children referred to a pediatric ophthalmologist who were found to harbor underlying biallelic SLC4A4 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif O Khan
- a Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | - Omar S Basamh
- b Department of Ophthalmology , King Abdullah Medical City , Mecca , Saudi Arabia
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14
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Alsaif HS, Khan AO, Patel N, Alkuraya H, Hashem M, Abdulwahab F, Ibrahim N, Aldahmesh MA, Alkuraya FS. Congenital glaucoma and CYP1B1: an old story revisited. Hum Genet 2018; 138:1043-1049. [PMID: 29556725 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Primary congenital glaucoma is a trabecular meshwork dysgenesis with resultant increased intraocular pressure and ocular damage. CYP1B1 mutations remain the most common identifiable genetic cause. However, important questions about the penetrance of CYP1B1-related congenital glaucoma remain unanswered. Furthermore, mutations in other genes have been described although their exact contribution and potential genetic interaction, if any, with CYP1B1 mutations are not fully explored. In this study, we employed modern genomic approaches to re-examine CYP1B1-related congenital glaucoma. A cohort of 193 patients (136 families) diagnosed with congenital glaucoma. We identified biallelic CYP1B1 mutations in 80.8% (87.5 and 66.1% in familial and sporadic cases, respectively, p < 0.0086). The large family size of the study population allowed us to systematically examine penetrance of all identified alleles. With the exception of c.1103G>A (p.R368H), previously reported pathogenic mutations were highly penetrant (91.2%). We conclude from the very low penetrance and genetic epidemiological analyses that c.1103G>A (p.R368H) is unlikely to be a disease-causing recessive mutation in congenital glaucoma as previously reported. All cases that lacked biallelic CYP1B1 mutations underwent whole exome sequencing. No mutations in LTBP2, MYOC or TEK were encountered. On the other hand, mutations were identified in genes linked to other ophthalmic phenotypes, some inclusive of glaucoma, highlighting conditions that might phenotypically overlap with primary congenital glaucoma (SLC4A4, SLC4A11, CPAMD8, and KERA). We also encountered candidate causal variants in genes not previously linked to human diseases: BCO2, TULP2, and DGKQ. Our results both expand and refine the genetic spectrum of congenital glaucoma with important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hessa S Alsaif
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif O Khan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nisha Patel
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mais Hashem
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firdous Abdulwahab
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niema Ibrahim
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Aldahmesh
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Parker MD. Mouse models of SLC4-linked disorders of HCO 3--transporter dysfunction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 314:C569-C588. [PMID: 29384695 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00301.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The SLC4 family Cl-/[Formula: see text] cotransporters (NBCe1, NBCe2, NBCn1, and NBCn2) contribute to a variety of vital physiological processes including pH regulation and epithelial fluid secretion. Accordingly, their dysfunction can have devastating effects. Disorders such as epilepsy, hemolytic anemia, glaucoma, hearing loss, osteopetrosis, and renal tubular acidosis are all genetically linked to SLC4-family gene loci. This review summarizes how studies of Slc4-modified mice have enhanced our understanding of the etiology of SLC4-linked pathologies and the interpretation of genetic linkage studies. The review also surveys the novel disease signs exhibited by Slc4-modified mice which could either be considered to presage their description in humans, or to highlight interspecific differences. Finally, novel Slc4-modified mouse models are proposed, the study of which may further our understanding of the basis and treatment of SLC4-linked disorders of [Formula: see text]-transporter dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The State University of New York: The University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York.,Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo: The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York.,State University of New York Eye Institutes, University at Buffalo: The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York
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16
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Zavolan M, Graveley BR. RNAs: dynamic and mutable. Genome Biol 2017; 18:226. [PMID: 29187228 PMCID: PMC5708131 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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