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Zhuo C, Wang X, Shrestha HK, Abraham PE, Hettich RL, Chen F, Barros J, Dixon RA. Major facilitator family transporters specifically enhance caffeyl alcohol uptake during C-lignin biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39645576 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/13/2024] [Indexed: 12/09/2024]
Abstract
The mode of transport of lignin monomers to the sites of polymerization in the apoplast remains controversial. C-Lignin is a recently discovered form of lignin found in some seed coats that is composed exclusively of units derived from caffeyl alcohol. RNA-seq and proteome analyses identified a number of transporters co-expressed with C-lignin deposition in the seed coat of Cleome hassleriana. Cloning and influx/efflux analysis assays in yeast identified two low-affinity transporters, ChPLT3 and ChSUC1, that were active with caffeyl alcohol but not with the classical monolignols p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols, consistent with molecular modeling and docking studies. Expression of ChPLT3 in Arabidopsis seedlings enhanced root growth in the presence of caffeyl alcohol, and expression of ChPLT3 and ChSUC1 correlated with lignin C-unit content in hairy roots of Medicago truncatula. We present a model, consistent with phylogenetic and evolutionary considerations, whereby passive caffeyl alcohol transport may be supplemented by hitchhiking on secondary active transporters to ensure the synthesis of C-lignin, and inhibition of synthesis of G-lignin, in the apoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunliu Zhuo
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Him K Shrestha
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Department of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Paul E Abraham
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Robert L Hettich
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jaime Barros
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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Zhang H, Li Z, Yang X, Li M, Wei L, Yang J. Study on the efficient electrocatalytic depolymerization of α-O-4 bond in lignin assisted by simple electrolyte. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135260. [PMID: 39226975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is anticipated to serve as a replacement for dwindling fossil fuel resources owing to its abundant sources and renewable nature. The electrochemical oxidation technique for depolymerizing lignin has garnered significant interest for its environmentally friendly and mild operating conditions. Nevertheless, the current utilization of auxiliary electrolytes, predominantly organic bases, ionic liquids, and other specialized substances, poses a constraint on the widespread adoption of this approach. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of instances where electrochemical technology has been employed to depolymerize the α-O-4 bond in lignin for the production of highly selective acetals. In this study, a sodium chloride/methanol (NaCl/MeOH) system was utilized for the direct depolymerization of the α-O-4 bond in a lignin model molecule, specifically benzyl phenyl ether (BPE). The optimal conditions resulted in a 95.2 % conversion rate of the BPE substrate and a high yield of 94.5 % for the main product, benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal(Bda). This research offers a promising approach for the electrocatalytic depolymerization of α-O-4 bonds in lignin, leading to the selective production of acetal chemicals using a common auxiliary electrolyte at room temperature in just 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxi Zhang
- Nanning Normal University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning 530100, PR China
| | - Zhongke Li
- Nanning Normal University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning 530100, PR China
| | - Xiande Yang
- Nanning Normal University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning 530100, PR China
| | - Meng Li
- Nanning Normal University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning 530100, PR China
| | - Liang Wei
- Nanning Normal University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning 530100, PR China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Nanning Normal University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning 530100, PR China.
