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Ahmad K, Anchah L, Ting CY, Lim SE. Effectiveness of a pharmacist-led, community group-based education programme in enhancing diabetes management: A multicentre randomised control trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2024; 38:101280. [PMID: 38435429 PMCID: PMC10909608 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2024.101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims This study presents a protocol for the Pharmacy Integrated Community Care (PICC) program, meticulously designed to enhance Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and augment knowledge about diabetes mellitus (DM) among individuals diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in the Sarawak State of Malaysia. Methods From 1 May to December 31, 2023, a prospective, multicenter, parallel-design randomised controlled trial will be conducted with two groups, each consisting of 47 participants. The intervention group will receive a structured, four-session group-based program guided by experienced pharmacists, focusing on medication adherence and diabetes management. The control group will follow the standard Diabetes Mellitus Adherence Clinic program. The primary outcomes of this study encompass enhancements in knowledge regarding diabetes medication management and adherence, followed by subsequent changes in HbA1c levels. Conclusions The successful implementation of the PICC program holds promise for enhancing health outcomes in the T2DM population, potentially leading to more effective diabetes management initiatives and better health practices in the community. Trial registration clinicaltrialsgov identifier NCT05106231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamarudin Ahmad
- Miri Hospital and Clinical Research Center Miri, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Lawrence Anchah
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Chuo Yew Ting
- Pharmacy Practice and Development, Pharmacy Service Division, Sarawak State Health Department, Malaysia
| | - Su Ee Lim
- Pharmacy Practice and Development, Pharmacy Service Division, Sarawak State Health Department, Malaysia
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Assessing the Efficacy of Contextualized Group Counseling Education in Asia: A Mixed Methods Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2022; 44:550-568. [PMID: 35698476 PMCID: PMC9178221 DOI: 10.1007/s10447-022-09471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many experiential learning teaching models are developed in Western cultures, with their efficacy not tested in non-Western cultures, especially in counseling education. This study examined the learning experiences of students (n = 52) enrolled in a culturally contextualized experiential teaching method implemented across a 3-year period in a Malaysian university Masters-level group counseling course. The course changes included group demonstrations by lecturers and peers, live group participation and observation, group dynamics map drawing and debriefing, paired group proposal writing and presentation, and group note- taking. This study adopted a mixed method approach with a short survey consisting of both standardized scales and open-ended questions, administered at the beginning and end of each 12-week semester. Archival data on students' evaluation was also retrieved from the year before the intervention, to compare with the 3 years of intervention. Results showed a statistically significant improvement in students' perceived group leadership skills and leadership characteristics at the end of the course. Students' overall satisfaction with the course quality also improved significantly from the year prior to the implementation of the new teaching method. Qualitative coding identified three major themes-active learning classroom that led to confidence in group counseling knowledge and skills; experiential activities in the tutorial sessions, with opportunities to carry out their proposed group activities; and formative feedback given throughout the semester during tutorial settings contributing to the higher course satisfaction rate. To conclude, we discuss the implications of contextualized experiential learning for higher education counseling pedagogy in the Asian region. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10447-022-09471-3.
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Fan Y, Long E, Cai L, Cao Q, Wu X, Tong R. Machine Learning Approaches to Predict Risks of Diabetic Complications and Poor Glycemic Control in Nonadherent Type 2 Diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:665951. [PMID: 34239440 PMCID: PMC8258097 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.665951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of machine learning algorithms in predicting risks of complications and poor glycemic control in nonadherent type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and Methods: This study was a real-world study of the complications and blood glucose prognosis of nonadherent T2D patients. Data of inpatients in Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2010 to December 2015 were collected. The T2D patients who had neither been monitored for glycosylated hemoglobin A nor had changed their hyperglycemia treatment regimens within the last 12 months were the object of this study. Seven types of machine learning algorithms were used to develop 18 prediction models. The predictive performance was mainly assessed using the area under the curve of the testing set. Results: Of 800 T2D patients, 165 (20.6%) met the inclusion criteria, of which 129 (78.2%) had poor glycemic control (defined as glycosylated hemoglobin A ≥7%). The highest area under the curves of the testing set for diabetic nephropathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic angiopathy, diabetic eye disease, and glycosylated hemoglobin A were 0.902 ± 0.040, 0.859 ± 0.050, 0.889 ± 0.059, 0.832 ± 0.086, and 0.825 ± 0.092, respectively. Conclusion: Both univariate analysis and machine learning methods reached the same conclusion. The duration of T2D and the duration of unadjusted hypoglycemic treatment were the key risk factors of diabetic complications, and the number of hypoglycemic drugs was the key risk factor of glycemic control of nonadherent T2D. This was the first study to use machine learning algorithms to explore the potential adverse outcomes of nonadherent T2D. The performances of the final prediction models we developed were acceptable; our prediction performances outperformed most other previous studies in most evaluation measures. Those models have potential clinical applicability in improving T2D care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Fan
