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Luo M, Fu S. Distribution of xylan linked glucuronic acid labelled by molecularly imprinted polymers on pulp fiber surface. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134519. [PMID: 39111479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Efficiently utilization of plant resources is heavily restricted by the resistance of lignocellulose in plant cells, which is related to the interlinkages of lignocellulose components. Hemicellulose in plant cell wall is bound to cellulose by hydrogen bond and linked with lignin in lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC). In the xylan chain of hemicellulose, glucuronic acid (GA) is a typical side-group, which provides clues for us to label and locate hemicellulose. The way to label GA on the surface of pulp fibers obtained from pulping process is benefit to explore the deconstruction of lignocellulose. Herein, a new visualization method, fluorescence modified molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) were applied to recognize and locate GA on the pulp fiber surface. The method combining fluorescence imaging and integrated 3D fiber structure verified the feasibility of the MIP for specific GA recognition. The results showed that xylan (represented by GA) was closely attached to lignin, distributed along the inner wall of pulp fiber cells, and gradually taken off from the inside edge of fiber cells with the deconstruction of lignocellulose. This research provided a basis to develop visualization bioimaging technology to identify biomass components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510640, China; China National Pulp and Paper Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Shiyu Fu
- State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510640, China.
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Enzymatic Conversion of Different Qualities of Refined Softwood Hemicellulose Recovered from Spent Sulfite Liquor. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103207. [PMID: 35630684 PMCID: PMC9143570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spent sulfite liquor (SSL) from softwood processing is rich in hemicellulose (acetyl galactoglucomannan, AcGGM), lignin, and lignin-derived compounds. We investigated the effect of sequential AcGGM purification on the enzymatic bioconversion of AcGGM. SSL was processed through three consecutive purification steps (membrane filtration, precipitation, and adsorption) to obtain AcGGM with increasing purity. Significant reduction (~99%) in lignin content and modest loss (~18%) of polysaccharides was observed during purification from the least pure preparation (UFR), obtained by membrane filtration, compared to the purest preparation (AD), obtained by adsorption. AcGGM (~14.5 kDa) was the major polysaccharide in the preparations; its enzymatic hydrolysis was assessed by reducing sugar and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography analysis. The hydrolysis of the UFR preparation with Viscozyme L or Trichoderma reesei β-mannanase TrMan5A (1 mg/mL) resulted in less than ~50% bioconversion of AcGGM. The AcGGM in the AD preparation was hydrolyzed to a higher degree (~67% with TrMan5A and 80% with Viscozyme L) and showed the highest conversion rate. This indicates that SSL contains enzyme-inhibitory compounds (e.g., lignin and lignin-derived compounds such as lignosulfonates) which were successfully removed.
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Liu Y, Wang P, Tian J, Seidi F, Guo J, Zhu W, Xiao H, Song J. Carbohydrate-Binding Modules of Potential Resources: Occurrence in Nature, Function, and Application in Fiber Recognition and Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1806. [PMID: 35566977 PMCID: PMC9100146 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Great interests have recently been aroused in the independent associative domain of glycoside hydrolases that utilize insoluble polysaccharides-carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), which responds to binding while the catalytic domain reacts with the substrate. In this mini-review, we first provide a brief introduction on CBM and its subtypes including the classifications, potential sources, structures, and functions. Afterward, the applications of CBMs in substrate recognition based on different types of CBMs have been reviewed. Additionally, the progress of CBMs in paper industry as a new type of environmentally friendly auxiliary agent for fiber treatment is summarized. At last, other applications of CBMs and the future outlook have prospected. Due to the specificity in substrate recognition and diversity in structures, CBM can be a prosperous and promising 'tool' for wood and fiber processing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yena Liu
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (J.T.); (F.S.); (J.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Peipei Wang
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (J.T.); (F.S.); (J.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jing Tian
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (J.T.); (F.S.); (J.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Farzad Seidi
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (J.T.); (F.S.); (J.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (J.T.); (F.S.); (J.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenyuan Zhu
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (J.T.); (F.S.); (J.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada;
| | - Junlong Song
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (J.T.); (F.S.); (J.G.); (W.Z.)
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Investigating the role of carbohydrate-binding module 34 in cyclomaltodextrinase from Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis: structural and functional analyses. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:25. [PMID: 35036273 PMCID: PMC8702598 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are noncatalytic regions found in several enzymes of glycoside hydrolase family 13 and are proposed to orient substrates to the catalytic site. In this study, a substantial information on the conserved aromatic residues in CBM34 regions of characterized bacterial cyclolmaltodextrinases (CDases) has been presented. Molecular modeling of CDase from Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis (CDase Gt ) revealed a change in the active site geometry due to CBM34 truncation. The binding energies of full-length (CDase Gt ) and CBM34 truncated (CDase Gt -ΔN) models showed opposite trends. The least preferred substrate molecule by the full-length model was the most preferred by the CBM34 truncated one. These exciting in silico findings were experimentally verified by recombinant production and characterization of the full-length and the CBM34 truncated proteins. Both the enzymes showed similar optimum pH and temperature. However, substrate specificity was in the reverse order. These experimental verifications matched the homology modeling and docking predictions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03089-9.
