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Biswas A, Rao PD, Madhavan S, Natarajan M, Solomon JM. Video parameters for action observation training in stroke rehabilitation: a scoping review. Disabil Rehabil 2024; 46:1256-1265. [PMID: 37021345 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2191016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Action observation training (AOT) is a therapeutic approach used in stroke rehabilitation. Videos form the core of AOT, and knowledge of constituent parameters is essential to make the intervention robust and generalizable. Currently, there is a dearth of available information on video parameters to be used for AOT. Our purpose was to identify and describe the parameters that constitute AOT videos for stroke rehabilitation. METHOD Electronic databases like PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Ovid SP from inception to date according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Title, abstract, and full-text screening were done independently by two authors, with a third author for conflict resolution. Data on video parameters like length, quality, perspective, speed, screen size and distance, sound, and control videos were extracted. RESULTS Seventy studies were included in this review. The most-reported parameters were video length (85.71%) and perspective of view (62.85%). Movement speed (7.14%) and sound (8.57%) were the least reported. Static landscapes or geometrical patterns were found suitable as control videos. CONCLUSION Most video parameters except for length and perspective of view remain underreported in AOT protocols. Future studies with better descriptions of video parameters are required for comprehensive AOT interventions and result generalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Biswas
- Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Prajna D Rao
- College of Physiotherapy, Srinivas University, Mangalore, India
| | - Sangeetha Madhavan
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Manikandan Natarajan
- Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Centre for Comprehensive Stroke Rehabilitation and Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - John M Solomon
- Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Centre for Comprehensive Stroke Rehabilitation and Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Choi JB, Yang SW, Ma SR. The Effect of Action Observation Combined with Motor Imagery Training on Upper Extremity Function and Corticospinal Excitability in Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912048. [PMID: 36231353 PMCID: PMC9566430 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of motor imagery (MI) intervention with action observation (AO) on upper extremity function and corticospinal activation in stroke patients. MI and AO are two forms of motion simulation that activate the motor system without physical activity. There are many studies that show the effect of AO and MI alone, but there are few studies in parallel. This study was conducted on 45 patients who were divided into an experimental group (n = 22) and a control group (n = 23) using a computer randomization program. The experimental group conducted AO with MI, and the control group only AO. All participants received interventions for twenty-five minutes per session, five times a week, for eight weeks. For the pre- and post-evaluation of all participants, motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude was measured to compare corticospinal activation, and Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity (FMA UE), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and Motor Activity Log (MAL) were evaluated for changes in upper extremity function. In comparing the amount of change before and after the intervention, a significant change was observed in the experimental group's MEP amplitude. In the comparison between groups after the intervention and the amount of change before and after the intervention, the experimental group showed significant changes in FMA UE and MAL Amount of Use (MAL AOU) items. As a result of this study, AO with MI is effective in enhancing upper extremity function and increasing cortical spinal cord activation in patients with severe stroke with limited movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Bae Choi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Sangji University, 83 Sangjidae-gil, Wonju-si 26339, Korea
| | - Seo-Won Yang
- Department of Health Sciences, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea
| | - Sung-Ryong Ma
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea
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Borges LR, Fernandes AB, Oliveira Dos Passos J, Rego IAO, Campos TF. Action observation for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 8:CD011887. [PMID: 35930301 PMCID: PMC9354942 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011887.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Action observation (AO) is a physical rehabilitation approach that facilitates the occurrence of neural plasticity through the activation of the mirror-neural system, promoting motor recovery in people with stroke. OBJECTIVES To assess whether AO enhances upper limb motor function in people with stroke. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched 18 May 2021), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (18 May 2021), MEDLINE (1946 to 18 May 2021), Embase (1974 to 18 May 2021), and five additional databases. We also searched trial registries and reference lists. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of AO alone or associated with physical practice in adults after stroke. The primary outcome was upper limb (arm and hand) motor function. Secondary outcomes included dependence on activities of daily living (ADL), motor performance, cortical activation, quality of life, and adverse effects. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials according to the predefined inclusion criteria, extracted data, assessed risk of bias using RoB 1, and applied the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. The reviews authors contacted trial authors for clarification and missing information. MAIN RESULTS We included 16 trials involving 574 individuals. Most trials provided AO followed by the practice of motor actions. Training varied between 1 day and 8 weeks of therapy, 10 to 90 minutes per session. The time of AO ranged from 1 minute to 10 minutes for each motor action, task or movement observed. The total number of motor actions ranged from 1 to 3. Control comparisons included sham observation, physical therapy, and functional activity practice. PRIMARY OUTCOMES AO improved arm function (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17 to 0.61; 11 trials, 373 participants; low-certainty evidence); and improved hand function (mean difference (MD) 2.76, 95% CI 1.04 to 4.49; 5 trials, 178 participants; low-certainty evidence). SECONDARY OUTCOMES AO did not improve ADL performance (SMD 0.37, 95% CI -0.34 to 1.08; 7 trials, 302 participants; very low-certainty evidence), or quality of life (MD 5.52, 95% CI -30.74 to 41.78; 2 trials, 30 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We were unable to pool the other secondary outcomes (motor performance and cortical activation). Only two trials reported adverse events without significant adverse effects. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The effects of AO are small for arm function compared to any control group; for hand function the effects are large, but not clinically significant. For both, the certainty of evidence is low. There is no evidence of benefit or detriment from AO on ADL and quality of life of people with stroke; however, the certainty of evidence is very low. As such, our confidence in the effect estimate is limited because it will likely change with future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenna Rdm Borges
