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Random Mutagenesis as a Promising Tool for Microalgal Strain Improvement towards Industrial Production. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070440. [PMID: 35877733 PMCID: PMC9318807 DOI: 10.3390/md20070440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have become a promising novel and sustainable feedstock for meeting the rising demand for food and feed. However, microalgae-based products are currently hindered by high production costs. One major reason for this is that commonly cultivated wildtype strains do not possess the robustness and productivity required for successful industrial production. Several strain improvement technologies have been developed towards creating more stress tolerant and productive strains. While classical methods of forward genetics have been extensively used to determine gene function of randomly generated mutants, reverse genetics has been explored to generate specific mutations and target phenotypes. Site-directed mutagenesis can be accomplished by employing different gene editing tools, which enable the generation of tailor-made genotypes. Nevertheless, strategies promoting the selection of randomly generated mutants avoid the introduction of foreign genetic material. In this paper, we review different microalgal strain improvement approaches and their applications, with a primary focus on random mutagenesis. Current challenges hampering strain improvement, selection, and commercialization will be discussed. The combination of these approaches with high-throughput technologies, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting, as tools to select the most promising mutants, will also be discussed.
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Kuo EY, Yang RY, Chin YY, Chien YL, Chen YC, Wei CY, Kao LJ, Chang YH, Li YJ, Chen TY, Lee TM. Multi-omics approaches and genetic engineering of metabolism for improved biorefinery and wastewater treatment in microalgae. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100603. [PMID: 35467782 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae, a group of photosynthetic microorganisms rich in diverse and novel bioactive metabolites, have been explored for the production of biofuels, high value-added compounds as food and feeds, and pharmaceutical chemicals as agents with therapeutic benefits. This article reviews the development of omics resources and genetic engineering techniques including gene transformation methodologies, mutagenesis, and genome-editing tools in microalgae biorefinery and wastewater treatment. The introduction of these enlisted techniques has simplified the understanding of complex metabolic pathways undergoing microalgal cells. The multiomics approach of the integrated omics datasets, big data analysis, and machine learning for the discovery of objective traits and genes responsible for metabolic pathways was reviewed. Recent advances and limitations of multiomics analysis and genetic bioengineering technology to facilitate the improvement of microalgae as the dual role of wastewater treatment and biorefinery feedstock production are discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva YuHua Kuo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.,Frontier Center for Ocean Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Yin Yang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Yuan Yu Chin
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Chien
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.,Frontier Center for Ocean Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Yu Chu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Wei
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jung Kao
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Chang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Li
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Te-Yuan Chen
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Min Lee
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.,Frontier Center for Ocean Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
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3
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Singh Chauhan D, Sahoo L, Mohanty K. Maximize microalgal carbon dioxide utilization and lipid productivity by using toxic flue gas compounds as nutrient source. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126784. [PMID: 35104656 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
NOx and SOx present in flue gas inhibit microalgal based CO2 mitigation process. In this work, 13 microalgal strains were screened to evaluate their gradual acclimation capacity to toxic flue gas compounds, by testing their growth capability and photosynthetic ability in dissolved flue gas compounds. Six strains out of them were evaluated for their acclimation to bicarbonate and 15% CO2 as sole carbon sources. Two strains, Micractinium pusillum KMC8 and Scenedesmus acutus NCIM5584 were found to accumulate nitrite as fixed nitrogen and showed improved growth performance in photobioreactor upon stepwise acclimation to bisulphite/sulphite. Notably, the strain KMC8 showed a high tolerance and rapidly acclimated dissolved flue gas compounds with higher biomass yield (1.32 g L-1) and neutral lipid accumulation (32%), enhanced CO2 utilization efficiency (3.07%) and CO2 fixation rate (136.79 mg L-1 d-1) post acclimation. KMC8 sustained its stability in biomass and lipid productivity while simultaneously bio-mitigated CO2 under semi-continuous mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepesh Singh Chauhan
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Lingaraj Sahoo
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Kaustubha Mohanty
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
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4
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Cultivation and Biorefinery of Microalgae (Chlorella sp.) for Producing Biofuels and Other Byproducts: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132313480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae-based carbon dioxide (CO2) biofixation and biorefinery are the most efficient methods of biological CO2 reduction and reutilization. The diversification and high-value byproducts of microalgal biomass, known as microalgae-based biorefinery, are considered the most promising platforms for the sustainable development of energy and the environment, in addition to the improvement and integration of microalgal cultivation, scale-up, harvest, and extraction technologies. In this review, the factors influencing CO2 biofixation by microalgae, including microalgal strains, flue gas, wastewater, light, pH, temperature, and microalgae cultivation systems are summarized. Moreover, the biorefinery of Chlorella biomass for producing biofuels and its byproducts, such as fine chemicals, feed additives, and high-value products, are also discussed. The technical and economic assessments (TEAs) and life cycle assessments (LCAs) are introduced to evaluate the sustainability of microalgae CO2 fixation technology. This review provides detailed insights on the adjusted factors of microalgal cultivation to establish sustainable biological CO2 fixation technology, and the diversified applications of microalgal biomass in biorefinery. The economic and environmental sustainability, and the limitations and needs of microalgal CO2 fixation, are discussed. Finally, future research directions are provided for CO2 reduction by microalgae.
