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Shao Y, Li X, Qi X, Li J, Zhao S, Sun P, Wang H, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Chen L, Zhang X, Zhu M. A graphene oxide-assisted protein immobilization paper-tip immunosensor with smartphone and naked eye readout for the detection of okadaic acid. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1314:342781. [PMID: 38876519 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Okadaic acid (OA), as a diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, can increase the risk of acute carcinogenic or teratogenic effects for the ingestion of OA contaminated shellfish. At present, much effort has been made to graft immunoassay onto a paper substrate to make paper-based sensors for rapid and simple detection of shellfish toxin. However, the complicated washing steps and low protein fixation efficiency on the paper substrate need to be further addressed. RESULTS A novel paper-tip immunosensor for detecting OA was developed combined with smartphone and naked eye readout. The trapezoid paper tip was consisted of quantitative and qualitative detection zones. To improve the OA antigen immobilization efficiency on the paper substrate, graphene oxide (GO)-assisted protein immobilization method was introduced. Meanwhile, Au nanoparticles composite probe combined with the lateral flow washing was developed to simplify the washing step. The OA antigen-immobilized zone, as the detection zone Ⅰ, was used for quantitative assay by smartphone imaging. The paper-tip front, as the detection zone Ⅱ, which could qualitatively differentiate OA pollution level within 45 min using the naked eye. The competitive immunoassay on the paper tip exhibited a wide linear range for detecting OA (0.02-50 ng∙mL-1) with low detection limit of 0.02 ng∙mL-1. The recovery of OA in spiked shellfish samples was in the range of 90.3 %-113.%. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrated that the proposed paper-tip immunosensor could provide a simple, low-cost and high-sensitivity test for OA detection without the need for additional large-scale equipment or expertise. We anticipate that this paper-tip immunosensor will be a flexible and versatile tool for on-site detecting the pollution of marine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Shao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qi
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, China
| | - Peiyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, China
| | | | - Yongqiang Cheng
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Longyu Chen
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Meijia Zhu
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
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Electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1 detection using electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:115. [PMID: 33686530 PMCID: PMC7940335 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1 (CYFRA 21-1) protein is a critical tumor biomarker tightly related to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Herein, we prepared an effective electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor for CYFRA 21-1 detection using electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP). The CYFRA 21-1 antigen was fixed on the electrode surface by constructing a sandwich type antibody-antigen-antibody immune system. The sensitivity of ECL was improved by using the eATRP reaction. In this method, eATRP was applied to CYFRA 21-1 detection antibody with N-acryloyloxysuccinimide as functional monomer. This is the first time that ECL and eATRP signal amplification technology had been combined. Under the optimized testing conditions, the immunosensor showed a good linear relation in the range from 1 fg mL−1 to 1 μg mL−1 at a limit of detection of 0.8 fg mL−1 (equivalent to ~ 134 molecules in a 10 μL sample). The ECL immunosensing system based on eATRP signal amplification technology provided a new way for rapid diagnosis of lung cancer by detecting CYFRA 21-1. The paper prepared an electrochemiluminescence biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of CYFRA 21-1 via eATRP signal amplification strategy, which had the advantages of high sensitivity, reproducibility, and held potential prospect for analysis of low-abundance. ![]()
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Liu L, Zhang A, Wang X. A Sensitive and Simple Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Polymer as Carrier. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:757-761. [PMID: 32132342 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed by introducing a polymer as a reaction carrier. The results suggest that the newly developed ELISA method is more convenient than the existing paper-based ELISA method and applicable to a wider range of environments. In addition, the sensitivity of the new method is much higher than that of the existing paper-based ELISA method and even higher than that of the traditional ELISA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Aihong Zhang
- Nuclear Biochemical Emergency Technical Support Center, Institute of Chemical Defense
| | - Xinghe Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University
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