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Du Y, Li R, Fu D, Zhang B, Cui A, Shao Y, Lai Z, Chen R, Chen B, Wang Z, Zhang W, Chu L. Multi-omics technologies and molecular biomarkers in brain tumor-related epilepsy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14717. [PMID: 38641945 PMCID: PMC11031674 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain tumors are one of the leading causes of epilepsy, and brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE) is recognized as the major cause of intractable epilepsy, resulting in huge treatment cost and burden to patients, their families, and society. Although optimal treatment regimens are available, the majority of patients with BTRE show poor resolution of symptoms. BTRE has a very complex and multifactorial etiology, which includes several influencing factors such as genetic and molecular biomarkers. Advances in multi-omics technologies have enabled to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms and related biomarkers of BTRE. Here, we reviewed multi-omics technology-based research studies on BTRE published in the last few decades and discussed the present status, development, opportunities, challenges, and prospects in treating BTRE. METHODS First, we provided a general review of epilepsy, BTRE, and multi-omics techniques. Next, we described the specific multi-omics (including genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) techniques and related molecular biomarkers for BTRE. We then presented the associated pathogenetic mechanisms of BTRE. Finally, we discussed the development and application of novel omics techniques for diagnosing and treating BTRE. RESULTS Genomics studies have shown that the BRAF gene plays a role in BTRE development. Furthermore, the BRAF V600E variant was found to induce epileptogenesis in the neuronal cell lineage and tumorigenesis in the glial cell lineage. Several genomics studies have linked IDH variants with glioma-related epilepsy, and the overproduction of D2HG is considered to play a role in neuronal excitation that leads to seizure occurrence. The high expression level of Forkhead Box O4 (FOXO4) was associated with a reduced risk of epilepsy occurrence. In transcriptomics studies, VLGR1 was noted as a biomarker of epileptic onset in patients. Several miRNAs such as miR-128 and miRNA-196b participate in BTRE development. miR-128 might be negatively associated with the possibility of tumor-related epilepsy development. The lncRNA UBE2R2-AS1 inhibits the growth and invasion of glioma cells and promotes apoptosis. Quantitative proteomics has been used to determine dynamic changes of protein acetylation in epileptic and non-epileptic gliomas. In another proteomics study, a high expression of AQP-4 was detected in the brain of GBM patients with seizures. By using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry assay, a study revealed that patients with astrocytomas and oligoastrocytomas showed high BCL2A1 expression and poor seizure control. By performing immunohistochemistry, several studies have reported the relationship between D2HG overproduction and seizure occurrence. Ki-67 overexpression in WHO grade II gliomas was found to be associated with poor postoperative seizure control. According to metabolomics research, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is associated with the development of glioma-related epileptogenesis. Another metabolomics study found that SV2A, P-gb, and CAD65/67 have the potential to function as biomarkers for BTRE. CONCLUSIONS Based on the synthesized information, this review provided new research perspectives and insights into the early diagnosis, etiological factors, and personalized treatment of BTRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoqiang Du
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Transfusion MedicineZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Rusong Li
- The Second School of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Danqing Fu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Biqin Zhang
- Cancer Center, Department of HematologyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Ailin Cui
- Cancer Center, Department of Ultrasound MedicineZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Yutian Shao
- Zhejiang BioAsia Life Science InstitutePinghuChina
| | - Zeyu Lai
- The Second School of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Rongrong Chen
- School of Clinical MedicineHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Bingyu Chen
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Transfusion MedicineZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Zhen Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Transfusion MedicineZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Second School of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Lisheng Chu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- Department of PhysiologyZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
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2