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Aline Bgs Fernandes
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tania F Campos
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Sivashankar Y, Liu J, Fernandes MA. The importance of performing versus observing meaningful actions, on the enactment benefit to memory. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Junwen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Zhou Z, Chen S, Li Y, Zhao J, Li G, Chen L, Wu Y, Zhang S, Shi X, Chen X, Xu S, Ren M, Chang S, Shan C. Comparison of Sensory Observation and Somatosensory Stimulation in Mirror Neurons and the Sensorimotor Network: A Task-Based fMRI Study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:916990. [PMID: 35847217 PMCID: PMC9279701 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.916990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate brain plasticity by somatosensory stimulation (SS) and sensory observation (SO) based on mirror neuron and embodied cognition theory. Action observation therapy has been widely adopted for motor function improvement in post-stroke patients. However, it is uncertain whether the SO approach can also contribute to the recovery of sensorimotor function after stroke. In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential of SO for sensorimotor dysfunction and provided new evidence for neurorehabilitation. Methods Twenty-six healthy right-handed adults (12 men and 14 women), aged 18–27 (mean, 22.12; SD, 2.12) years were included. All subjects were evaluated with task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to discover the characteristics and differences in brain activation between SO and SS. We adopted a block design with two conditions during fMRI scanning: observing a sensory video of brushing (task condition A, defined as SO) and brushing subjects' right forearms while they watched a nonsense string (task condition B, defined as SS). One-sample t-tests were performed to identify brain regions and voxels activated for each task condition. A paired-sample t-test and conjunction analysis were performed to explore the differences and similarities between SO and SS. Results The task-based fMRI showed that the bilateral postcentral gyrus, left precentral gyrus, bilateral middle temporal gyrus, right supramarginal gyrus, and left supplementary motor area were significantly activated during SO or SS. In addition to these brain regions, SO could also activate areas containing mirror neurons, like the left inferior parietal gyrus. Conclusion SO could activate mirror neurons and sensorimotor network-related brain regions in healthy subjects like SS. Therefore, SO may be a promising novel therapeutic approach for sensorimotor dysfunction recovery in post-stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhou
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Songmei Chen
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai No. 3 Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanli Li
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjun Zhao
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanwu Li
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Wu
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Shi
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xixi Chen
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shutian Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Ren
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shixin Chang
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shixin Chang
| | - Chunlei Shan
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Chunlei Shan
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Xiong F, Liao X, Xiao J, Bai X, Huang J, Zhang B, Li F, Li P. Emerging Limb Rehabilitation Therapy After Post-stroke Motor Recovery. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:863379. [PMID: 35401147 PMCID: PMC8984121 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.863379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke, including hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, refers to the blood supply disorder in the local brain tissue for various reasons (aneurysm, occlusion, etc.). It leads to regional brain circulation imbalance, neurological complications, limb motor dysfunction, aphasia, and depression. As the second-leading cause of death worldwide, stroke poses a significant threat to human life characterized by high mortality, disability, and recurrence. Therefore, the clinician has to care about the symptoms of stroke patients in the acute stage and formulate an effective postoperative rehabilitation plan to facilitate the recovery in patients. We summarize a novel application and update of the rehabilitation therapy in limb motor rehabilitation of stroke patients to provide a potential future stroke rehabilitation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiong
- Department of Operation Room, The First People’s Hospital of Jiande, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Jiande, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Jiande, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Jiande, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Jiande, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Jiande, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Jiande, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Jiande, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Pengfei Li,
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A Case Study of Upper Limb Robotic-Assisted Therapy Using the Track-Hold Device. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22031009. [PMID: 35161755 PMCID: PMC8840074 DOI: 10.3390/s22031009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The Track-Hold System (THS) project, developed in a healthcare facility and therefore in a controlled and protected healthcare environment, contributes to the more general and broad context of Robotic-Assisted Therapy (RAT). RAT represents an advanced and innovative rehabilitation method, both motor and cognitive, and uses active, passive, and facilitating robotic devices. RAT devices can be equipped with sensors to detect and track voluntary and involuntary movements. They can work in synergy with multimedia protocols developed ad hoc to achieve the highest possible level of functional re-education. The THS is based on a passive robotic arm capable of recording and facilitating the movements of the upper limbs. An operational interface completes the device for its use in the clinical setting. In the form of a case study, the researchers conducted the experimentation in the former Tabarracci hospital (Viareggio, Italy). The case study develops a motor and cognitive rehabilitation protocol. The chosen subjects suffered from post-stroke outcomes affecting the right upper limb, including strength deficits, tremors, incoordination, and motor apraxia. During the first stage of the enrolment, the researchers worked with seven patients. The researchers completed the pilot with four patients because three of them got a stroke recurrence. The collaboration with four patients permitted the generation of an enlarged case report to collect preliminary data. The preliminary clinical results of the Track-Hold System Project demonstrated good compliance by patients with robotic-assisted rehabilitation; in particular, patients underwent a gradual path of functional recovery of the upper limb using the implemented interface.
