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Hnin HM, Tun T, Jansook P. Development and validation of high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous quantification of rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate and asiaticoside co-loaded in niosomes: A Box-Behnken design approach. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1241:124170. [PMID: 38805871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate (RHT), a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, is considered as the first-line therapy for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Asiaticoside (AS), a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin, is well known as cognitive enhancer due to its antioxidant effect. Based on the hypothesis of their synergistic therapeutic potential, RHT and AS were co-encapsulated in niosomal formulation. A simple, precise, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for simultaneous quantitative analysis. The chromatographic parameters were optimized by Box-Behnken experimental design. The separation was performed on a reversed-phase Phenomenex C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column at 30 °C under the UV detection of 210 nm. The optimized mobile phase consisted of a mixture of 20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 2.6) and acetonitrile (72:28 % v/v) under the isocratic mode at the flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. The developed method was fully validated under the ICH guidelines and could be successfully applied for simultaneous quantitative analysis of RHT and AS in niosomal formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hay Marn Hnin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Theingi Tun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Phatsawee Jansook
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Cyclodextrin Application and Nanotechnology-based Delivery Systems Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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2
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Mozayad AN, Fouad MA, Elkady EF. Utilizing experimental design and desirability function in optimizing RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of some skeletal muscle relaxants and analgesics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10360. [PMID: 38710733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
An experimental design and response surface methodologies using Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken designs were applied for selecting and optimizing the most appropriate parameters which significantly affect the separation and quantitative estimation of five skeletal muscle relaxants and four analgesic drugs (baclofen, methocarbamol, dantrolene sodium, orphenadrine citrate, cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride, ketoprofen, etoricoxib, ibuprofen, and mefenamic acid) with a relatively short duration of analysis in a single run. For the separation of the nine drugs, an INERTSIL ODS-V3-5 µm C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm I.D.) was used with the optimum mobile phase conditions (45.15 mM ammonium acetate buffer pH 5.56 adjusted with acetic acid, acetonitrile, and methanol in a ratio of 30.5:29.5:40, v/v/v with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min) and UV-detection at 220 nm. The optimized method was successfully subjected to the validation steps as described in ICH guidelines for linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and sensitivity. The optimized and validated method was effectively applied to determine the content of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical preparations and to expand its applicability to the counterfeit estimation of etoricoxib in different brands of tablet dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub N Mozayad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Marwa A Fouad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, NewGiza University, Newgiza, km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ehab F Elkady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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3
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Patil SM, Diorio AM, Kommarajula P, Kunda NK. A quality-by-design strategic approach for the development of bedaquiline-pretomanid nanoparticles as inhalable dry powders for TB treatment. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123920. [PMID: 38387819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) and is the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease globally. The disease mainly affects the lungs and forms granulomatous lesions that encapsulate the bacteria, making treating TB challenging. The current treatment includes oral administration of bedaquiline (BDQ) and pretomanid (PTD); however, patients suffer from severe systemic toxicities, low lung drug concentration, and non-adherence. In this study, we developed BDQ-PTD loaded nanoparticles as inhalable dry powders for pulmonary TB treatment using a Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach. The BDQ-PTD combination showed an additive/synergistic effect for M.tb inhibition in vitro, and the optimized drug ratio (1:4) was successfully loaded into polymeric nanoparticles (PLGA NPs). The QbD approach was implemented by identifying the quality target product profile (QTPPs), critical quality attributes (CQAs), and critical process parameters (CPPs) to develop efficient design space for dry powder preparation using spray drying. The three-factorial and three-level Box-Behnken Design was used to assess the effect of process parameters (CPPs) on product quality (CQAs). The Design of Experiments (DoE) analysis showed different regression models for product quality responses and helped optimize process parameters to meet QTPPs. The optimized dry powder showed excellent yield (72 ± 2 % w/w), high drug (BDQ-PTD) loading, low moisture content (<1% w/w), and spherical morphology. Further, aerosolization performance revealed the suitability of powder for deposition in the respiratory airways of the lungs (MMAD 2.4 µm and FPF > 75 %). In conclusion, the QbD approach helped optimize process parameters and develop dry powder with a suitable quality profile for inhalation delivery in TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyash M Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Alec M Diorio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Parasharamulu Kommarajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Nitesh K Kunda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA.