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Feng Y, Zhu P, Wu D, Deng W. A Network Pharmacology Prediction and Molecular Docking-Based Strategy to Explore the Potential Pharmacological Mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus for Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16306. [PMID: 38003496 PMCID: PMC10671347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma treatment in traditional Chinese medicine has a lengthy history. Astragalus membranaceus, a traditional Chinese herb that is frequently utilized in therapeutic practice, is a component of many Traditional Chinese Medicine formulas that have been documented to have anti-glioma properties. Uncertainty persists regarding the molecular mechanism behind the therapeutic effects. Based on results from network pharmacology and molecular docking, we thoroughly identified the molecular pathways of Astragalus membranaceus' anti-glioma activities in this study. According to the findings of the enrichment analysis, 14 active compounds and 343 targets were eliminated from the screening process. These targets were mainly found in the pathways in cancer, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, protein phosphorylation, inflammatory response, positive regulation of phosphorylation, and inflammatory mediator regulation of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels. The results of molecular docking showed that the active substances isoflavanone and 1,7-Dihydroxy-3,9-dimethoxy pterocarpene have strong binding affinities for the respective targets ESR2 and PTGS2. In accordance with the findings of our investigation, Astragalus membranaceus active compounds exhibit a multicomponent and multitarget synergistic therapeutic impact on glioma by actively targeting several targets in various pathways. Additionally, we propose that 1,7-Dihydroxy-3,9-dimethoxy pterocarpene and isoflavanone may be the main active ingredients in the therapy of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen 518107, China;
- Computer Aided Drug Discovery Center, Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai 519003, China;
| | - Peng Zhu
- Computer Aided Drug Discovery Center, Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai 519003, China;
| | - Dong Wu
- Computer Aided Drug Discovery Center, Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai 519003, China;
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen 518107, China;
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3
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Selvaraj MK, Kaur J. Computational method for aromatase-related proteins using machine learning approach. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283567. [PMID: 36989252 PMCID: PMC10057777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human aromatase enzyme is a microsomal cytochrome P450 and catalyzes aromatization of androgens into estrogens during steroidogenesis. For breast cancer therapy, third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have proven to be effective; however patients acquire resistance to current AIs. Thus there is a need to predict aromatase-related proteins to develop efficacious AIs. A machine learning method was established to identify aromatase-related proteins using a five-fold cross validation technique. In this study, different SVM approach-based models were built using the following approaches like amino acid, dipeptide composition, hybrid and evolutionary profiles in the form of position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM); with maximum accuracy of 87.42%, 84.05%, 85.12%, and 92.02% respectively. Based on the primary sequence, the developed method is highly accurate to predict the aromatase-related proteins. Prediction scores graphs were developed using the known dataset to check the performance of the method. Based on the approach described above, a webserver for predicting aromatase-related proteins from primary sequence data was developed and implemented at https://bioinfo.imtech.res.in/servers/muthu/aromatase/home.html. We hope that the developed method will be useful for aromatase protein related research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmeet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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4
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Targeted Inhibition of O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy to Restore Chemosensitivity and Attenuate Aggressive Tumor Traits in Chemoresistant Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051162. [PMID: 35625898 PMCID: PMC9138654 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of acquired chemoresistance during treatment cycles in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is the major cause of death through enhancing the risk of cancer progression and metastasis. Elevated glucose flux through the abnormal upregulation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) controls key signaling and metabolic pathways regulating diverse cancer cell phenotypes. This study showed that OGT expression levels in two human UCB cell models with acquired resistance to gemcitabine and paclitaxel were significantly upregulated compared with those in parental cells. Reducing hyper-O-GlcNAcylation by OGT knockdown (KD) markedly facilitated chemosensitivity to the corresponding chemotherapeutics in both cells, and combination treatment with OGT-KD showed more severe growth defects in chemoresistant sublines. We subsequently verified the suppressive effects of OGT-KD monotherapy on cell migration/invasion in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo in chemoresistant UCB cells. Transcriptome analysis of these cells revealed 97 upregulated genes, which were enriched in multiple oncogenic pathways. Our final choice of suspected OGT glycosylation substrate was VCAN, S1PR3, PDGFRB, and PRKCG, the knockdown of which induced cell growth defects. These findings demonstrate the vital role of dysregulated OGT activity and hyper-O-GlcNAcylation in modulating treatment failure and tumor aggression in chemoresistant UCB.