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Sim TY, Kwon JS. Comparing the effectiveness of bimanual and unimanual mirror therapy in unilateral neglect after stroke: A pilot study. NeuroRehabilitation 2021; 50:133-141. [PMID: 34957959 DOI: 10.3233/nre-210233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unilateral neglect in stroke patients is a major obstacle to rehabilitation, which is a great challenge for therapists. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of bimanual mirror therapy (BMT) and unimanual mirror therapy (UMT), the two protocols of mirror therapy, for the reduction of the symptoms of unilateral neglect in stroke patients. METHODS Twenty-eight individuals were randomly assigned to the UMT or BMT groups. Both groups received mirror therapy for 30 minutes per day, 5 days a week, for a period of 4 weeks. The Star Cancelation Test (SCT), Line Bisection Test (LBT), Picture Scanning test (PST), and Korean Catherine Bergego Scale (K-CBS) were used to measure the change in unilateral neglect, and the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) was used to evaluate activities of daily living (ADL). RESULTS The results of SCT, LBT, PST, and K-CBS showed significant decreases in unilateral neglect in both groups (p < 0.05). K-MBI improved significantly in both groups (p < 0.05). There were significant differences between the two groups in the unilateral neglect tests (p < 0.05), but no significant difference in ADL evaluation (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Mirror therapy protocols can be applied to treat unilateral neglect in stroke patients. However, BMT may be more beneficial for reducing the symptoms of unilateral neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yong Sim
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Cheongju St. Mary's Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Kwon
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Health Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Abbass ME, Ibrahim NM. Effectiveness of action observation therapy on upper extremity function in children with cerebral palsy: systematic review and meta-analysis. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10833196.2021.1978247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Elsayed Abbass
- Pediatric Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nahla M. Ibrahim
- Pediatric Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Roberts M, Lietz NH, Portelli NA, Huang MH. Implementing technology enhanced real-time action observation therapy in persons with chronic stroke: A pilot study. Physiother Theory Pract 2021; 38:2665-2676. [PMID: 34503381 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2021.1978120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study examined a novel technology-enhanced real-time action observation therapy (TERTAOT) of symmetrical bilateral movements in survivors of chronic stroke regardless of their ability to move their paretic limb(s). The TERTAOT used a Kinect XBox One to project mirror images of non-paretic limbs as participants performed symmetrical bilateral motor tasks involving whole-body movements in sitting or standing. The participants received eight weeks of treatment consisting of 30-minutes of conventional physical therapy (balance training, gait training, neuromuscular reeducation, and generalized strength training) and 30-minutes of the TERTAOT protocol per session (three sessions per week for a total of 24 sessions). Ten Meter Walk Test (10MWT), Five Times Sit-to-Stand (5TSTS), Timed Up and Go (TUG), Motor Activity Log - Quality of Movement (QOM) and Amount of Use (AOU) were administered at baseline (pretest), 4 weeks (posttest 1) and 8 weeks (posttest 2) post-TERTAOT, and 3 months after TERTAOT ended (retention). A General Linear Model Repeated Measures (parametric test) or the Friedman Test (non-parametric test) was used to compare outcomes across time points, depending on the normality of data distribution. Bonferroni post-hoc corrections were applied. Seventeen participants completed >80% of TERTAOT sessions without adverse events. The effect of time was significant for 10MWT (p = .001), 5TSTS (p = .001), TUG (p = .005), QOM (p = .001), and AOU (p = .017). TERTAOT may be feasible to be implemented in an outpatient setting. Improvements in functional outcomes including gait, balance, and use of upper limbs were observed after eight weeks of conventional therapy and TERTAOT protocol in survivors of chronic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Roberts
- Ambulatory Rehabilitation and Speech Language Pathology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Canton, MI, United States of America
| | - Ncs Hendrika Lietz
- Ambulatory Rehabilitation and Speech Language Pathology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Canton, MI, United States of America
| | - Ncs Alyssa Portelli
- Ambulatory Rehabilitation and Speech Language Pathology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Canton, MI, United States of America
| | - Min Hui Huang
- Physical Therapy Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, Mi, United States of America