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Enwu Long
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lulu Cai
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyuan Cao
- West China Medical College of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingwei Wu
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Ting CY, Ahmad Zaidi Adruce S, Lim CJ, Abd Jabar AHA, Ting RSK, Ting H, Osman NA, Ngau E, Talin BA, Muhammad M, Loo SC, Lim SE, Hassali MA. Effectiveness of a pharmacist-led structured group-based intervention in improving medication adherence and glycaemic control among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A randomized controlled trial. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 17:344-355. [PMID: 32327398 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A pharmacist-led structured group-based intervention (MEDIHEALTH) was formulated to improve medication adherence among Malay type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of MEDIHEALTH and its mechanism of impact for improving medication adherence and the glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level. METHODS A two group and parallel randomised controlled trial with a twelve months follow-up period was conducted at two primary health clinics in Malaysia that were surrounded by Malay communities. Malay T2DM patients whose HbA1c was >7% and total score on the Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale (SEAMS) was <26 were recruited and parallelly randomised to the MEDIHEALTH or usual care (control) groups. The extended theory of planned behaviour was employed to test the mechanism of impact. Repeated measure analysis of variance was used to assess the difference in the estimated marginal mean of the SEAMS scores and HbA1c level between the intervention and control groups at different times. RESULTS A total of 142 participants were recruited and randomised; three from the intervention group and eight from the control group withdrew before receiving any treatment. Hence, 68 participants in the intervention group and 63 in the control group were included for analyses. The MEDIHEALTH group had a significantly greater increase in the SEAMS score compared to the control group (p < 0.001) at one, three, six and twelve months post-intervention. There was also a significantly greater reduction in HbA1c in the MEDIHEALTH compared to the control group at one, three, six and twelve months post-intervention (p < 0.001). These improvements were mediated by enhancements in perceived behavioural control and knowledge about medications. CONCLUSIONS The MEDIHEALTH may improve medication adherence and glycaemic control among Malay T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuo Yew Ting
- Institute of Borneo Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia; Pharmacy Practice and Development Division, Sarawak State Health Department Sarawak, Minitry of Health, Malaysia.
| | - Shahren Ahmad Zaidi Adruce
- Institute of Borneo Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia; Faculty of Cognitive Science and Human Development, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Chien Joo Lim
- Clinical Research & Innovation Office, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
| | | | - Rachel Sing-Kiat Ting
- Monash University, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hiram Ting
- Sarawak Research Society, Sarawak, Malaysia; Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, UCSI University, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Anizah Osman
- Pharmacy Practice and Development Division, Sarawak State Health Department Sarawak, Minitry of Health, Malaysia.
| | - Esther Ngau
- Pharmacy Department, Petra Jaya Health Clinic, Petra Jaya, Kuching, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
| | - Benodict Apok Talin
- Pharmacy Enforcement Division, Sarawak State Health Department Sarawak, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
| | - Munira Muhammad
- Pharmaceutical Services Division, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
| | - Shing Chyi Loo
- Pharmacy Enforcement Division, Sarawak State Health Department Sarawak, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
| | - Su Ee Lim
- Pharmacy Practice and Development Division, Sarawak State Health Department Sarawak, Minitry of Health, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamed Azmi Hassali
- Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
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Ting CY, Adruce SAZ, Hassali MA, Ting H, Lim CJ, Ting RSK, Jabar AHAA, Osman NA, Shuib IS, Loo SC, Sim ST, Lim SE. Correction to: Effectiveness and sustainability of a structured group-based educational program (MEDIHEALTH) in improving medication adherence among Malay patients with underlying type 2 diabetes mellitus in Sarawak State of Malaysia: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:267. [PMID: 31077233 PMCID: PMC6511171 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chuo Yew Ting
- Institute of Borneo Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohamed Azmi Hassali
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hiram Ting
- Sarawak Research Society, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Chien Joo Lim
- Clinical Research Center, Sarawak General Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Rachel Sing-Kiat Ting
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Nor Anizah Osman
- Pharmacy Practice and Development Division, Sarawak State Health Department, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Izzul Syazwan Shuib
- Pharmacy Enforcement Division, Sarawak State Health Department, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Shing Chyi Loo
- Pharmacy Enforcement Division, Sarawak State Health Department, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sui Theng Sim
- Pharmacy Enforcement Division, Sarawak State Health Department, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Su Ee Lim
- Pharmacy Practice and Development Division, Sarawak State Health Department, Sarawak, Malaysia
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