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5
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Sevastre AS, Costachi A, Tataranu LG, Brandusa C, Artene SA, Stovicek O, Alexandru O, Danoiu S, Sfredel V, Dricu A. Glioblastoma pharmacotherapy: A multifaceted perspective of conventional and emerging treatments (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1408. [PMID: 34676001 PMCID: PMC8524703 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its localisation, rapid onset, high relapse rate and resistance to most currently available treatment methods, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is considered to be the deadliest type of all gliomas. Although surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are among the therapeutic strategies used for the treatment of GBM, the survival rates achieved are not satisfactory, and there is an urgent need for novel effective therapeutic options. In addition to single-target therapy, multi-target therapies are currently under development. Furthermore, drugs are being optimised to improve their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. In the present review, the main strategies applied for GBM treatment in terms of the most recent therapeutic agents and approaches that are currently under pre-clinical and clinical testing were discussed. In addition, the most recently reported experimental data following the testing of novel therapies, including stem cell therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, genomic correction and precision medicine, were reviewed, and their advantages and drawbacks were also summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani-Simona Sevastre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Alexandra Costachi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ligia Gabriela Tataranu
- Department of Neurosurgery, ‘Bagdasar-Arseni’ Emergency Clinical Hospital, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corina Brandusa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Stefan Alexandru Artene
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Olivian Stovicek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Nursing Targu Jiu, Titu Maiorescu University of Bucharest, 210106 Targu Jiu, Romania
| | - Oana Alexandru
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Suzana Danoiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Veronica Sfredel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Anica Dricu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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6
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Rozenberg JM, Zvereva S, Dalina A, Blatov I, Zubarev I, Luppov D, Bessmertnyi A, Romanishin A, Alsoulaiman L, Kumeiko V, Kagansky A, Melino G, Ganini C, Barlev NA. The p53 family member p73 in the regulation of cell stress response. Biol Direct 2021; 16:23. [PMID: 34749806 PMCID: PMC8577020 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During oncogenesis, cells become unrestrictedly proliferative thereby altering the tissue homeostasis and resulting in subsequent hyperplasia. This process is paralleled by resumption of cell cycle, aberrant DNA repair and blunting the apoptotic program in response to DNA damage. In most human cancers these processes are associated with malfunctioning of tumor suppressor p53. Intriguingly, in some cases two other members of the p53 family of proteins, transcription factors p63 and p73, can compensate for loss of p53. Although both p63 and p73 can bind the same DNA sequences as p53 and their transcriptionally active isoforms are able to regulate the expression of p53-dependent genes, the strongest overlap with p53 functions was detected for p73. Surprisingly, unlike p53, the p73 is rarely lost or mutated in cancers. On the contrary, its inactive isoforms are often overexpressed in cancer. In this review, we discuss several lines of evidence that cancer cells develop various mechanisms to repress p73-mediated cell death. Moreover, p73 isoforms may promote cancer growth by enhancing an anti-oxidative response, the Warburg effect and by repressing senescence. Thus, we speculate that the role of p73 in tumorigenesis can be ambivalent and hence, requires new therapeutic strategies that would specifically repress the oncogenic functions of p73, while keeping its tumor suppressive properties intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Rozenberg
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Zvereva
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Dalina
- The Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Blatov
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Ilya Zubarev
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Daniil Luppov
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Romanishin
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.,School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Lamak Alsoulaiman
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vadim Kumeiko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexander Kagansky
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Ganini
- Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nikolai A Barlev
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia. .,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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7
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Ganini C, Amelio I, Bertolo R, Bove P, Buonomo OC, Candi E, Cipriani C, Di Daniele N, Juhl H, Mauriello A, Marani C, Marshall J, Melino S, Marchetti P, Montanaro M, Natale ME, Novelli F, Palmieri G, Piacentini M, Rendina EA, Roselli M, Sica G, Tesauro M, Rovella V, Tisone G, Shi Y, Wang Y, Melino G. Global mapping of cancers: The Cancer Genome Atlas and beyond. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2823-2840. [PMID: 34245122 PMCID: PMC8564642 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer genomes have been explored from the early 2000s through massive exome sequencing efforts, leading to the publication of The Cancer Genome Atlas in 2013. Sequencing techniques have been developed alongside this project and have allowed scientists to bypass the limitation of costs for whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of single specimens by developing more accurate and extensive cancer sequencing projects, such as deep sequencing of whole genomes and transcriptomic analysis. The Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes recently published WGS data from more than 2600 human cancers together with almost 1200 related transcriptomes. The application of WGS on a large database allowed, for the first time in history, a global analysis of features such as molecular signatures, large structural variations and noncoding regions of the genome, as well as the evaluation of RNA alterations in the absence of underlying DNA mutations. The vast amount of data generated still needs to be thoroughly deciphered, and the advent of machine-learning approaches will be the next step towards the generation of personalized approaches for cancer medicine. The present manuscript wants to give a broad perspective on some of the biological evidence derived from the largest sequencing attempts on human cancers so far, discussing advantages and limitations of this approach and its power in the era of machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ganini