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Rizzolatti G, Fabbri-Destro M, Nuara A, Gatti R, Avanzini P. The role of mirror mechanism in the recovery, maintenance, and acquisition of motor abilities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:404-423. [PMID: 33910057 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
While it is well documented that the motor system is more than a mere implementer of motor actions, the possible applications of its cognitive side are still under-exploited, often remaining as poorly organized evidence. Here, we will collect evidence showing the value of action observation treatment (AOT) in the recovery of impaired motor abilities for a vast number of clinical conditions, spanning from traumatological patients to brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. Alongside, we will discuss the use of AOT in the maintenance of appropriate motor behavior in subjects at risk for events with dramatic physical consequences, like fall prevention in elderly people or injury prevention in sports. Finally, we will report that AOT can help to tune existing motor competencies in fields requiring precise motor control. We will connect all these diverse dots into the neurophysiological scenario offered by decades of research on the human mirror mechanism, discussing the potentialities for individualization. Empowered by modern technologies, AOT can impact individuals' safety and quality of life across the whole lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rizzolatti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Arturo Nuara
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Parma, Italy; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche, e Neuroscienze, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Gatti
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Parma, Italy; Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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12
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Kim JA, Davis KD. Magnetoencephalography: physics, techniques, and applications in the basic and clinical neurosciences. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:938-956. [PMID: 33567968 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00530.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a technique used to measure the magnetic fields generated from neuronal activity in the brain. MEG has a high temporal resolution on the order of milliseconds and provides a more direct measure of brain activity when compared with hemodynamic-based neuroimaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. The current review focuses on basic features of MEG such as the instrumentation and the physics that are integral to the signals that can be measured, and the principles of source localization techniques, particularly the physics of beamforming and the techniques that are used to localize the signal of interest. In addition, we review several metrics that can be used to assess functional coupling in MEG and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Lastly, we discuss the current and future applications of MEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseok A Kim
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen D Davis
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Angulo J, El Assar M, Álvarez-Bustos A, Rodríguez-Mañas L. Physical activity and exercise: Strategies to manage frailty. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101513. [PMID: 32234291 PMCID: PMC7284931 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Frailty, a consequence of the interaction of the aging process and certain chronic diseases, compromises functional outcomes in the elderly and substantially increases their risk for developing disabilities and other adverse outcomes. Frailty follows from the combination of several impaired physiological mechanisms affecting multiple organs and systems. And, though frailty and sarcopenia are related, they are two different conditions. Thus, strategies to preserve or improve functional status should consider systemic function in addition to muscle conditioning. Physical activity/exercise is considered one of the main strategies to counteract frailty-related physical impairment in the elderly. Exercise reduces age-related oxidative damage and chronic inflammation, increases autophagy, and improves mitochondrial function, myokine profile, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway, and insulin sensitivity. Exercise interventions target resistance (strength and power), aerobic, balance, and flexibility work. Each type improves different aspects of physical functioning, though they could be combined according to need and prescribed as a multicomponent intervention. Therefore, exercise intervention programs should be prescribed based on an individual's physical functioning and adapted to the ensuing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Angulo
- Servicio de Histología-Investigación, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional en Cardiología (IRYCIS-UFV), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariam El Assar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Spain
| | | | - Leocadio Rodríguez-Mañas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Spain.