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4
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Badr El-Din KM, Derayea SM, Mohammed FF, Hamad AA. Integrated resonance Rayleigh scattering approach utilizing Box-Behnken experimental design for the facile quantification of prucalopride in pharmaceutical tablets and human urine with sustainability assessment. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7797-7805. [PMID: 38444975 PMCID: PMC10913158 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07980e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Prucalopride (PCP) is one of the recent drugs used for the regulation of gastrointestinal tract motility and the treatment of constipation. A new, highly sensitive and fast resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) approach was suggested for PCP determination. The approach was based on its reaction of PCP with eosin Y in buffered medium (pH 3.5) to form an ion pair association complex which had a significant enhancement in RRS compared to that of eosin Y or PCP alone. The enhancement of RRS intensity had straight correlation to PCP concentration ranging from 150 to 2000 ng mL-1 with 38 ng mL-1 as LOD and 125 ng mL-1 as LOQ. The measurements were done at a wavelength of 365 nm that provided the maximum sensitivity. All the experimental parameters were studied carefully and optimized via Box-Behnken experimental design. The International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines were employed to validate the suggested method and the obtained results proved the appropriate method performance. The method was efficiently utilized to determine PCP in pure form, pharmaceutical tablets and spiked urine samples with no interferences from the surrounding matrices. Furthermore, the greenness of the suggested procedure was confirmed using different green metric approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M Badr El-Din
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University Minia Egypt
| | - Sayed M Derayea
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University Minia Egypt
| | - Fatma F Mohammed
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University Minia Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdulhafez Hamad
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Assiut Branch Assiut Egypt
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5
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Stepanov DY, Tian D, Alexenko VO, Panin SV, Buslovich DG. Application of Neural Network Models with Ultra-Small Samples to Optimize the Ultrasonic Consolidation Parameters for 'PEI Adherend/Prepreg (CF-PEI Fabric)/PEI Adherend' Lap Joints. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:451. [PMID: 38399829 PMCID: PMC10892251 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize the ultrasonic consolidation (USC) parameters for 'PEI adherend/Prepreg (CF-PEI fabric)/PEI adherend' lap joints. For this purpose, artificial neural network (ANN) simulation was carried out. Two ANNs were trained using an ultra-small data sample, which did not provide acceptable predictive accuracy for the applied simulation methods. To solve this issue, it was proposed to artificially increase the learning sample by including additional data synthesized according to the knowledge and experience of experts. As a result, a relationship between the USC parameters and the functional characteristics of the lap joints was determined. The results of ANN simulation were successfully verified; the developed USC procedures were able to form a laminate with an even regular structure characterized by a minimum number of discontinuities and minimal damage to the consolidated components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Y. Stepanov
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Polymer Composite Materials, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia; (D.Y.S.); (V.O.A.)
| | - Defang Tian
- Department of Materials Science, Engineering School of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Vladislav O. Alexenko
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Polymer Composite Materials, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia; (D.Y.S.); (V.O.A.)
| | - Sergey V. Panin
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Polymer Composite Materials, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia; (D.Y.S.); (V.O.A.)
- Department of Materials Science, Engineering School of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Dmitry G. Buslovich
- Laboratory of Nanobioengineering, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of 9 Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia;
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Hsu CY, Ali E, Al-Saedi HFS, Mohammed AQ, Mustafa NK, Talib MB, Radi UK, Ramadan MF, Ami AA, Al-Shuwaili SJ, Alawadi A, Alsalamy A, Baharinikoo L. A chemometric approach based on response surface methodology for optimization of antibiotic and organic dyes removal from water samples. BMC Chem 2024; 18:5. [PMID: 38172983 PMCID: PMC10765863 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the Fe3O4/rGO/Ag magnetic nanocomposite was synthesized and employed as an adsorbent for the removal of tetracycline (TC), crystal violet (CV), and methylene blue (MB) from water samples. The influential parameters in the removal process were identified and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Characterization of the product was performed through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. XRD and SEM analysis revealed the successful synthesis of the Fe3O4/rGO/Ag nanocomposite. EDX analysis elucidated the accuracy and clarity of the chemical composition of the magnetic nanocomposite structure. Additionally, the separation of the nano-adsorbent from the solution can be achieved using a magnetic field. Maximum removal of analytes was obtained at pH of 6, amount of nanocomposite 0.014 g, ultrasonic time of 8 min and concentration of 21 mg L-1. Under optimal conditions, the removal efficiencies for TC, CV, and MB were 91.33, 95.82, and 98.19%, respectively. Also, it was observed that after each adsorption-desorption cycle, Fe3O4/rGO/Ag magnetic nanocomposite had good stability to remove TC, CV, and MB. Achieving nearly 98% removal efficiency in optimal conditions showed that Fe3O4/rGO/Ag magnetic nanocomposite is an effective adsorbent for removing TC, CV, and MB from wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chou-Yi Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan City, 71710, Taiwan
| | - Eyhab Ali
- Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
| | | | | | | | - Maysm Barzan Talib
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Mazaya University College, Samawah, Iraq
| | - Usama Kadem Radi
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | | | - Ahmed Ali Ami
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Saeb Jasim Al-Shuwaili
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Al-Hadi University College, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Najaf, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Alsalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Samawah, Al-Muthanna, 66002, Iraq
