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Jaiswal A, Pandey AK, Mishra Y, Dubey SK. Insights into the biodegradation of fipronil through soil microcosm-omics analyses of Pseudomonas sp. FIP_ A4. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142944. [PMID: 39067829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Fipronil, a phenylpyrazole insecticide, is used to kill insects resistant to conventional insecticides. Though its regular and widespread use has substantially reduced agricultural losses, it has also caused its accumulation in various environmental niches. The biodegradation is an effective natural process that helps in reducing the amount of residual insecticides. This study deals with an in-depth investigation of fipronil degradation kinetics and pathways in Pseudomonas sp. FIP_A4 using multi-omics approaches. Soil-microcosm results revealed ∼87% degradation within 40 days. The whole genome of strain FIP_A4 comprises 4.09 Mbp with 64.6% GC content. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and enoyl-CoA hydratase-related protein, having 30% identity with dehalogenase detected in the genome, can mediate the initial degradation process. Proteome analysis revealed differential enzyme expression of dioxygenases, decarboxylase, and hydratase responsible for subsequent degradation. Metabolome analysis displayed fipronil metabolites in the presence of the bacterium, supporting the proposed degradation pathway. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation of each identified enzyme in complex with the specific metabolite disclosed adequate binding and high stability in the enzyme-metabolite complex. This study provides in-depth insight into genes and their encoded enzymes involved in the fipronil degradation and formation of different metabolites during pollutant degradation. The outcome of this study can contribute immensely to developing efficient technologies for the bioremediation of fipronil-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Jaiswal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005, India
| | - Anand Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi- 284128, India
| | - Yogesh Mishra
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005, India.
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Zhu L, Hajeb P, Fauser P, Vorkamp K. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor dust: A review of temporal and spatial trends, and human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162374. [PMID: 36828075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Several chemicals with widespread consumer uses have been identified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), with a potential risk to humans. The occurrence in indoor dust and resulting human exposure have been reviewed for six groups of known and suspected EDCs, including phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers, flame retardants, bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), biocides and personal care product additives (PCPs). Some banned or restricted EDCs, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), bisphenol A (BPA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are still widely detected in indoor dust in most countries, even as the predominating compounds of their group, but generally with decreasing trends. Meanwhile, alternatives that are also potential EDCs, such as bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), and PFAS precursors, such as fluorotelomer alcohols, have been detected in indoor dust with increasing frequencies and concentrations. Associations between some known and suspected EDCs, such as phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers, FRs and BPs, in indoor dust and paired human samples indicate indoor dust as an important human exposure pathway. Although the estimated daily intake (EDI) of most of the investigated compounds was mostly below reference values, the co-exposure to a multitude of known or suspected EDCs requires a better understanding of mixture effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Zhu
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Parvaneh Hajeb
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Patrik Fauser
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
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Lebon W, Meyer L, Akki FE, Madder M, Beugnet F. Efficacy of a single administration of afoxolaner (NexGard®) or fipronil plus permethrin (Frontline® Tri-Act) against Hyalomma marginatum ticks in dogs. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 25:100606. [PMID: 34474799 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the acaricidal efficacy of afoxolaner (NexGard®, Boehringer Ingelheim), and fipronil - permethrin (Frontline® Tri-Act, Boehringer Ingelheim) administered once to dogs experimentally infested with Hyalomma marginatum ticks. Twenty-four Beagle dogs were randomly allocated based on a pre-treatment H. marginatum infestation to an untreated control group, a NexGard® or a Frontline® Tri-Act treated groups. Treatments were administered once on Day 0 as per the products' labels. For the efficacy evaluation, dogs were experimentally infested with 30 adult H. marginatum ticks on Days -2, 7, 28 and 36. In-situ counts were performed at 48 h post-treatment on Day 2 and post-infestations on Days 9, 30 and 38. Ticks were removed and counted at 72 h post-treatment on Day 3 and after each tick infestation on Days 10, 31 and 39. The numbers of live ticks counted in the treated groups were significantly different than in the control group at all time-points (p ≤ 0.0006). The efficacy was at least 97% after 48 h, and at least 99% after 72 h for both treatments. In this study both afoxolaner and fipronil/permethrin formulations demonstrated a high efficacy against adult H. marginatum ticks in treated dogs for at least five weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Lebon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Av. Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Leon Meyer
- Clinvet, BP 301, CP 28815 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | | | - Maxime Madder
- ClinVet, PO Box 11186, Universitas, 9321 Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Fréderic Beugnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Av. Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
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Ovicidal action of insectoacaricide drugs sentry home, Neostomazan 1:200 manufacured by CEVA, Neostomazan 1:200 manufacured by product and Extrazol M on fleas Ctenocephalides spp. eggs. EUREKA: HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5679.2021.001692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the research. To compare the ovicidal efficiency of insectoacaricides of different composition and manufacturers on flea eggs (Ctenocephalides spp.) for treatemnt of the premises where animals live.
