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Li A, Cao X, Fu R, Guo S, Fei Q. Biocatalysis of CO 2 and CH 4: Key enzymes and challenges. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108347. [PMID: 38527656 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions is a critical challenge for promoting global sustainability. The utilization of CO2 and CH4 as substrates for the production of valuable products offers a promising avenue for establishing an eco-friendly economy. Biocatalysis, a sustainable process utilizing enzymes to facilitate biochemical reactions, plays a significant role in upcycling greenhouse gases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the enzymes and associated reactions involved in the biocatalytic conversion of CO2 and CH4. Furthermore, the challenges facing the field are discussed, paving the way for future research directions focused on developing robust enzymes and systems for the efficient fixation of CO2 and CH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aipeng Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of C1 Compound Bioconversion Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xupeng Cao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Rongzhan Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Shuqi Guo
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of C1 Compound Bioconversion Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qiang Fei
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of C1 Compound Bioconversion Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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2
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Zhu Y, Xie F, Wun TCK, Li K, Lin H, Tsoi CC, Jia H, Chai Y, Zhao Q, Lo BT, Leu S, Jia Y, Ren K, Zhang X. Bio-Inspired Microreactors Continuously Synthesize Glucose Precursor from CO 2 with an Energy Conversion Efficiency 3.3 Times of Rice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305629. [PMID: 38044316 PMCID: PMC10853710 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Excessive CO2 and food shortage are two grand challenges of human society. Directly converting CO2 into food materials can simultaneously alleviate both, like what green crops do in nature. Nevertheless, natural photosynthesis has a limited energy efficiency due to low activity and specificity of key enzyme D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). To enhance the efficiency, many prior studies focused on engineering the enzymes, but this study chooses to learn from the nature to design more efficient reactors. This work is original in mimicking the stacked structure of thylakoids in chloroplasts to immobilize RuBisCO in a microreactor using the layer-by-layer strategy, obtaining the continuous conversion of CO2 into glucose precursor at 1.9 nmol min-1 with enhanced activity (1.5 times), stability (≈8 times), and reusability (96% after 10 reuses) relative to the free RuBisCO. The microreactors are further scaled out from one to six in parallel and achieve the production at 15.8 nmol min-1 with an energy conversion efficiency of 3.3 times of rice, showing better performance of this artificial synthesis than NPS in terms of energy conversion efficiency. The exploration of the potential of mass production would benefit both food supply and carbon neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhu
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
- Research Centre for Resources Engineering towards Carbon Neutrality (RCRE)The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Fengjia Xie
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
- Research Centre for Resources Engineering towards Carbon Neutrality (RCRE)The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Tommy Ching Kit Wun
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Kecheng Li
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Huan Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and SeparationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing100124China
| | - Chi Chung Tsoi
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
- Photonics Research InstituteThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Huaping Jia
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
- Photonics Research InstituteThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Yao Chai
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
- Photonics Research InstituteThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Benedict Tsz‐woon Lo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Shao‐Yuan Leu
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Yanwei Jia
- State‐Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed‐Signal VLSI, Institute of MicroelectronicsFaculty of Science and Technology – ECEFaculty of Health Sciencesand MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauMacau999078China
| | - Kangning Ren
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
- Research Centre for Resources Engineering towards Carbon Neutrality (RCRE)The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
- Photonics Research InstituteThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong999077China
