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Qu Y, Chen X, Ma B, Zhu H, Zheng X, Yu J, Wu Q, Li R, Wang Z, Xiao Y. Extracellular Metabolites of Heterotrophic Auxenochlorella protothecoides: A New Source of Bio-Stimulants for Higher Plants. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20090569. [PMID: 36135758 PMCID: PMC9505405 DOI: 10.3390/md20090569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biodiversity of microalgal species is enormous, and their versatile metabolism produces a wide diversity of compounds that can be used in food, healthcare, and other applications. Microalgae are also a potential source of bio-stimulants that enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance, and/or crop quality traits. In this study, the extracellular metabolites of Auxenochlorella protothecoides (EAp) were prepared using three different culture strategies, and their effects on plant growth were examined. Furthermore, the composition of EAp was analyzed by GC-MS. The elongation of lateral roots and the cold-tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana were promoted by EAp. Moreover, EAp from high-cell-density fermentation stimulated the growth of the leafy vegetables Brassica rapa and Lactuca sativa at dilutions as high as 500- and 1000-fold. Three major groups of compounds were identified by GC-MS, including organic acids or organic acid esters, phenols, and saccharides. Some of these compounds have known plant–stimulating effects, while the rest requires further investigation in the future. Our study demonstrates that EAp is a potential bio-stimulant, while also providing an environmentally friendly and economical microalgae fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Qu
- Protoga Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China
- Microalgae Biosynthesis R&D Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xinxiang Chen
- Sinochem Fertilizer Co., Ltd., Beijing 100069, China
| | - Beibei Ma
- Protoga Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Huachang Zhu
- Protoga Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Sinochem Fertilizer Co., Ltd., Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jiazhen Yu
- Protoga Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Qinghui Wu
- Sinochem Fertilizer Co., Ltd., Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rong Li
- Sinochem Fertilizer Co., Ltd., Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Sinochem Fertilizer Co., Ltd., Beijing 100069, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yibo Xiao
- Protoga Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China
- Microalgae Biosynthesis R&D Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (Y.X.)
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Continuous Culture of Auxenochlorella protothecoides on Biodiesel Derived Glycerol under Mixotrophic and Heterotrophic Conditions: Growth Parameters and Biochemical Composition. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030541. [PMID: 35336116 PMCID: PMC8953379 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As crude glycerol comprises a potential substrate for microalga fermentation and value added products’ biosynthesis, Auxenochlorella protothecoides was grown on it under heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions and its growth kinetics were evaluated in a continuous system under steady state conditions. Increasing initial glycerol concentration (from 30 to 50 g/L) in the heterotrophic culture led to reduced biomass yield (Yx/S) and productivity (Px), but favored lipid accumulation. Under heterotrophic conditions, the microalga was found to grow better (biomass up to 7.888 g/L) and faster (higher growth rates), the system functioned more effectively (higher Px) and crude glycerol was exploited more efficiently. Heterotrophy also favored proteins synthesis (up to 53%), lipids (up to 9.8%), and carbohydrates (up to 44.6%) accumulation. However, different trophic modes had no significant impact on the consistency of proteins and lipids. Oleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid detected (55–61.2% of the total lipids). The algal biomass contained many essential and non-essential amino acids, especially arginine, glutamic acid, lysine, aspartic acid, leucine, and alanine. In all the experimental trials, the protein contents in the microalgal biomass increased with the increasing dilution rate (D), with a concomitant decrease in the lipids and carbohydrates fractions.