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- IDI‐IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Riccardo Bertolo
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- San Carlo di Nancy HospitalRomeItaly
| | - Pierluigi Bove
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- San Carlo di Nancy HospitalRomeItaly
| | - Oreste Claudio Buonomo
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- IDI‐IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Chiara Cipriani
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- San Carlo di Nancy HospitalRomeItaly
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | | | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Carla Marani
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- San Carlo di Nancy HospitalRomeItaly
| | - John Marshall
- Medstar Georgetown University HospitalGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Sonia Melino
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | | | - Manuela Montanaro
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Maria Emanuela Natale
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- San Carlo di Nancy HospitalRomeItaly
| | - Flavia Novelli
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Giampiero Palmieri
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | | | - Mario Roselli
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Giuseppe Sica
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Valentina Rovella
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Giuseppe Tisone
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
| | - Yufang Shi
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and TumorShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionInstitutes for Translational MedicineSoochow UniversityChina
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and TumorShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental MedicineTorvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TORUniversity of Rome Tor VergataItaly
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8
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Niu G, Li Q, Li Z, Zhu T, Feng C, Liu X, Zhang Y, Xu T, Chen R, Teng X, Zhang R, Zou D, Ma L, Zhang Z. BrainBase: a curated knowledgebase for brain diseases. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 50:D1131-D1138. [PMID: 34718720 PMCID: PMC8728122 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain is the central organ of the nervous system and any brain disease can seriously affect human health. Here we present BrainBase (https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/brainbase), a curated knowledgebase for brain diseases that aims to provide a whole picture of brain diseases and associated genes. Specifically, based on manual curation of 2768 published articles along with information retrieval from several public databases, BrainBase features comprehensive collection of 7175 disease–gene associations spanning a total of 123 brain diseases and linking with 5662 genes, 16 591 drug–target interactions covering 2118 drugs/chemicals and 623 genes, and five types of specific genes in light of expression specificity in brain tissue/regions/cerebrospinal fluid/cells. In addition, considering the severity of glioma among brain tumors, the current version of BrainBase incorporates 21 multi-omics datasets, presents molecular profiles across various samples/conditions and identifies four groups of glioma featured genes with potential clinical significance. Collectively, BrainBase integrates not only valuable curated disease–gene associations and drug–target interactions but also molecular profiles through multi-omics data analysis, accordingly bearing great promise to serve as a valuable knowledgebase for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangyi Niu
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianpeng Li
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhao Li
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tongtong Zhu
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changrui Feng
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuansheng Zhang
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianyi Xu
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruru Chen
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xufei Teng
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongqin Zhang
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Zou
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lina Ma
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Ganini C, Amelio I, Bertolo R, Candi E, Cappello A, Cipriani C, Mauriello A, Marani C, Melino G, Montanaro M, Natale ME, Tisone G, Shi Y, Wang Y, Bove P. Serine and one-carbon metabolisms bring new therapeutic venues in prostate cancer. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:45. [PMID: 35201488 PMCID: PMC8777499 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine and one-carbon unit metabolisms are essential biochemical pathways implicated in fundamental cellular functions such as proliferation, biosynthesis of important anabolic precursors and in general for the availability of methyl groups. These two distinct but interacting pathways are now becoming crucial in cancer, the de novo cytosolic serine pathway and the mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism. Apart from their role in physiological conditions, such as epithelial proliferation, the serine metabolism alterations are associated to several highly neoplastic proliferative pathologies. Accordingly, prostate cancer shows a deep rearrangement of its metabolism, driven by the dependency from the androgenic stimulus. Several new experimental evidence describes the role of a few of the enzymes involved in the serine metabolism in prostate cancer pathogenesis. The aim of this study is to analyze gene and protein expression data publicly available from large cancer specimens dataset, in order to further dissect the potential role of the abovementioned metabolism in the complex reshaping of the anabolic environment in this kind of neoplasm. The data suggest a potential role as biomarkers as well as in cancer therapy for the genes (and enzymes) belonging to the one-carbon metabolism in the context of prostatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ganini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bertolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Cappello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Cipriani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Marani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Montanaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Emanuela Natale
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tisone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Yufang Shi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Pierluigi Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
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10