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Bierbaumer S, Nattermann M, Schulz L, Zschoche R, Erb TJ, Winkler CK, Tinzl M, Glueck SM. Enzymatic Conversion of CO 2: From Natural to Artificial Utilization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5702-5754. [PMID: 36692850 PMCID: PMC10176493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic carbon dioxide fixation is one of the most important metabolic reactions as it allows the capture of inorganic carbon from the atmosphere and its conversion into organic biomass. However, due to the often unfavorable thermodynamics and the difficulties associated with the utilization of CO2, a gaseous substrate that is found in comparatively low concentrations in the atmosphere, such reactions remain challenging for biotechnological applications. Nature has tackled these problems by evolution of dedicated CO2-fixing enzymes, i.e., carboxylases, and embedding them in complex metabolic pathways. Biotechnology employs such carboxylating and decarboxylating enzymes for the carboxylation of aromatic and aliphatic substrates either by embedding them into more complex reaction cascades or by shifting the reaction equilibrium via reaction engineering. This review aims to provide an overview of natural CO2-fixing enzymes and their mechanistic similarities. We also discuss biocatalytic applications of carboxylases and decarboxylases for the synthesis of valuable products and provide a separate summary of strategies to improve the efficiency of such processes. We briefly summarize natural CO2 fixation pathways, provide a roadmap for the design and implementation of artificial carbon fixation pathways, and highlight examples of biocatalytic cascades involving carboxylases. Additionally, we suggest that biochemical utilization of reduced CO2 derivates, such as formate or methanol, represents a suitable alternative to direct use of CO2 and provide several examples. Our discussion closes with a techno-economic perspective on enzymatic CO2 fixation and its potential to reduce CO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bierbaumer
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Maren Nattermann
- Department
of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Luca Schulz
- Department
of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Tobias J. Erb
- Department
of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Tinzl
- Department
of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Silvia M. Glueck
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Abstract
Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas, and its fixation and transformation are receiving increasing attention. Biofixation of CO2 is an eco–friendly and efficient way to reduce CO2, and six natural CO2 fixation pathways have been identified in microorganisms and plants. In this review, the six pathways along with the most recent identified variant pathway were firstly comparatively characterized. The key metabolic process and enzymes of the CO2 fixation pathways were also summarized. Next, the enzymes of Rubiscos, biotin-dependent carboxylases, CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase, and 2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductases, for transforming inorganic carbon (CO2, CO, and bicarbonate) to organic chemicals, were specially analyzed. Then, the factors including enzyme properties, CO2 concentrating, energy, and reducing power requirements that affect the efficiency of CO2 fixation were discussed. Recent progress in improving CO2 fixation through enzyme and metabolic engineering was then summarized. The artificial CO2 fixation pathways with thermodynamical and/or energetical advantages or benefits and their applications in biosynthesis were included as well. The challenges and prospects of CO2 biofixation and conversion are discussed.
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Zhu Y, Chen Q, Tsoi CC, Huang X, El Abed A, Ren K, Leu SY, Zhang X. Biomimetic reusable microfluidic reactors with physically immobilized RuBisCO for glucose precursor production. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02038b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reusable RuBisCO-immobilized microfluidic reactors are used to synthesize the glucose precursor from CO2 and restore >95% of activity after refreshing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qingming Chen
- School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, P. R. China
| | - Chi Chung Tsoi
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Abdel El Abed
- Laboratoire Lumière Matière et Interfaces (LuMIn), Institut d'Alembert, ENS Paris Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 4 avenue des Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kangning Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Yuan Leu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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Wang L, Sun Y, Lv D, Liu B, Guan Y, Yu D. Protein scaffold optimizes arrangement of constituent enzymes in indigoidine synthetic pathway to improve the pigment production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10493-10502. [PMID: 33151367 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10990-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Indigoidine is a dark-blue natural pigment with application prospect and synthesized from glutamine (Gln) by series of indigoidine synthetases (IndCs). Indigoidine production can be improved by enhancing Gln pool via supplementing Gln directly or converting metabolism glutamate (Glu) to Gln by glutamine synthetase (GlnA). But, Gln is expensive, and excess Gln inhibits indigoidine production of the recombinant strain. Supplementing Glu instead of Gln may improve the productive and economic efficiency of indigoidine, but the local activities and positions of the indigoidine pathway enzymes GlnA, Sc-IndC, and the helper protein of Sc-IndC (IndB) should be well arranged. We identified the Streptomyces chromofuscus ATCC 49982 derived IndC (Sc-IndC) as an more efficient IndC compared to other IndCs applied for constructing indigoidine-producting strains, and designed series of protein scaffold complexes with architectures of PDZ, SH3, and GBD domains (PxSyG1) to arrange the pathway enzymes. The strain recruiting GlnA, Sc-IndC, and IndB on the PDZ, SH3, and GBD domains of scaffold P1S2G1, respectively, was the most efficient. In the strain, the GlnA supplied sufficient local Gln for Sc-IndC from Glu, and the generated Gln was immediately consumed by Sc-IndC to relieve cell growth inhibition caused by Gln. The optimum Glu concentration (6 g/L) for the strain was higher than those of the strains recruiting Sc-IndC on the GBD domain, which was away from the PDZ domain recruiting GlnA. The highest titer of indigoidine was 12 g/L, which was two folds of the control without scaffold (5.8 g/L). The titer is 5 g/L higher than the control without Glu supplemented (6.9 g/L), meaning