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Su HY, Wu SW, Chou HH, Lin WH, Chow TJ, Chiu HH, Fei Q, Cheng KK. Recombinant cyanobacteria cultured in CO2 and seawater as feedstock for coproduction of acetoin and succinate by engineered Enterobacter cloacae. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Musa M, Ward A, Ayoko GA, Rösch C, Brown R, Rainey TJ. Single-step dynamic dewatering of microalgae from dilute suspensions using flocculant assisted filtration. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:222. [PMID: 33276792 PMCID: PMC7716443 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dewatering constitutes a major challenge to the production of microalgae, accounting for 20–30% of the product cost. This presents a setback for the applicability of microalgae in the development of several sustainable products. This study presents an investigation into the dynamic dewatering of microalgae in a combined flocculation-filtration process. The effect of process conditions on the performance of 12 flocculants and their mixtures was assessed. Results The mechanism of flocculation via the electrostatic path was dominated by charge neutralization and subsequently followed bridging in a ‘sweep flocculation’ process. Cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) based flocculants recorded the highest biomass retention with PAM1 and PAM2 attaining 99 and 98% retention with flocculant dosages of 10 and 15 mg/L respectively. Polyvinylamine (PVAM) was also found to improve system stability across the pH range 4–10. Alum was observed to be only effective in charge neutralization, bringing the system close to its isoelectric point (IEP). Chemometric analysis using the multi-criteria decision methods, PROMETHEE and GAIA, was applied to provide a sequential performance ranking based on the net outranking flow (ф) from 207 observations. A graphical exploration of the flocculant performance pattern, grouping the observations into clusters in relation to the decision axis (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\pi$$\end{document}π), which indicated the weighted resultant of most favorable performance for all criteria was explored. Conclusion CPAM based flocculants and their mixtures demonstrated superior performance due to their viscoelastic behaviour under turbulence. The use of PVAM or alum in mixtures with CPAM reduced the required doses of both flocculants, which will provide beneficial financial impact for largescale microalgae dewatering in a flocculant assisted dynamic filtration process. Chemometric analysis based on the physico-chemical properties of the system provides a time saving assessment of performance across several criteria. The study findings provide an important foundation for flocculant assisted dynamic filtration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutah Musa
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), University of Queensland (UQ), St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew Ward
- Innovation Centre, Queensland Urban Utilities (QUU), Main Beach Road Myrtletown, Pinkenba, Brisbane, QLD, 4008, Australia.,Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), University of Queensland (UQ), St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Godwin A Ayoko
- Environmental Technologies Discipline, School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Christine Rösch
- Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Richard Brown
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Thomas J Rainey
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
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Nair A, Chakraborty S. Synergistic effects between autotrophy and heterotrophy in optimization of mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana in bubble-column photobioreactors. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Di Caprio F, Altimari P, Pagnanelli F. New strategies enhancing feasibility of microalgal cultivations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64337-7.00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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9
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Cheng J, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Yang W. Modification and improvement of microalgae strains for strengthening CO 2 fixation from coal-fired flue gas in power plants. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121850. [PMID: 31358426 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biological CO2 capture using microalgae is a promising new method for reducing CO2 emission of coal-fired flue gas. The strain of microalgae used in this process plays a vital role in determining the rate of CO2 fixation and characteristics of biomass production. High requirements are put forward for algae strains due to high CO2 concentration and diverse pollutants in flue gas. CO2 can directly diffuse into the cytoplasm of cells by extra- and intracellular CO2 osmotic pressure under high CO2 concentrations. The flue gas pollutants, such as SOx, NOx and fly ashes, have negative effects on the growth of microalgae. This work reviewed the state-of-the-art advances on microalgae strains used for CO2 fixation, focusing on the modification and improvement of strains that are used for coal-fired flue gas. Methods such as genetic engineering, random mutagenesis, and adaptive evolution have the potential to facilitate photosynthesis, improve growth rate and reduce CO2 emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Yanxia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Weijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Gupta S, Pawar SB, Pandey RA. Current practices and challenges in using microalgae for treatment of nutrient rich wastewater from agro-based industries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:1107-1126. [PMID: 31412448 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Considerable research activities are underway involving microalgae species in order to treat industrial wastewater to address the waste-to-bioenergy economy. Several studies of wastewater treatment using microalgae have been primarily focused on removal of key nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Although the use of wastewater would provide nutrients and water for microalgae growth, the whole process is even more complex than the conventional microalgae cultivation on freshwater media. The former one adds several gridlocks to the system. These gridlocks are surplus organic and inorganic nutrients concentration, pH of wastewater, wastewater color, total dissolved solids (TDS), microbial contaminants, the scale of photobioreactor, batch versus continuous system, harvesting of microalgae biomass etc. The present review discusses, analyses, and summarizes key aspects involved in the treatment of wastewaters from distillery, food/snacks product processing, and dairy processing industry using microalgae along with sustainable production of its biomass. This review further evaluates the bottlenecks for individual steps involved in the process such as pretreatment of wastewater for contaminants removal, concentration tolerance/dilutions, harvesting of microalgae biomass, and outdoor scale-up. The review also describes various strategies to optimize algal biomass and lipid productivities for various wastewater and photobioreactor type. Moreover, the review emphasizes the potential of co-cultivation of microorganism such as yeast and bacteria along with microalgae in the treatment of industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvidha Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division (EBGD), CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Sanjay B Pawar
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division (EBGD), CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India.