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Rugolo F, Bazan NG, Calandria J, Jun B, Raschellà G, Melino G, Agostini M. The expression of ELOVL4, repressed by MYCN, defines neuroblastoma patients with good outcome. Oncogene 2021; 40:5741-5751. [PMID: 34333551 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit dysregulation of critical genes including those involved in lipid biosynthesis, with subsequent defects in metabolism. Here, we show that ELOngation of Very Long chain fatty acids protein 4 (ELOVL4), a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of very-long polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3, ≥28 C), is expressed and transcriptionally repressed by the oncogene MYCN in neuroblastoma cells. In keeping, ELOVL4 positively regulates neuronal differentiation and lipids droplets accumulation in neuroblastoma cells. At the molecular level we found that MYCN binds to the promoter of ELOVL4 in close proximity to the histone deacetylases HDAC1, HDAC2, and the transcription factor Sp1 that can cooperate in the repression of ELOVL4 expression. Accordingly, in vitro differentiation results in an increase of fatty acid with 34 carbons with 6 double bonds (FA34:6); and when MYCN is silenced, FA34:6 metabolite is increased compared with the scrambled. In addition, analysis of large neuroblastoma datasets revealed that ELOVL4 expression is highly expressed in localized clinical stages 1 and 2, and low in high-risk stages 3 and 4. More importantly, high expression of ELOVL4 stratifies a subsets of neuroblastoma patients with good prognosis. Indeed, ELOVL4 expression is a marker of better overall clinical survival also in MYCN not amplified patients and in those with neuroblastoma-associated mutations. In summary, our findings indicate that MYCN, by repressing the expression of ELOVL4 and lipid metabolism, contributes to the progression of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rugolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jorgelina Calandria
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Bokkyoo Jun
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Raschellà
- Laboratory of Health and Environment, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Agostini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Sun Q, Melino G, Amelio I, Jiang J, Wang Y, Shi Y. Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:27. [PMID: 35201440 PMCID: PMC8777500 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy represents a major advance in the cure of cancer following the dramatic advancements in the development and refinement of chemotherapies and radiotherapies. In the recent decades, together with the development of early diagnostic techniques, immunotherapy has significantly contributed to improving the survival of cancer patients. The immune-checkpoint blockade agents have been proven effective in a significant fraction of standard therapy refractory patients. Importantly, recent advances are providing alternative immunotherapeutic tools that could help overcome their limitations. In this mini review, we provide an overview on the main steps of the discovery of classic immune-checkpoint blockade agents and summarise the most recent development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies, such as tumour antigens, bispecific antibodies and TCR-engineered T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- DZNE German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jingting Jiang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yufang Shi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
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12
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Systematic Identification and Validation of Housekeeping and Tissue-Specific Genes in Allotetraploid Chenopodium quinoa. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7080235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa is a gluten-free food crop that contains all the essential amino acids and vitamins. The selection of proper housekeeping and tissue-specific genes is the crucial prerequisite for gene expression analysis using the common approach, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). In this study, we identified 40 novel candidate housekeeping genes by the minimum transcript per million (TPM), coefficient of variation (CV) and maximum fold change (MFC) methods and 19 candidate tissue-specific genes by the co-expression network method based on an RNA-seq dataset that included 53 stem, leaf, flower and seed samples, as well as additional shoot and root samples under different stresses. The expression stability of 12 housekeeping and tissue-specific genes, as well as that of another two traditionally used housekeeping genes, was further evaluated using qPCR and ranked using NormFinder, BestKeeper and the comparative delta-Ct method. The results demonstrated that MIF, RGGA, VATE and UBA2B were ranked as the top four most stable candidate housekeeping genes. qPCR analysis also revealed three leaf-specific genes and five root-specific genes, but no stem-specific gene was identified. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis identified that housekeeping genes were mainly enriched in the small molecule metabolic process, organonitrogen compound metabolic process, NAD binding and ligase activity. In addition, tissue-specific genes are closely associated with the major functions of a specific tissue. Specifically, GO terms “photosynthesis” and “thylakoid” were most significantly overrepresented in candidate leaf-specific genes. The novel housekeeping and tissue-specific genes in our study will enable better normalization and quantification of transcript levels in quinoa.
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13
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Franceschilli M, Vinci D, Di Carlo S, Sensi B, Siragusa L, Guida A, Rossi P, Bellato V, Caronna R, Sibio S. Central vascular ligation and mesentery based abdominal surgery. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:24. [PMID: 35201479 PMCID: PMC8777547 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nineteenth century the idea of a correct surgical approach in oncologic surgery moved towards a good lymphadenectomy. In colon cancer the segment is removed with adjacent mesentery, in gastric cancer or pancreatic cancer a good oncologic resection is obtained with adequate lymphadenectomy. Many guidelines propose a minimal lymph node count that the surgeon must obtain. Therefore, it is essential to understand the adequate extent of lymphadenectomy to be performed in cancer surgery. In this review of the current literature, the focus is on "central vascular ligation", understood as radical lymphadenectomy in upper and lower gastrointestinal cancer, the evolution of this approach during the years and the improvement of laparoscopic techniques. For what concerns laparoscopic surgery, the main goal is to minimize post-operative trauma introducing the "less is more" concept whilst preserving attention for oncological outcomes. This review will demonstrate the importance of a scientifically based standardization of oncologic gastrointestinal surgery, especially in relation to the expansion of minimally invasive surgery and underlines the importance to further investigate through new randomized trials the role of extended lymphadenectomy in the new era of a multimodal approach, and most importantly, an era where minimally invasive techniques and the idea of "less is more" are becoming the standard thought for the surgical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Franceschilli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - D Vinci