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Bi R, Khatri V, Chandra R, Takada M, Figueroa DV, Zhou H, Wu J, Charron D, Saddler J. Enhancing Kraft based dissolving pulp production by integrating green liquor neutralization. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Wu J, Kim KH, Jeong K, Kim D, Kim CS, Ha JM, Chandra RP, Saddler JN. The production of lactic acid from chemi-thermomechanical pulps using a chemo-catalytic approach. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 324:124664. [PMID: 33454446 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that sulfonation and oxidation of chemi-thermomechanical pulps (CTMPs) significantly enhanced enzyme accessibility to cellulose while recovering the majority of carbohydrates in the water-insoluble component. In the work reported here, modified (sulfonated and oxidized) CTMPs derived from hard-and-softwoods were used to produce a DL-mix of lactic acid via a chemo-catalytic approach using lanthanide triflate (Ln (OTf)3) catalysts (Ln = La, Nd, Er, and Yb). It was apparent that sulfonation and oxidation of chemi-thermomechanical pulps (CTMPs) also enhanced Ln(OTf)3 catalyst accessibility to the carbohydrate components of the pulps, with the Er(OTf)3 catalysts resulting in significant lactic acid production. Under optimum conditions (250 °C, 60 min, 0.5 mmol catalyst g-1 biomass), 72% and 67% of the respective total carbohydrate present in the hard-and-softwood CTMPs could be converted to lactic acid compared to the respective 59% and 51% yields obtained after energy-intensive ball milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada
| | - Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Kim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, South Korea
| | - Chang Soo Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Myeong Ha
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard P Chandra
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada
| | - Jack N Saddler
- Forest Product Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada.
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Lee DS, Lee YG, Cho EJ, Song Y, Bae HJ. Hydrolysis pattern analysis of xylem tissues of woody plants pretreated with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid: rapid saccharification of softwood for economical bioconversion. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:37. [PMID: 33549141 PMCID: PMC7866737 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Woody plants with high glucose content are alternative bioresources for the production of biofuels and biochemicals. Various pretreatment methods may be used to reduce the effects of retardation factors such as lignin interference and cellulose structural recalcitrance on the degradation of the lignocellulose material of woody plants. RESULTS A hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAC) pretreatment was used to reduce the lignin content of several types of woody plants, and the effect of the cellulose structural recalcitrance on the enzymatic hydrolysis was analyzed. The cellulose structural recalcitrance and the degradation patterns of the wood fibers in the xylem tissues of Quercus acutissima (hardwood) resulted in greater retardation in the enzymatic saccharification than those in the tracheids of Pinus densiflora (softwood). In addition to the HPAC pretreatment, the application of supplementary enzymes (7.5 FPU cellulase for 24 h) further increased the hydrolysis rate of P. densiflora from 61.42 to 91.94% whereas the same effect was not observed for Q. acutissima. It was also observed that endoxylanase synergism significantly affected the hydrolysis of P. densiflora. However, this synergistic effect was lower for other supplementary enzymes. The maximum concentration of the reducing sugars produced from 10% softwood was 89.17 g L-1 after 36 h of hydrolysis with 15 FPU cellulase and other supplementary enzymes. Approximately 80 mg mL-1 of reducing sugars was produced with the addition of 7.5 FPU cellulase and other supplementary enzymes after 36 h, achieving rapid saccharification. CONCLUSION HPAC pretreatment removed the interference of lignin, reduced structural recalcitrance of cellulose in the P. densiflora, and enabled rapid saccharification of the woody plants including a high concentration of insoluble substrates with only low amounts of cellulase. HPAC pretreatment may be a viable alternative for the cost-efficient production of biofuels or biochemicals from softwood plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Seok Lee
- Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Gyo Lee
- Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Younho Song
- Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Jong Bae
- Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Mboowa D, Khatri V, Saddler JN. The use of fluorescent protein-tagged carbohydrate-binding modules to evaluate the influence of drying on cellulose accessibility and enzymatic hydrolysis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27152-27160. [PMID: 35515757 PMCID: PMC9055586 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05333c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of drying on cellulose accessibility and enzymatic hydrolysis was assessed. Dissolving pulp was differentially dried by freeze-, air- and oven-drying at 50 °C and subsequently hydrolyzed using the commercial CTec 3 cellulase preparation. It was apparent that drying reduced the ease of enzymatic hydrolysis of all of the substrates with a pronounced reduction (48%) exhibited by the oven-dried pulp. To assess if the ease of hydrolysis was due to enzyme accessibility to the substrate, microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, water retention value (WRV), fiber aspect ratio analysis, Simons' stain and the selective binding of Fluorescent Protein-tagged Carbohydrate Binding Modules (FP-CBMs): CBM3a (crystalline cellulose) and CBM17 (amorphous cellulose) in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used. The combined methods indicated that, if the gross characteristics of the substrate limited enzyme accessibility, the cellulases, as represented by the FP-CBMs, could not in turn access the finer structural components of the cellulosic substrates. Drying restricts cellulose accessibility at macro- and micro-scale of fiber structure with restriction at macro-fiber significantly limiting accessibility to micro-fibrils.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake Mboowa
