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Jagdeo J, Nguyen JK, Ho D, Wang EB, Austin E, Mamalis A, Kaur R, Kraeva E, Schulman JM, Li CS, Hwang ST, Wun T, Maverakis E, Isseroff RR. Safety of light emitting diode-red light on human skin: Two randomized controlled trials. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960014. [PMID: 31483941 PMCID: PMC8887049 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic applications of light emitting diode-red light (LED-RL) are expanding, yet data on its clinical effects are lacking. Our goal was to evaluate the safety of high fluence LED-RL (≥160 J/cm2 ). In two phase I, single-blind, dose escalation, randomized controlled trials, healthy subjects received LED-RL or mock irradiation to the forearm thrice weekly for 3 weeks at fluences of 160-640 J/cm2 for all skin types (STARS 1, n = 60) and at 480-640 J/cm2 for non-Hispanic Caucasians (STARS 2, n = 55). The primary outcome was the incidence of adverse events (AEs). The maximum tolerated dose was the highest fluence that did not elicit predefined AEs. Dose-limiting AEs, including blistering and prolonged erythema, occurred at 480 J/cm2 in STARS 1 (n = 1) and 640 J/cm2 in STARS 2 (n = 2). AEs of transient erythema and hyperpigmentation were mild. No serious AEs occurred. We determined that LED-RL is safe up to 320 J/cm2 for skin of color and 480 J/cm2 for non-Hispanic Caucasian individuals. LED-RL may exert differential cutaneous effects depending on race and ethnicity, with darker skin being more photosensitive. These findings may guide future studies to evaluate the efficacy of LED-RL for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Jagdeo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA
| | - Julie K. Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, The State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
- Dermatology Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Derek Ho
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA
| | - Erica B. Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA
| | - Evan Austin
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Andrew Mamalis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
- Department of Dermatology, The State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Ramanjot Kaur
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA
| | - Ekaterina Kraeva
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA
| | - Joshua M. Schulman
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA
| | - Chin-Shang Li
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Samuel T. Hwang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Ted Wun
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA
- UC Davis Clinical and Translational Sciences Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - R. Rivkah Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA
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