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Understanding quantitative polymerase chain reaction bioanalysis issues before validation planning: Japan Bioanalysis Forum discussion group. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:1391-1405. [PMID: 36621859 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the biodistribution of cell and gene therapy products may play an important role in evaluating their safety and pharmacology. As quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is often used for these analyses, it is essential to improve the reliability of bioanalysis performed using qPCR. In this report, the authors discuss the use of qPCR in nonclinical studies, as it can be used to detect target DNA/RNA and it is quantitative and applicable for long-term analysis. The authors also discuss points to consider during bioanalysis using qPCR and present appropriate validation items and their criteria. The authors anticipate the discussion provided herein to contribute to the development of validation and sample analysis for pharmaceuticals analyzed using qPCR.
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Tan LL, Loganathan N, Agarwalla S, Yang C, Yuan W, Zeng J, Wu R, Wang W, Duraiswamy S. Current commercial dPCR platforms: technology and market review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:433-464. [PMID: 35291902 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2037503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) technology has provided a new technique for molecular diagnostics, with superior advantages, such as higher sensitivity, precision, and specificity over quantitative real-time PCRs (qPCR). Eight companies have offered commercial dPCR instruments: Fluidigm Corporation, Bio-Rad, RainDance Technologies, Life Technologies, Qiagen, JN MedSys Clarity, Optolane, and Stilla Technologies Naica. This paper discusses the working principle of each offered dPCR device and compares the associated: technical aspects, usability, costs, and current applications of each dPCR device. Lastly, up-and-coming dPCR technologies are also presented, as anticipation of how the dPCR device landscape may likely morph in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ling Tan
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Materials Science and Engineering School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nitin Loganathan
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sushama Agarwalla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Chun Yang
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiyong Yuan
- Faculty of Materials & Energy, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Chongqing, China
| | - Jasmine Zeng
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruige Wu
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Wang
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suhanya Duraiswamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Ouranidis A, Vavilis T, Mandala E, Davidopoulou C, Stamoula E, Markopoulou CK, Karagianni A, Kachrimanis K. mRNA Therapeutic Modalities Design, Formulation and Manufacturing under Pharma 4.0 Principles. Biomedicines 2021; 10:50. [PMID: 35052730 PMCID: PMC8773365 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the quest for a formidable weapon against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, mRNA therapeutics have stolen the spotlight. mRNA vaccines are a prime example of the benefits of mRNA approaches towards a broad array of clinical entities and druggable targets. Amongst these benefits is the rapid cycle "from design to production" of an mRNA product compared to their peptide counterparts, the mutability of the production line should another target be chosen, the side-stepping of safety issues posed by DNA therapeutics being permanently integrated into the transfected cell's genome and the controlled precision over the translated peptides. Furthermore, mRNA applications are versatile: apart from vaccines it can be used as a replacement therapy, even to create chimeric antigen receptor T-cells or reprogram somatic cells. Still, the sudden global demand for mRNA has highlighted the shortcomings in its industrial production as well as its formulation, efficacy and applicability. Continuous, smart mRNA manufacturing 4.0 technologies have been recently proposed to address such challenges. In this work, we examine the lab and upscaled production of mRNA therapeutics, the mRNA modifications proposed that increase its efficacy and lower its immunogenicity, the vectors available for delivery and the stability considerations concerning long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ouranidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theofanis Vavilis
- Laboratory of Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evdokia Mandala
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Davidopoulou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Stamoula
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Catherine K Markopoulou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Karagianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Nakada N, Kuroki Y. Cell tracking of chromium-labeled mesenchymal stem cells using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma imaging mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1565-1570. [PMID: 31222818 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used in regenerative medicine research. Evaluating the biodistribution of MSCs is important for determining whether the cells have reached the target tissue, and the time that the stem cells reside in each area is required to estimate the duration of efficacy. METHODS A laser ablation inductively coupled plasma imaging mass spectrometry (LAICP-IMS) method was developed for highly sensitive and quantitative surface analysis of metal elements for solid samples. We evaluated the usefulness of a cell-tracking system with LAICP-IMS to investigate the biodistribution of mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs) labeled with the natural composition of chromium (Cr) in mice. To prepare the dosing solution, mMSCs were incubated with both Na2 CrO4 and fluorescent labeling solutions. The concentration of the cells was adjusted by vehicle solution at 2.0 to 2.5 × 107 cells/mL, and the dosing suspension of mMSCs was administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection to the mice. RESULTS Thigh muscle sections after intramuscular injection of chromium- and fluorescence-labeled mMSCs were analyzed by LAICP-IMS and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. 52 Cr mass spectrometry and fluorescence signals were detected in the same thigh muscle sections after administration of mMSCs. A half-body section was also analyzed by LAICP-IMS. 52 Cr signals were mainly detected in the lungs. CONCLUSIONS The 52 Cr signals were observed in sections through the thigh muscle and half body after intramuscular and intravenous administration, respectively, of Cr-labeled mMSCs to mice. Our results suggest that LAICP-IMS is a sensitive and useful technique to evaluate biodistribution in cell therapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Nakada
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
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Jing R, Wang H, Ju S, Cui M. Reference materials for molecular diagnostics: Current achievements and future strategies. Clin Biochem 2018; 56:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Powell EA, Babady NE. Digital PCR in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory: Another Tool on the Molecular Horizon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Xu L, Liang W, Wen Y, Wang L, Yang X, Ren S, Jia N, Zuo X, Liu G. An ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor for the detection of mecA gene in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 99:424-430. [PMID: 28810233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical DNA biosensor has unique advantages for on-site pathogenic microorganism detection, yet the detection of long DNA towards genome DNA (gDNA) analysis remains challenge. In this work, we report a novel electrochemical biosensor for the ultrasensitive analysis of mecA DNA on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) genome, using a multi-signal probes (MSP) system. The MSP consists of 7 biotin-labelled signal probes that will combine to the target DNA in a prehybridization step, and then the complex will be captured by a DNA tetrahedron structure probe (TSP) on the electrode surface. Then, after the introduction of the streptavidin-labelled HRP enzyme, a catalysis current signal is detected that is found to be corresponding to the concentration of the target DNA. MSP in this work plays a critical role not only for the signal amplification through bringing 7 biotins, but also dramatically improves the accessibility of the target sequence embedded in the double-strand DNA molecules and complex second structures. The 3-D DNA TSP here provides steady support and optimized surface density for the very "large" complex of MSP system and gDNA, as a base of the capture probe. Finally, as low as 10fM synthetic target DNA was successfully detected, which is at least 3 magnitudes lower than that using single signal probe. Most importantly, we demonstrated the practicability of our analysis method by analyzing a 57fM MRSA gDNA sample showing excellent selectivity, and the reliability of the analysis was also demonstrated by digital PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Laboratory of biometrology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Wen Liang
- Laboratory of biometrology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yanli Wen
- Laboratory of biometrology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lele Wang
- Laboratory of biometrology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Shuzhen Ren
- Laboratory of biometrology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Nengqin Jia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- Division of Physical Biology&Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Laboratory of biometrology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Abstract
Digital PCR (dPCR) is an important new tool for use in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Its advantages over quantitative PCR (qPCR), including absolute quantification without a standard curve, improved precision, improved accuracy in the presence of inhibitors, and more accurate quantitation when amplification efficiency is low, make dPCR the assay of choice for several specimen testing applications. This minireview will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of dPCR compared to qPCR, its applications in clinical microbiology, and considerations for implementation of the method in a clinical laboratory.
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