that 97% of the supplemented Glu was transformed into indigoidine. The batch fermentation with the optimum strain in a 5-L reactor achieved an indigoidine titer of 14 g/L in 60 h. To our knowledge, this was the most efficient indigoidine productivity achieved so far. The optimization strategies by protein scaffold should be applicative to other pathways with complex substrate demands. KEY POINTS: •Protein scaffold systems were designed to arrange the indigoidine synthetic pathway. •The scaffold system improved supplement of Gln for indigoidine production from Glu. •The inhibition caused by excess Gln was relieved by proper designed scaffold. •The yield and titer of indigoidine was improved by arranging the pathway enzymes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Sci-Tech Center for Clean Conversion and High-valued Utilization of Biomass, Jilin Province, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Sci-Tech Center for Clean Conversion and High-valued Utilization of Biomass, Jilin Province, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
- Viablife Biotech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311113, China
| | - Di Lv
- Sci-Tech Center for Clean Conversion and High-valued Utilization of Biomass, Jilin Province, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Sci-Tech Center for Clean Conversion and High-valued Utilization of Biomass, Jilin Province, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Yuekai Guan
- Sci-Tech Center for Clean Conversion and High-valued Utilization of Biomass, Jilin Province, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Dayu Yu
- Sci-Tech Center for Clean Conversion and High-valued Utilization of Biomass, Jilin Province, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China.
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China.
- Viablife Biotech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311113, China.
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7
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McCluskey JB, Clark DS, Glover DJ. Functional Applications of Nucleic Acid-Protein Hybrid Nanostructures. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:976-989. [PMID: 32818445 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Combining the diverse chemical functionality of proteins with the predictable structural assembly of nucleic acids has enabled the creation of hybrid nanostructures for a range of biotechnology applications. Through the attachment of proteins onto or within nucleic acid nanostructures, materials with dynamic capabilities can be created that include switchable enzyme activity, targeted drug delivery, and multienzyme cascades for biocatalysis. Investigations of difficult-to-study biological mechanisms have also been aided by using DNA-protein assemblies that mimic natural processes in a controllable manner. Furthermore, advances that enable the recombinant production and intracellular assembly of hybrid nanostructures have the potential to overcome the significant manufacturing cost that has limited the use of DNA and RNA nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B McCluskey
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Douglas S Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dominic J Glover
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Giannakopoulou A, Gkantzou E, Polydera A, Stamatis H. Multienzymatic Nanoassemblies: Recent Progress and Applications. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:202-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bator I, Wittgens A, Rosenau F, Tiso T, Blank LM. Comparison of Three Xylose Pathways in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for the Synthesis of Valuable Products. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:480. [PMID: 32010683 PMCID: PMC6978631 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a well-established chassis in industrial biotechnology. To increase the substrate spectrum, we implemented three alternative xylose utilization pathways, namely the Isomerase, Weimberg, and Dahms pathways. The synthetic operons contain genes from Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas taiwanensis. For isolating the Dahms pathway in P. putida KT2440 two genes (PP_2836 and PP_4283), encoding an endogenous enzyme of the Weimberg pathway and a regulator for glycolaldehyde degradation, were deleted. Before and after adaptive laboratory evolution, these strains were characterized in terms of growth and synthesis of mono-rhamnolipids and pyocyanin. The engineered strain using the Weimberg pathway reached the highest maximal growth rate of 0.30 h-1. After adaptive laboratory evolution the lag phase was reduced significantly. The highest titers of 720 mg L-1 mono-rhamnolipids and 30 mg L-1 pyocyanin were reached by the evolved strain using the Weimberg or an engineered strain using the Isomerase pathway, respectively. The different stoichiometries of the three xylose utilization pathways may allow engineering of tailored chassis for valuable bioproduct synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bator
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt – Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Wittgens
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm-University, Ulm, Germany
- Ulm Center for Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Ulm, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research Mainz, Synthesis of Macromolecules, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Rosenau
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm-University, Ulm, Germany
- Ulm Center for Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Ulm, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research Mainz, Synthesis of Macromolecules, Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Tiso
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt – Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M. Blank
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt – Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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10