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia 2424 main mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Vinay Khatri
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia 2424 main mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Jack N Saddler
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia 2424 main mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Morin S, Lecart B, Istasse T, Bailly Maître Grand C, Meddeb-Mouelhi F, Beauregard M, Richel A. Effect of a low melting temperature mixture on the surface properties of lignocellulosic flax bast fibers. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:851-856. [PMID: 31982522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bast flax fibers were treated, with or without ultrasound assistance, using a low melting mixture (LMM) composed of lactic acid, d-glucose and water. This LMM treatment affected both lignin and hemicelluloses contents and modified the fibers properties identified as crucial parameters in an industrial context, i.e. coloration, wettability, crystallinity, fibers diameter and chemical composition. Surface chemistry of the fibers were investigated through fluorescent tagged carbohydrates binding modules revealing macromolecular rearrangements responsible of both a fibers crystallinity enhancement and an unexpected hydrophobicity. It has been found that LMM treatments bleach fibers, which is considered a beneficial effect independent of the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Morin
- University of Liege, Laboratory of Biomass and Green Technologies, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Brieuc Lecart
- University of Liege, Laboratory of Biomass and Green Technologies, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Istasse
- University of Liege, Laboratory of Biomass and Green Technologies, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Claire Bailly Maître Grand
- University of Liege, Laboratory of Biomass and Green Technologies, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Fatma Meddeb-Mouelhi
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Laboratoire de recherche sur le métabolisme spécialisé végétal, Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Québec G9A 5H7, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Marc Beauregard
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Québec G9A 5H7, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Aurore Richel
- University of Liege, Laboratory of Biomass and Green Technologies, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Gatt E, Khatri V, Bley J, Barnabé S, Vandenbossche V, Beauregard M. Enzymatic hydrolysis of corn crop residues with high solid loadings: New insights into the impact of bioextrusion on biomass deconstruction using carbohydrate-binding modules. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 282:398-406. [PMID: 30884460 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable source of renewable substrate to produce low carbon footprint energy and materials. Biomass conversion is usually performed in two steps: a biomass pretreatment for improving cellulose accessibility followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. In this study we investigated the efficiency of a bioextrusion pretreatment (extrusion in the presence of cellulase enzyme) for production of reducing sugars from corn crop agricultural residues. Our results demonstrate that bioextrusion increased the reducing sugar conversion yield by at least 94% at high solid/liquid ratio (14%-40%). Monitoring biomass surface with carbohydrate-binding modules (FTCM-depletion assay) revealed that well known negative impact of high solid/liquid ratio on conversion yield is not due to the lack of exposed cellulose which was abundant under such conditions. Bioextrusion was found to be less efficient on alkaline pretreated biomass but being a mild and solvent limiting pretreatment, it might help to minimize the waste stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Gatt
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, LCA, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Toulouse, France.
| | - Vinay Khatri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Julien Bley
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada; Innofibre, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Québec G9A 5E6, Canada
| | - Simon Barnabé
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Virginie Vandenbossche
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, LCA, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Toulouse, France.
| | - Marc Beauregard
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada; PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Tan K, Heo S, Foo M, Chew IM, Yoo C. An insight into nanocellulose as soft condensed matter: Challenge and future prospective toward environmental sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1309-1326. [PMID: 30308818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose, a structural polysaccharide that has caught tremendous interests nowadays due to its renewability, inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability, abundance in resource, and environmental friendly nature. They are promising green nanomaterials derived from cellulosic biomass that can be disintegrated into cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) or cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), relying on their sensitivity to hydrolysis at the axial spacing of disordered domains. Owing to their unique mesoscopic characteristics at nanoscale, nanocellulose has been widely researched and incorporated as a reinforcement material in composite materials. The world has been consuming the natural resources at a much higher speed than the environment could regenerate. Today, as an uprising candidate in soft condensed matter physics, a growing interest was received owing to its unique self-assembly behaviour and quantum size effect in the formation of three-dimensional nanostructured material, could be utilised to address an increasing concern over global warming and environmental conservation. In spite of an emerging pool of knowledge on the nanocellulose downstream application, that was lacking of cross-disciplinary study of its role as a soft condensed matter for food, water and energy applications toward environmental sustainability. Here we aim to provide an insight for the latest development of cellulose nanotechnology arises from its fascinating physical and chemical characteristic for the interest of different technology holders.