Materials and methods of the research. The study was conducted on the basis of the clinic of veterinary medicine "Vetservice" Sumy, laboratory "Veterinary Pharmacy" and "Innovative technologies and safety and quality of livestock products" of Sumy National Agrarian University. The ovicidal effect of insectoacaricides on flea eggs of Ctenocephalides spp. was studied. Ctenocephalides spp. eggs were selected from the pet bedding on which the animal spended most of its time, namely the cats. The studied material was selected with a cosmetic brush. Ctenocephalides spp. eggs were placed into a Petri dish of 10 eggs per each dish. The test material was introduced with a dental probe. There were 4 test dishes, which were treated with insectoacaricides (each test dish was treated with a separate drug) and 1 control dish with no treatment. Microscopy was conducted under a light microscope with magnification X8 of each egg, with following treatment of each egg with insectoacaricides. Monitoring was conducted in 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment.
Results. Research has shown that drugs which demonstrated 100 % ovicidal effectiveness were Sentry Home (pyriproxyfen – 0.02 %, permethrin – 0.2 %, n-Octyl Bicyclohepten – 1.0 %) in 24 hours and Neostomazan (CEVA)(transmix – 5.0 g, tetramethrin – 0.5 g) in 72 hours.
Conclusions. Insectoacaricide drug Sentry Home (pyriproxyfen – 0.02 %, permethrin – 0.2 %, n-Octyl Bicyclohepten – 1.0 %), used for the treatment of the premises where the animals live, showed the most pronounced ovicidal effect in 24 hours.
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Abbate JM, Napoli E, Arfuso F, Gaglio G, Giannetto S, Halos L, Beugnet F, Brianti E. Six-month field efficacy and safety of the combined treatment of dogs with Frontline Tri-Act® and NexGard Spectra®. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:425. [PMID: 30012179 PMCID: PMC6048810 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2957-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safety and efficacy of the combined monthly use of spot-on fipronil 6.76% w/v / permethrin 50.48% w/v (Frontline Tri-Act®) and chewable tablets of afoxolaner 1.9% w/w / milbemycin oxime 0.4% w/w (NexGard Spectra®) in dogs was evaluated in a field study over a period of 6 months. METHODS Forty-one healthy dogs living in highly endemic area for canine leishmaniosis and other canine vector borne diseases (VBD) were included in the study at the beginning of the Leishmania transmission season. Sixteen dogs were pet dogs living each in a single household; twenty-five dogs were hunting dogs living in three kennels. At inclusion, the dogs were ELISA (rapid test) negative for antibodies to Anaplasma, Borrelia, Ehrlichia, and for antigens of Dirofilaria. The dogs were also negative for blood microfilariae at the Knott's test, and no clinical or haematological abnormalities were observed. Of the included dogs, six hunting, apparently healthy, dogs were ELISA (rapid test) positive to Leishmania, and some were naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematodes (58.5%) and/or infested by fleas (58.5%) and ticks (9.8%). All the included dogs were treated at Days 0, 28, 56, 84, 112 and 140, and followed-up for efficacy until the study end (Day 168). RESULTS No adverse events related to the two products, nor skin reactions, general signs, or changes in the haematological profile, were observed during the study. At Day 14, anthelminthic efficacy was 100% for Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina and Capillaria aerophila, while few hunting dogs were still shedding eggs of Trichuris vulpis (1/25 hunting dog) and Ancylostomatidae (9/25 hunting dogs). All pet dogs were nematode free at the end of the study. Hunting dogs were free of roundworms and whipworms. Twenty-four hours after the first treatment, 95.8% of the ectoparasite infested dogs were free from fleas and ticks. Ectoparasites were significantly controlled during the 6-month study period, with 100% efficacy on both fleas and ticks from Day 56 to Day 168. Blood and serum samples collected on Day 168 were tested for vector-borne pathogens using same methods of the inclusion and no new seroconversions or circulating blood microfilariae were observed. CONCLUSIONS Concomitant use of Frontline Tri-Act® and NexGard Spectra® in dogs for six months was well tolerated. The combination was effective in controlling fleas, ticks, gastro-intestinal nematodes, and neither new seroconversion to the tested vector-borne pathogens nor blood microfilariae were detected in treated dogs at the end of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Abbate
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Ettore Napoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Arfuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gaglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giannetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Lenaig Halos
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Av Tony Garnier, Lyon, France
| | - Frederic Beugnet
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Av Tony Garnier, Lyon, France