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Reaction of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase assembled on a DNA scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ji M, Mason ML, Modarelli DA, Parquette JR. Threading carbon nanotubes through a self-assembled nanotube. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7868-7877. [PMID: 31853346 PMCID: PMC6844271 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02313e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving the co-assembly of more than one component represents an important challenge in the drive to create functional self-assembled nanomaterials. Multicomponent nanomaterials comprised of several discrete, spatially sorted domains of components with high degrees of internal order are particularly important for applications such as optoelectronics. In this work, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were threaded through the inner channel of nanotubes formed by the bolaamphiphilic self-assembly of a naphthalenediimide-lysine (NDI-Bola) monomer. The self-assembly process was driven by electrostatic interactions, as indicated by ζ-potential measurements, and cation-π interactions between the surface of the SWNT and the positively charged, NDI-Bola nanotube interior. To increase the threading efficiency, the NDI-Bola nanotubes were fragmented into shortened segments with lengths of <100 nm via sonication-induced shear, prior to co-assembly with the SWNTs. The threading process created an initial composite nanostructure in which the SWNTs were threaded by multiple, shortened segments of the NDI-Bola nanotube that progressively re-elongated along the SWNT surface into a continuous radial coating around the SWNT. The resultant composite structure displayed NDI-Bola wall thicknesses twice that of the parent nanotube, reflecting a bilayer wall structure, as compared to the monolayer structure of the parent NDI-Bola nanotube. As a final, co-axial outer layer, poly(p-phenyleneethynylene) (PPE-SO3Na, M W = 5.76 × 104, PDI - 1.11) was wrapped around the SWNT/NDI-Bola composite resulting in a three-component (SWNT/NDI-Bola/PPE-SO3Na) composite nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Ji
- Department of Chemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 W. 18th Ave. , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , USA .
| | - McKensie L Mason
- Department of Chemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 W. 18th Ave. , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , USA .
| | - David A Modarelli
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Laser and Optical Spectroscopy , Knight Chemical Laboratory , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325-3601 , USA
| | - Jon R Parquette
- Department of Chemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 W. 18th Ave. , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , USA .
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12
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Continuous artificial synthesis of glucose precursor using enzyme-immobilized microfluidic reactors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4049. [PMID: 31492867 PMCID: PMC6731257 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Food production in green crops is severely limited by low activity and poor specificity of D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) in natural photosynthesis (NPS). This work presents a scientific solution to overcome this problem by immobilizing RuBisCO into a microfluidic reactor, which demonstrates a continuous production of glucose precursor at 13.8 μmol g−1 RuBisCO min−1 from CO2 and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Experiments show that the RuBisCO immobilization significantly enhances enzyme stabilities (7.2 folds in storage stability, 6.7 folds in thermal stability), and also improves the reusability (90.4% activity retained after 5 cycles of reuse and 78.5% after 10 cycles). This work mimics the NPS pathway with scalable microreactors for continuous synthesis of glucose precursor using very small amount of RuBisCO. Although still far from industrial production, this work demonstrates artificial synthesis of basic food materials by replicating the light-independent reactions of NPS, which may hold the key to food crisis relief and future space colonization. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is a difficult enzyme to work with. Here, the authors covalently immobilized it in a microfluidic reactor to enhance its storage/thermal stabilities and reusability, which enabled the continuous artificial synthesis of glucose precursor.
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13
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Erb TJ, Zarzycki J. A short history of RubisCO: the rise and fall (?) of Nature's predominant CO 2 fixing enzyme. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 49:100-107. [PMID: 28843191 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) is arguably one of the most abundant proteins in the biosphere and a key enzyme in the global carbon cycle. Although RubisCO has been intensively studied, its evolutionary origins and rise as Nature's most dominant carbon dioxide (CO2)-fixing enzyme still remain in the dark. In this review we will bring together biochemical, structural, physiological, microbiological, as well as phylogenetic data to speculate on the evolutionary roots of the CO2-fixation reaction of RubisCO, the emergence of RubisCO-based autotrophic CO2-fixation in the context of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, and the further evolution of RubisCO into the 'RubisCOsome', a complex of various proteins assembling and interacting with the enzyme to improve its operational capacity (functionality) under different biological and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias J Erb
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Jan Zarzycki
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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