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Affiliation(s)
- KhangWei Tan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Environmental Studies, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - SungKu Heo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Environmental Studies, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si 446-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - MeiLing Foo
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Irene MeiLeng Chew
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - ChangKyoo Yoo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Environmental Studies, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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von Freiesleben P, Spodsberg N, Stenbæk A, Stålbrand H, Krogh KBRM, Meyer AS. Boosting of enzymatic softwood saccharification by fungal GH5 and GH26 endomannanases. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:194. [PMID: 30026809 PMCID: PMC6048861 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Softwood is a promising feedstock for lignocellulosic biorefineries, but as it contains galactoglucomannan efficient mannan-degrading enzymes are required to unlock its full potential. RESULTS Boosting of the saccharification of pretreated softwood (Canadian lodgepole pine) was investigated for 10 fungal endo-β(1→4)-mannanases (endomannanases) from GH5 and GH26, including 6 novel GH26 enzymes. The endomannanases from Trichoderma reesei (TresMan5A) and Podospora anserina (PansMan26) were investigated with and without their carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). The pH optimum and initial rates of enzyme catalysed hydrolysis were determined on pure β-mannans, including acetylated and deacetylated spruce galactoglucomannan. Melting temperature (Tm) and stability of the endomannanases during prolonged incubations were also assessed. The highest initial rates on the pure mannans were attained by GH26 endomannanases. Acetylation tended to decrease the enzymatic rates to different extents depending on the enzyme. Despite exhibiting low rates on the pure mannan substrates, TresMan5A with CBM1 catalysed highest release among the endomannanases of both mannose and glucose during softwood saccharification. The presence of the CBM1 as well as the catalytic capability of the TresMan5A core module itself seemed to allow fast and more profound degradation of portions of the mannan that led to better cellulose degradation. In contrast, the presence of the CBM35 did not change the performance of PansMan26 in softwood saccharification. CONCLUSIONS This study identified TresMan5A as the best endomannanase for increasing cellulase catalysed glucose release from softwood. Except for the superior performance of TresMan5A, the fungal GH5 and GH26 endomannanases generally performed on par on the lignocellulosic matrix. The work also illustrated the importance of using genuine lignocellulosic substrates rather than simple model substrates when selecting enzymes for industrial biomass applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille von Freiesleben
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
- Protein Chemistry & Enzyme Technology, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Stenbæk
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Henrik Stålbrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Anne S. Meyer
- Protein Chemistry & Enzyme Technology, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Khatri V, Meddeb-Mouelhi F, Adjallé K, Barnabé S, Beauregard M. Determination of optimal biomass pretreatment strategies for biofuel production: investigation of relationships between surface-exposed polysaccharides and their enzymatic conversion using carbohydrate-binding modules. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:144. [PMID: 29796085 PMCID: PMC5960114 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is a key step for its efficient bioconversion into ethanol. Determining the best pretreatment and its parameters requires monitoring its impacts on the biomass material. Here, we used fluorescent protein-tagged carbohydrate-binding modules method (FTCM)-depletion assay to study the relationship between surface-exposed polysaccharides and enzymatic hydrolysis of LCB. RESULTS Our results indicated that alkali extrusion pretreatment led to the highest hydrolysis rates for alfalfa stover, cattail stems and flax shives, despite its lower lignin removal efficiency compared to alkali pretreatment. Corn crop residues were more sensitive to alkali pretreatments, leading to higher hydrolysis rates. A clear relationship was consistently observed between total surface-exposed cellulose detected by the FTCM-depletion assay and biomass enzymatic hydrolysis. Comparison of bioconversion yield and total composition analysis (by NREL/TP-510-42618) of LCB prior to or after pretreatments did not show any close relationship. Lignin removal efficiency and total cellulose content (by NREL/TP-510-42618) led to an unreliable prediction of enzymatic polysaccharide hydrolysis. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescent protein-tagged carbohydrate-binding modules method (FTCM)-depletion assay provided direct evidence that cellulose exposure is the key determinant of hydrolysis yield. The clear and robust relationships that were observed between the cellulose accessibility by FTCM probes and enzymatic hydrolysis rates change could be evolved into a powerful prediction tool that might help develop optimal biomass pretreatment strategies for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Khatri
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
- PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Fatma Meddeb-Mouelhi
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
- PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Kokou Adjallé
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Simon Barnabé
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Marc Beauregard
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
- PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2 Canada
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