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Jiang D, Zhang X, Jing Y, Zhang T, Shui X, Yang J, Lu C, Chen Z, Lei T, Zhang Q. Towards high light conversion efficiency from photo-fermentative hydrogen production of Arundo donax L. By light-dark duration alternation strategy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126302. [PMID: 34752886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Suitable illumination project would help in achieving high light conversion efficiency (LCE) for photo-fermentation. This study proposed an improvement strategy for LCE of photo-fermentative hydrogen production (PFHP) with a photosynthetic consortium by adopting light-dark duration alternation. For this purpose, 6 projects (continues light, 24 h light + 24 h dark, 24 h dark + 24 h light, 48 h light + 48 h light, 48 h dark + 48 h light, and continues dark) light disturbances were carried out to estimate the strategy. The fluctuation of cell growth (OD660) was corresponded to the light-dark alternation. 24 h dark + 24 h light alternation achieved the maximum hydrogen yield (HY) of 390.9 mL/g TS cell (6.7 % higher than continuous light) and maximum improvement of LCE of 114.7%. Moreover, heat map analysis revealed that the light period after inoculation had the closest relation (Pearson's r = 1) with the average hydrogen production rate (HPR) of photo-fermentation. Besides, decreased dark period after inoculation would increase the hydrogen yield of photo-fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Xueting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; Institute of Agricultural engineering, Huanghe S & T University, Zhengzhou 450006, PR China
| | - Yanyan Jing
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Xuenan Shui
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Jiabin Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Chaoyang Lu
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Zhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Tingzhou Lei
- Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Quanguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
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Maltsev Y, Maltseva K, Kulikovskiy M, Maltseva S. Influence of Light Conditions on Microalgae Growth and Content of Lipids, Carotenoids, and Fatty Acid Composition. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1060. [PMID: 34681157 PMCID: PMC8533579 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are a valuable natural resource for a variety of value-added products. The growth of microalgae is determined by the impact of many factors, but, from the point of view of the implementation of autotrophic growth, light is of primary importance. This work presents an overview of the influence of light conditions on the growth of microalgae, the content of lipids, carotenoids, and the composition of fatty acids in their biomass, taking into account parameters such as the intensity, duration of lighting, and use of rays of different spectral composition. The optimal light intensity for the growth of microalgae lies in the following range: 26-400 µmol photons m-2 s-1. An increase in light intensity leads to an activation of lipid synthesis. For maximum lipid productivity, various microalgae species and strains need lighting of different intensities: from 60 to 700 µmol photons m-2 s-1. Strong light preferentially increases the triacylglyceride content. The intensity of lighting has a regulating effect on the synthesis of fatty acids, carotenoids, including β-carotene, lutein and astaxanthin. In intense lighting conditions, saturated fatty acids usually accumulate, as well as monounsaturated ones, and the number of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreases. Red as well as blue LED lighting improves the biomass productivity of microalgae of various taxonomic groups. Changing the duration of the photoperiod, the use of pulsed light can stimulate microalgae growth, the production of lipids, and carotenoids. The simultaneous use of light and other stresses contributes to a stronger effect on the productivity of algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevhen Maltsev
- Laboratory of Molecular Systematics of Aquatic Plants, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Kateryna Maltseva
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Bogdan Khmelnitsky Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 72312 Melitopol, Ukraine;
| | - Maxim Kulikovskiy
- Laboratory of Molecular Systematics of Aquatic Plants, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Svetlana Maltseva
- Laboratory of Molecular Systematics of Aquatic Plants, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.M.)
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Effects of Monochromatic Illumination with LEDs Lights on the Growth and Photosynthetic Performance of Auxenochlorella protothecoides in Photo- and Mixotrophic Conditions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040799. [PMID: 33921700 PMCID: PMC8073139 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of monochromatic illumination (blue, red, green and yellow) employing light-emitting diodes (LEDs), trophic conditions (photoautotrophic and mixotrophic), and nitrogen availability (high and low peptone concentration) on the growth and biochemical composition of Auxenochlorella protothecoides. The results revealed that mixotrophic conditions did not favor A. protothecoides, giving lower growth rates compared to heterotrophy (dark conditions). However, mixotrophy gave significantly higher growth rates compared to photoautotrophy. The best light wavelengths for mixotrophic cultivation were that of white and red. In all cases investigated in this study, high peptone concentration (4 g/L) resulted in decreased growth rates. Regarding the biochemical composition of A. protothecoides, the strongest effect, irrespective of trophic conditions, was caused by nitrogen availability (peptone concentration). Specifically, at nitrogen replete conditions (4 g/L peptone), biomass was rich in proteins (32-67%), whereas under deplete conditions (0.5 g/L peptone), A. protothecoides accumulated mainly carbohydrates (up to 56%). Mixotrophic conditions generally favored higher carbohydrate content, whereas photoautotrophic conditions favored higher protein content. The different illumination spectra did not have any clear effect on the biochemical composition (metabolites content), except that, in all trophic conditions, the use of the green spectrum resulted in higher chlorophyll b content. Chlorophyll a fluorescence studies revealed that the trophic conditions and the high peptone concentrations impacted the photosystem II (PSII) performance, and also affected plastoquinone re-oxidation kinetics and the heterogeneity of the PSII reaction centers.
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