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Zheng S, Zhang Z, He S, Yang H, Atia H, Abdel-Mageed AM, Wohlrab S, Baráth E, Tin S, Heeres HJ, Deuss PJ, de Vries JG. Benzenoid Aromatics from Renewable Resources. Chem Rev 2024; 124:10701-10876. [PMID: 39288258 PMCID: PMC11467972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
In this Review, all known chemical methods for the conversion of renewable resources into benzenoid aromatics are summarized. The raw materials that were taken into consideration are CO2; lignocellulose and its constituents cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; carbohydrates, mostly glucose, fructose, and xylose; chitin; fats and oils; terpenes; and materials that are easily obtained via fermentation, such as biogas, bioethanol, acetone, and many more. There are roughly two directions. One much used method is catalytic fast pyrolysis carried out at high temperatures (between 300 and 700 °C depending on the raw material), which leads to the formation of biochar; gases, such as CO, CO2, H2, and CH4; and an oil which is a mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly aromatics. The carbon selectivities of this method can be reasonably high when defined small molecules such as methanol or hexane are used but are rather low when highly oxygenated compounds such as lignocellulose are used. The other direction is largely based on the multistep conversion of platform chemicals obtained from lignocellulose, cellulose, or sugars and a limited number of fats and terpenes. Much research has focused on furan compounds such as furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and 5-chloromethylfurfural. The conversion of lignocellulose to xylene via 5-chloromethylfurfural and dimethylfuran has led to the construction of two large-scale plants, one of which has been operational since 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zheng
- Leibniz
Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering
and Environment, China University of Petroleum
(Beijing), 102249 Beijing, China
| | - Songbo He
- Joint International
Research Laboratory of Circular Carbon, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Huaizhou Yang
- Green
Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanan Atia
- Leibniz
Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ali M. Abdel-Mageed
- Leibniz
Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wohlrab
- Leibniz
Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Eszter Baráth
- Leibniz
Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sergey Tin
- Leibniz
Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hero J. Heeres
- Green
Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Green
Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. de Vries
- Leibniz
Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Dixon RA, Puente-Urbina A, Beckham GT, Román-Leshkov Y. Enabling Lignin Valorization Through Integrated Advances in Plant Biology and Biorefining. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:239-263. [PMID: 39038247 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-062923-022602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Despite lignin having long been viewed as an impediment to the processing of biomass for the production of paper, biofuels, and high-value chemicals, the valorization of lignin to fuels, chemicals, and materials is now clearly recognized as a critical element for the lignocellulosic bioeconomy. However, the intended application for lignin will likely require a preferred lignin composition and form. To that end, effective lignin valorization will require the integration of plant biology, providing optimal feedstocks, with chemical process engineering, providing efficient lignin transformations. Recent advances in our understanding of lignin biosynthesis have shown that lignin structure is extremely diverse and potentially tunable, while simultaneous developments in lignin refining have resulted in the development of several processes that are more agnostic to lignin composition. Here, we review the interface between in planta lignin design and lignin processing and discuss the advances necessary for lignin valorization to become a feature of advanced biorefining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA;
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Allen Puente-Urbina
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Yuriy Román-Leshkov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Lam LPY, Lui ACW, Bartley LE, Mikami B, Umezawa T, Lo C. Multifunctional 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde O-methyltransferases (CAldOMTs) in plant metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1671-1695. [PMID: 38198655 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Lignin, flavonoids, melatonin, and stilbenes are plant specialized metabolites with diverse physiological and biological functions, supporting plant growth and conferring stress resistance. Their biosynthesis requires O-methylations catalyzed by 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde O-methyltransferase (CAldOMT; also called caffeic acid O-methyltransferase, COMT). CAldOMT was first known for its roles in syringyl (S) lignin biosynthesis in angiosperm cell walls and later found to be multifunctional. This enzyme also catalyzes O-methylations in flavonoid, melatonin, and stilbene biosynthetic pathways. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the convergent evolution of enzymes with OMT activities towards the monolignol biosynthetic pathway intermediates in some gymnosperm species that lack S-lignin and Selaginella moellendorffii, a lycophyte which produces S-lignin. Furthermore, neofunctionalization of CAldOMTs occurred repeatedly during evolution, generating unique O-methyltransferases (OMTs) with novel catalytic activities and/or accepting novel substrates, including lignans, 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene, and phenylpropenes. This review summarizes multiple aspects of CAldOMTs and their related proteins in plant metabolism and discusses their evolution, molecular mechanism, and roles in biorefineries, agriculture, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Pui Ying Lam
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Tegata Gakuen-machi 1-1, Akita City, Akita 010-0852, Japan
| | - Andy C W Lui
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Laura E Bartley
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Bunzo Mikami
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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