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - S Di Carlo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - B Sensi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - L Siragusa
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - A Guida
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - P Rossi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - V Bellato
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - R Caronna
- Department of Surgery Pietro Valdoni Unit of Oncologic and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Rome, Italy
- Department of Surgical Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Sibio
- Department of Surgery Pietro Valdoni Unit of Oncologic and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Rome, Italy
- Department of Surgical Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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14
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Panatta E, Zampieri C, Melino G, Amelio I. Understanding p53 tumour suppressor network. Biol Direct 2021; 16:14. [PMID: 34362419 PMCID: PMC8348811 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutation of TP53 gene affects half of all human cancers, resulting in impairment of the regulation of several cellular functions, including cell cycle progression and cell death in response to genotoxic stress. In the recent years additional p53-mediated tumour suppression mechanisms have been described, questioning the contribution of its canonical pathway for tumour suppression. These include regulation of alternative cell death modalities (i.e. ferroptosis), cell metabolism and the emerging role in RNA stability. Here we briefly summarize our knowledge on p53 “canonical DNA damage response” and discuss the most relevant recent findings describing potential mechanistic explanation of p53-mediated tumour suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Panatta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Zampieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy. .,School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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15
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Low level of plasminogen increases risk for mortality in COVID-19 patients. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:773. [PMID: 34354045 PMCID: PMC8340078 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and especially of its complications is still not fully understood. In fact, a very high number of patients with COVID-19 die because of thromboembolic causes. A role of plasminogen, as precursor of fibrinolysis, has been hypothesized. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between plasminogen levels and COVID-19-related outcomes in a population of 55 infected Caucasian patients (mean age: 69.8 ± 14.3, 41.8% female). Low levels of plasminogen were significantly associated with inflammatory markers (CRP, PCT, and IL-6), markers of coagulation (D-dimer, INR, and APTT), and markers of organ dysfunctions (high fasting blood glucose and decrease in the glomerular filtration rate). A multidimensional analysis model, including the correlation of the expression of coagulation with inflammatory parameters, indicated that plasminogen tended to cluster together with IL-6, hence suggesting a common pathway of activation during disease's complication. Moreover, low levels of plasminogen strongly correlated with mortality in COVID-19 patients even after multiple adjustments for presence of confounding. These data suggest that plasminogen may play a pivotal role in controlling the complex mechanisms beyond the COVID-19 complications, and may be useful both as biomarker for prognosis and for therapeutic target against this extremely aggressive infection.
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16
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Mammarella E, Zampieri C, Panatta E, Melino G, Amelio I. NUAK2 and RCan2 participate in the p53 mutant pro-tumorigenic network. Biol Direct 2021; 16:11. [PMID: 34348766 PMCID: PMC8335924 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most inactivating mutations in TP53 gene generates neomorphic forms of p53 proteins that experimental evidence and clinical observations suggest to exert gain-of-function effects. While massive effort has been deployed in the dissection of wild type p53 transcriptional programme, p53 mutant pro-tumorigenic gene network is still largely elusive. To help dissecting the molecular basis of p53 mutant GOF, we performed an analysis of a fully annotated genomic and transcriptomic human pancreatic adenocarcinoma to select candidate players of p53 mutant network on the basis their differential expression between p53 mutant and p53 wild-type cohorts and their prognostic value. We identified NUAK2 and RCan2 whose p53 mutant GOF-dependent regulation was further validated in pancreatic cancer cellular model. Our data demonstrated that p53R270H can physically bind RCan2 gene locus in regulatory regions corresponding to the chromatin permissive areas where known binding partners of p53 mutant, such as p63 and Srebp, bind. Overall, starting from clinically relevant data and progressing into experimental validation, our work suggests NUAK2 and RCan2 as novel candidate players of the p53 mutant pro-tumorigenic network whose prognostic and therapeutic interest might attract future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Mammarella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Zampieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Panatta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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17
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Di Nardo G, Di Venere A, Zhang C, Nicolai E, Castrignanò S, Di Paola L, Gilardi G, Mei G. Polymorphism on human aromatase affects protein dynamics and substrate binding: spectroscopic evidence. Biol Direct 2021; 16:8. [PMID: 33902660 PMCID: PMC8073906 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human aromatase is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, involved in steroid hormones biosynthesis. In particular, it converts androgen into estrogens being therefore responsible for the correct sex steroids balance. Due to its capacity in producing estrogens it has also been considered as a promising target for breast cancer therapy. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (R264C and R264H) have been shown to alter aromatase activity and they have been associated to an increased or decreased risk for estrogen-dependent pathologies. Here, the effect of these mutations on the protein dynamics is investigated by UV/FTIR and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. H/D exchange rates were measured by FTIR for the three proteins in the ligand-free, substrate- and inhibitor-bound forms and the data indicate that the wild-type enzyme undergoes a conformational change leading to a more compact tertiary structure upon substrate or inhibitor binding. Indeed, the H/D exchange rates are decreased when a ligand is present. In the variants, the exchange rates in the ligand-free and -bound forms are similar, indicating that a structural change is lacking, despite the single amino acid substitution is located in the peripheral shell of the protein molecule. Moreover, the fluorescence lifetimes data show that the quenching effect on tryptophan-224 observed upon ligand binding in the wild-type, is absent in both variants. Since this residue is located in the catalytic pocket, these findings suggest that substrate entrance and/or retention in the active site is partially compromised in both mutants. A contact network analysis demonstrates that the protein structure is organized in two main clusters, whose connectivity is altered by ligand binding, especially in correspondence of helix-G, where the amino acid substitutions occur. Our findings demonstrate that SNPs resulting in mutations on aromatase surface modify the protein flexibility that is required for substrate binding and catalysis. The cluster analysis provides a rationale for such effect, suggesting helix G as a possible target for aromatase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Di Nardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Almerinda Di Venere