| | - R A Pandey
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
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11
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Wei L, El Hajjami M, Shen C, You W, Lu Y, Li J, Jing X, Hu Q, Zhou W, Poetsch A, Xu J. Transcriptomic and proteomic responses to very low CO 2 suggest multiple carbon concentrating mechanisms in Nannochloropsis oceanica. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:168. [PMID: 31297156 PMCID: PMC6599299 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In industrial oleaginous microalgae such as Nannochloropsis spp., the key components of the carbon concentration mechanism (CCM) machineries are poorly defined, and how they are mobilized to facilitate cellular utilization of inorganic carbon remains elusive. RESULTS For Nannochloropsis oceanica, to unravel genes specifically induced by CO2 depletion which are thus potentially underpinning its CCMs, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome profiles were tracked over 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h during cellular response from high CO2 level (HC; 50,000 ppm) to very low CO2 (VLC; 100 ppm). The activity of a biophysical CCM is evidenced based on induction of transcripts encoding a bicarbonate transporter and two carbonic anhydrases under VLC. Moreover, the presence of a potential biochemical CCM is supported by the upregulation of a number of key C4-like pathway enzymes in both protein abundance and enzymatic activity under VLC, consistent with a mitochondria-implicated C4-based CCM. Furthermore, a basal CCM underpinned by VLC-induced upregulation of photorespiration and downregulation of ornithine-citrulline shuttle and the ornithine urea cycles is likely present, which may be responsible for efficient recycling of mitochondrial CO2 for chloroplastic carbon fixation. CONCLUSIONS Nannochloropsis oceanica appears to mobilize a comprehensive set of CCMs in response to very low CO2. Its genes induced by the stress are quite distinct from those of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum, suggesting tightly regulated yet rather unique CCMs. These findings can serve the first step toward rational engineering of the CCMs for enhanced carbon fixation and biomass productivity in industrial microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mohamed El Hajjami
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Chen Shen
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Wuxin You
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong China
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Yandu Lu
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jing
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Hu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Chemical Biology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Ansgar Poetsch
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong China
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jian Xu
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
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12
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Endres CH, Roth A, Brück TB. Modeling Microalgae Productivity in Industrial-Scale Vertical Flat Panel Photobioreactors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5490-5498. [PMID: 29595958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Potentially achievable biomass yields are a decisive performance indicator for the economic viability of mass cultivation of microalgae. In this study, a computer model has been developed and applied to estimate the productivity of microalgae for large-scale outdoor cultivation in vertical flat panel photobioreactors. Algae growth is determined based on simulations of the reactor temperature and light distribution. Site-specific weather and irradiation data are used for annual yield estimations in six climate zones. Shading and reflections between opposing panels and between panels and the ground are dynamically computed based on the reactor geometry and the position of the sun. The results indicate that thin panels (≤0.05 m) are best suited for the assumed cell density of 2 g L-1 and that reactor panels should face in north-south direction. Panel spacings of 0.4-0.75 m at a panel height of 1 m appear most suitable for commercial applications. Under these preconditions, yields of around 10 kg m-2 a-1 are possible for most locations in the U.S. Only in hot climates significantly lower yields have to be expected, as extreme reactor temperatures limit overall productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Endres
- Bauhaus Luftfahrt , Willy-Messerschmitt-Straße 1 , 82024 Taufkirchen , Germany
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Arne Roth
- Bauhaus Luftfahrt , Willy-Messerschmitt-Straße 1 , 82024 Taufkirchen , Germany
| | - Thomas B Brück
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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