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Farina E, Borgnis F, Pozzo T. Mirror neurons and their relationship with neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1070-1094. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thierry Pozzo
- INSERM UMR1093‐CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Dijon France
- IT@UniFe Center for Translational Neurophysiology Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Ferrara Italy
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15
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Treatment Effects of Upper Limb Action Observation Therapy and Mirror Therapy on Rehabilitation Outcomes after Subacute Stroke: A Pilot Study. Behav Neurol 2020; 2020:6250524. [PMID: 32377266 PMCID: PMC7199557 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6250524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Action observation therapy and mirror therapy, two promising rehabilitation strategies, are aimed at enhancing the motor learning and functional improvement of stroke patients through different patterns of visual feedback and observation. Objective This study investigated and compared the treatment effects of the action observation therapy, mirror therapy, and active control intervention on motor and functional outcomes of stroke patients. Methods Twenty-one patients with subacute stroke were recruited in this study. All patients were randomly assigned to the action observation therapy, mirror therapy, or active control intervention for 3 weeks. Outcome measures were conducted at baseline, immediately after treatment, and at 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome was the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, and secondary outcomes included the Box and Block Test, Functional Independence Measure, and Stroke Impact Scale. Descriptive analyses and the number of patients whose change score achieved minimal clinically important difference were reported. Results Both the action observation therapy and active control intervention showed similar improvements on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Box and Block Test, and Stroke Impact Scale. Moreover, the action observation therapy had a greater improvement on the Functional Independence Measure than the other 2 groups did. However, the mirror therapy group gained the least improvements on the outcomes. Conclusion The preliminary results found that the patients in the action observation therapy and active control intervention groups had comparable benefits, suggesting that the 2 treatments might be used as an alternative to each other. A further large-scale study with at least 20 patients in each group to validate the study findings is needed. This trial is registered with NCT02871700.
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Bai Z, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Shu T, Niu W. Comparison Between Movement-Based and Task-Based Mirror Therapies on Improving Upper Limb Functions in Patients With Stroke: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Neurol 2019; 10:288. [PMID: 30972016 PMCID: PMC6443927 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this trial was to compare the effect of movement-based mirror therapy (MMT) and task-based mirror therapy (TMT) on improving upper limb functions in patients with stroke. Methods: A total of 34 patients with sub-acute stroke with mildly to moderately impaired upper limb motor functions. The participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups: MMT, TMT, and conventional treatment (CT). The MMT group underwent movement-based mirror therapy for around 30 min/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks, whereas the TMT group underwent dose-matched TMT. The CT group underwent only conventional rehabilitation. The MMT and TMT groups underwent CT in addition to their mirror therapy. Blinded assessments were administered at baseline and immediately after the intervention. Upper limb motor functions, measured using Fugl-Meyer Assessment-upper extremity (FMA-UE), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), and hand grip strength; upper limb spasticity, measured using the modified Ashworth scale (MAS); and activities of daily living, measured using the modified Barthel index (MBI). Results: A significant time-by-group interaction effect was noted in FMA-UE. Post-hoc analysis of change scores showed that MMT yielded a better effect on improving FMA-UE than the other two therapies, at a marginally significant level (P = 0.050 and 0.022, respectively). No significant interaction effect was noted in WMFT, hand grip strength, MAS, and MBI. Conclusion: Both MMT and TMT are effective in improving the upper limb function of patients with mild to moderate hemiplegia due to stroke. Nevertheless, MMT seems to be superior to TMT in improving hemiplegic upper extremity impairment. Further studies with larger stroke cohorts are expected to be inspired by this pilot trial. Trial registration number: No. ChiCTR1800019043 (http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfei Bai
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Shu
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Niu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Zhang JJQ, Fong KNK, Welage N, Liu KPY. The Activation of the Mirror Neuron System during Action Observation and Action Execution with Mirror Visual Feedback in Stroke: A Systematic Review. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:2321045. [PMID: 29853839 PMCID: PMC5941778 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2321045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the concurrent and training effects of action observation (AO) and action execution with mirror visual feedback (MVF) on the activation of the mirror neuron system (MNS) and its relationship with the activation of the motor cortex in stroke individuals. Methods A literature search using CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, Medline, Web of Science, and SCOPUS to find relevant studies was performed. Results A total of 19 articles were included. Two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies reported that MVF could activate the ipsilesional primary motor cortex as well as the MNS in stroke individuals, whereas two other fMRI studies found that the MNS was not activated by MVF in stroke individuals. Two clinical trials reported that long-term action execution with MVF induced a shift of activation toward the ipsilesional hemisphere. Five fMRI studies showed that AO activated the MNS, of which, three found the activation of movement-related areas. Five electroencephalography (EEG) studies demonstrated that AO or MVF enhanced mu suppression over the sensorimotor cortex. Conclusions MVF may contribute to stroke recovery by revising the interhemispheric imbalance caused by stroke due to the activation of the MNS. AO may also promote motor relearning in stroke individuals by activating the MNS and motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J. Q. Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth N. K. Fong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Nandana Welage
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen P. Y. Liu
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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