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Chao Zhang
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Eleonora Nicolai
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Castrignanò
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Di Paola
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Unità di Fondamenti Chimico-Fisici dell'Ingegneria Chimica, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Mei
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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18
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A New Era of Neuro-Oncology Research Pioneered by Multi-Omics Analysis and Machine Learning. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040565. [PMID: 33921457 PMCID: PMC8070530 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) cancers is not high, it significantly reduces a patient’s quality of life and results in high mortality rates. A low incidence also means a low number of cases, which in turn means a low amount of information. To compensate, researchers have tried to increase the amount of information available from a single test using high-throughput technologies. This approach, referred to as single-omics analysis, has only been partially successful as one type of data may not be able to appropriately describe all the characteristics of a tumor. It is presently unclear what type of data can describe a particular clinical situation. One way to solve this problem is to use multi-omics data. When using many types of data, a selected data type or a combination of them may effectively resolve a clinical question. Hence, we conducted a comprehensive survey of papers in the field of neuro-oncology that used multi-omics data for analysis and found that most of the papers utilized machine learning techniques. This fact shows that it is useful to utilize machine learning techniques in multi-omics analysis. In this review, we discuss the current status of multi-omics analysis in the field of neuro-oncology and the importance of using machine learning techniques.
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19
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Zielinski JM, Luke JJ, Guglietta S, Krieg C. High Throughput Multi-Omics Approaches for Clinical Trial Evaluation and Drug Discovery. Front Immunol 2021; 12:590742. [PMID: 33868223 PMCID: PMC8044891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.590742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High throughput single cell multi-omics platforms, such as mass cytometry (cytometry by time-of-flight; CyTOF), high dimensional imaging (>6 marker; Hyperion, MIBIscope, CODEX, MACSima) and the recently evolved genomic cytometry (Citeseq or REAPseq) have enabled unprecedented insights into many biological and clinical questions, such as hematopoiesis, transplantation, cancer, and autoimmunity. In synergy with constantly adapting new single-cell analysis approaches and subsequent accumulating big data collections from these platforms, whole atlases of cell types and cellular and sub-cellular interaction networks are created. These atlases build an ideal scientific discovery environment for reference and data mining approaches, which often times reveals new cellular disease networks. In this review we will discuss how combinations and fusions of different -omic workflows on a single cell level can be used to examine cellular phenotypes, immune effector functions, and even dynamic changes, such as metabolomic state of different cells in a sample or even in a defined tissue location. We will touch on how pre-print platforms help in optimization and reproducibility of workflows, as well as community outreach. We will also shortly discuss how leveraging single cell multi-omic approaches can be used to accelerate cellular biomarker discovery during clinical trials to predict response to therapy, follow responsive cell types, and define novel druggable target pathways. Single cell proteome approaches already have changed how we explore cellular mechanism in disease and during therapy. Current challenges in the field are how we share these disruptive technologies to the scientific communities while still including new approaches, such as genomic cytometry and single cell metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Zielinski
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Jason J Luke
- Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Silvia Guglietta
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Carsten Krieg
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, United States
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The Triad Hsp60-miRNAs-Extracellular Vesicles in Brain Tumors: Assessing Its Components for Understanding Tumorigenesis and Monitoring Patients. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors have a poor prognosis and progress must be made for developing efficacious treatments, but for this to occur their biology and interaction with the host must be elucidated beyond current knowledge. What has been learned from other tumors may be applied to study brain tumors, for example, the role of Hsp60, miRNAs, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the mechanisms of cell proliferation and dissemination, and resistance to immune attack and anticancer drugs. It has been established that Hsp60 increases in cancer cells, in which it occurs not only in the mitochondria but also in the cytosol and plasma-cell membrane and it is released in EVs into the extracellular space and in circulation. There is evidence suggesting that these EVs interact with cells near and far from their original cell and that this interaction has an impact on the functions of the target cell. It is assumed that this crosstalk between cancer and host cells favors carcinogenesis in various ways. We, therefore, propose to study the triad Hsp60-related miRNAs-EVs in brain tumors and have standardized methods for the purpose. These revealed that EVs with Hsp60 and related miRNAs increase in patients’ blood in a manner that reflects disease status. The means are now available to monitor brain tumor patients by measuring the triad and to dissect its effects on target cells in vitro, and in experimental models in vivo.