| | - Leila Baharinikoo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
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7
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Al-Kadhi NS, Mohamed MA, Ahmed HA, Nassar HF. Facile synthesis and eco-friendly analytical methods for concurrent estimation of selected pharmaceutical drugs in their solutions: application to quality by design, lean six sigma, and stability studies. BMC Chem 2023; 17:136. [PMID: 37817268 PMCID: PMC10566104 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Economical, highly robust, selective, precise, and eco-friendly RP-UPLC and spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the concurrent estimation of selected pharmaceutical drugs represented in ceftazidime (CFZ) and pyridine (PYD) in their solutions using Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 RRHD (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) column at flow rate 0.3 mL/min with wavelength 254 nm. Box-Behnken design (BBD) established Response surface methodology (RSM) to achieve the optimum chromatographic condition with minimal trials conducted. Three independent variables specifically acetonitrile ratio 60-70%, pH 3-7, and temperature 25-35 °C were implemented to evaluate the influences of these variables on the responses as resolution and retention time. Desirability and overlay plots were carried out to adjust the optimal condition that achieved the shortest retention time of less than 2 min and desired resolution of more than 1.5 using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: purified water (70:30, v/v) at pH 5.0 adjusted by 0.1% orthophosphoric acid with the column oven temperature 30 °C and column void volume 0.46 mL. Mean centering of ratio spectra (MCR) and ratio subtraction (RS) methods were effectively applied to resolve drugs' spectral superposition at 220 nm, 255.4 nm, 260.3 nm, and 254.6 nm for CFZ and PYD, respectively. Linearity range was accomplished for UPLC, MCR, and RS methods over the concentration range of 2-100, 1-50,3-30 and 5-30 µg/mL for CFZ and PYD, respectively with correlation coefficient > 0.999 and good recovery results within 98-102%. Six Sigma methodology was achieved using the process capability index (Cpk) to compare the suggested and USP methods showing that both are highly capable with Cpk > 1.33. The proposed method was successfully validated depending on ICH guidelines and ANOVA results and applied for the accelerated stability study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada S Al-Kadhi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hoda A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
| | - Hossam F Nassar
- Environmental Science and Industrial Development Department, Faculty of Post Graduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni‑Suef, Egypt.
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Alshehri SA, Wahab S, Khalid M, Almoyad MAA. Optimization of chromatographic conditions via Box‒Behnken design in RP-HPLC-PDA method development for the estimation of folic acid and methotrexate in bulk and tablets. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20282. [PMID: 37771532 PMCID: PMC10522955 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous estimation of folic acid and methotrexate in bulk and tablet dosage form by RP-HPLC-PDA was conducted via Box‒Behnken design application. Three-factor numerical values were finalized from the graphical and numerical optimization with built-in ANOVA in BBD. Sharp and symmetric peaks were observed at 4.138 and 6.929 min for folic acid and methotrexate, respectively. The mobile phase composition was methanol and 0.1% formic acid in water with a ratio of 31:69 and a flow rate of 1.1 ml/min. Both drugs were detected at a wavelength of 291 nm. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines. The results of the validation parameters were within acceptable limits. Stress stability studies have been performed under acidic, alkali, oxidation, neutral and photolytic conditions. Three different brand-marketed tablets were assessed with the developed method (MGXT, FOLTNAX and TRUXOFOL). In the tablet formulations, chromatogram percentages of folic acid and methotrexate were calculated at 99.13% and 99.50 in MGXT, 99.17% and 99.47 in FOLTNAX, and 99.91 and 100.05 in TRUXOFOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Ali Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdullah Almoyad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Khamis Mushyt, PO Box. 4536, ZIP., 61412, Saudi Arabia
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Y A Alanazi T, Adel Pashameah R, Y Binsaleh A, A Mohamed M, A Ahmed H, F Nassar H. Condition optimization of eco-friendly RP-HPLC and MCR methods via Box-Behnken design and six sigma approach for detecting antibiotic residues. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15729. [PMID: 37735531 PMCID: PMC10514345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A precise, Eco-friendly, and highly sensitive RP-HPLC method was employed using quality-by-design principles to concurrently identify cephalexin and cefixime residues in the manufacturing machines using a hypersil BDS C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at wavelength 254 nm. The Box-Behnken design was applied to obtain the best chromatographic conditions with the fewest possible trials. Three independent factors viz organic composition, flow rate, and pH were used to assess their effects on the responses' resolution and retention time. Overlay plot and desirability functions were implemented to predict responses of the high resolution and relatively short retention time using a mobile phase composed of acidic water: acetonitrile (85:15, v/v) at pH 4.5 adjusted by phosphoric acid with a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min. The spectral overlapping of the drugs was successfully resolved by the mean centering ratio (MCR) spectra approach at 261 nm and 298 nm for cephalexin and cefixime, respectively. Good linearity results were obtained for the suggested HPLC and MCR methods over the concentration range of (0.05-10 ppm) and (5-30 ppm) with a detection limit of 0.003, 0.004, 0.26, and 0.23 ppm, and quantitation limits of 0.008, 0.013, 0.79, and 0.68 ppm for cephalexin and cefixime, respectively, with a correlation coefficient of ≥ 0.9998 and good swab recovery results of 99-99.5%. A process capability index was accomplished for chemical and micro results, illustrating that both are extremely capable. The suggested method was effectively validated using ICH recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani Y A Alanazi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, 81451, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rami Adel Pashameah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, 24230, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammena Y Binsaleh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hoda A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
| | - Hossam F Nassar
- Environmental science and industrial development department, Faculty of Post Graduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni‑Suef, Egypt.
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