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Marchetti P, Antonov A, Anemona L, Vangapandou C, Montanaro M, Botticelli A, Mauriello A, Melino G, Catani MV. New immunological potential markers for triple negative breast cancer: IL18R1, CD53, TRIM, Jaw1, LTB, PTPRCAP. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:6. [PMID: 35201443 PMCID: PMC8777524 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide, and settings of specific prognostic factors and efficacious therapies are made difficult by phenotypic heterogeneity of BC subtypes. Therefore, there is a current urgent need to define novel predictive genetic predictors that may be useful for stratifying patients with distinct prognostic outcomes. Here, we looked for novel molecular signatures for triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs). By a bioinformatic approach, we identified a panel of genes, whose expression was positively correlated with disease-free survival in TNBC patients, namely IL18R1, CD53, TRIM, Jaw1, LTB, and PTPRCAP, showing specific immune expression profiles linked to survival prediction; most of these genes are indeed expressed in immune cells and are required for productive lymphocyte activation. According to our hypothesis, these genes were not, or poorly, expressed in different TNBC cell lines, derived from either primary breast tumours or metastatic pleural effusions. This conclusion was further supported in vivo, as immuno-histochemical analysis on biopsies of TNBC invasive ductal carcinomas highlighted differential expression of these six genes in cancer cells, as well as in intra- and peri-tumoral infiltrating lymphocytes. Our data open to the possibility that inter-tumour heterogeneity of immune markers might have predictive value; further investigations are recommended in order to establish the real power of cancer-related immune profiles as prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Marchetti
- Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alexey Antonov
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR UK
| | - Lucia Anemona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research (TOR), University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Chaitania Vangapandou
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research (TOR), University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Montanaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research (TOR), University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Botticelli
- Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research (TOR), University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research (TOR), University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Valeria Catani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research (TOR), University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Amelio I, Bertolo R, Bove P, Buonomo OC, Candi E, Chiocchi M, Cipriani C, Di Daniele N, Ganini C, Juhl H, Mauriello A, Marani C, Marshall J, Montanaro M, Palmieri G, Piacentini M, Sica G, Tesauro M, Rovella V, Tisone G, Shi Y, Wang Y, Melino G. Liquid biopsies and cancer omics. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:131. [PMID: 33298891 PMCID: PMC7691330 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the sequencing technologies allowed the generation of huge amounts of molecular data from a single cancer specimen, allowing the clinical oncology to enter the era of the precision medicine. This massive amount of data is highlighting new details on cancer pathogenesis but still relies on tissue biopsies, which are unable to capture the dynamic nature of cancer through its evolution. This assumption led to the exploration of non-tissue sources of tumoral material opening the field of liquid biopsies. Blood, together with body fluids such as urines, or stool, from cancer patients, are analyzed applying the techniques used for the generation of omics data. With blood, this approach would allow to take into account tumor heterogeneity (since the circulating components such as CTCs, ctDNA, or ECVs derive from each cancer clone) in a time dependent manner, resulting in a somehow "real-time" understanding of cancer evolution. Liquid biopsies are beginning nowdays to be applied in many cancer contexts and are at the basis of many clinical trials in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Amelio
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Riccardo Bertolo
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Bove
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Oreste Claudio Buonomo
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Chiocchi
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Cipriani
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Ganini
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Marani
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - John Marshall
- Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Manuela Montanaro
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Palmieri
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sica
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Rovella
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tisone
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Yufang Shi
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Gerry Melino
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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