| | - Emanuele Brianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Cutolo AA, Galvis-Ovallos F, de Souza Neves E, Silva FO, Chester ST, Fankhauser B. Repellent efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against Lutzomyia longipalpis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:247. [PMID: 29661207 PMCID: PMC5902978 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of Leishmania infantum, the agent of canine and human visceral leishmaniosis in the Americas. Considering that the dog is the main domestic host of the parasite, repellent treatment is a measure that might contribute to the prevention of canine visceral leishmaniosis. The repellent efficacy of a single treatment of a new spot-on topical combination of fipronil and permethrin (Frontline Tri-Act®, Merial, now part of Boehringer-Ingelheim) to repel Lu. longipalpis sand flies was evaluated. Methods Sixteen healthy Beagle dogs, eight females and eight males, weighing 8.4–14.4 kg, and 2 to 4 years-old were included in the study. Animals were blocked on decreasing body weight and randomly allocated within the blocks to one of two treatment groups of eight animals each. Dogs in Group 1 were untreated and Dogs in Group 2 were treated with a combination containing 67.6 mg/ml fipronil + 504.8 mg/ml permethrin (Frontline Tri-Act®) once on Day 0. Sand fly exposures were performed on Days 1, 14, 21 and 30 with Lu. longipalpis female sand flies. After 65 (± 15 min), sand flies were assessed for engorgement status. Results The percent repellency of the treated group compared to the untreated control group was 95.7, 94.3, 81.7 and 72.2% for exposure days 1, 14, 21 and 30, respectively. The two treatment groups were significantly different for all exposure days (P ≤ 0.016 for days 1, 14, 21 and 30). No adverse reactions were observed during the study. Conclusion A single topical administration of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin demonstrated a significant repellent effect against Lu. longipalpis bites as soon as it was applied on the dogs and its repellent efficacy lasted for 4 weeks with results greater than 80% for 3 weeks. The results suggest that in endemic areas the regular application of the new combination could contribute to protect dogs from Leishmania infection and therefore serve as an additional tool for the prevention of canine visceral leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Antonio Cutolo
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Saúde Animal, Fazenda S. Francisco s/n°, Paulínia, (SP), 13140-970, Brazil.
| | - Fredy Galvis-Ovallos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, (SP), 01246-904, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano O Silva
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Saúde Animal, Fazenda S. Francisco s/n°, Paulínia, (SP), 13140-970, Brazil
| | | | - Becky Fankhauser
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA, 30096, USA
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Chatzis MK, Psemmas D, Papadopoulos E, Navarro C, Saridomichelakis MN. A field trial of a fixed combination of permethrin and fipronil (Effitix ®) for the treatment and prevention of flea infestation in dogs living with sheep. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:212. [PMID: 28454576 PMCID: PMC5410079 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of fleas parasitize dogs living with sheep in Greece. The primary aim of this randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial was to examine the efficacy of a permethrin-fipronil combination (Effitix®) for the treatment and prevention of flea infestation in dogs living with sheep and the secondary aim was to examine the efficacy of this intervention on flea infestation, pruritus and skin lesions of the people in contact with these dogs. METHODS Thirty dogs living with sheep and infested by at least 10 fleas and all 80 sheep living on the same premises were randomly allocated into equal groups. Group A dogs were treated three times, every 4 weeks, with a spot-on containing 54.5% permethrin and 6.1% fipronil, group A sheep were treated, on the same days, with a pour-on containing 1% deltamethrin, whereas group B dogs were sham-treated and group B sheep were placebo-treated. Flea counting was performed at the beginning of the trial (day 0) and after 14, 28, 56 and 84 days and the first five fleas from each animal were used for species identification. At the same time points, flea infestation, pruritus and skin lesions of the people in contact with the dogs were assessed. RESULTS The percentage of dogs with zero flea counts was significantly higher in group A than in group B on days 14, 28, 56 and 84 and flea counts were significantly lower in group A dogs than in group B dogs at the same time points. The percent efficacy of the permethrin-fipronil combination was higher than 78% (arithmetic means) or than 96% (geometric means) throughout the study. No adverse reactions were recorded. Between the two flea species found on dogs, Ctenocephalides canis was predominant over C. felis. Flea-infected sheep were not found at the beginning or during the study and no significant changes in flea infestation, pruritus and skin lesions of the people in contact with the dogs were witnessed throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS A spot-on solution containing 54.5% permethrin and 6.1% fipronil is safe and effective for the treatment and prevention of C. canis and C. felis infestations in dogs living with sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis K Chatzis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dimitris Psemmas
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Manolis N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece.
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Beugnet F, Halos L, Lebon W, Liebenberg J. Assessment of the efficacy of a topical combination of fipronil-permethrin (Frontline Tri-Act ®/Frontect ®) against egg laying and adult emergence of the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) in dogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:57. [PMID: 27991415 PMCID: PMC5178383 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2016068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the prevention of egg laying and the inhibition of the emergence of the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) resulting from the application of a combination of fipronil and permethrin (Frontline Tri-Act®/Frontect®, Merial) on dogs. Sixteen healthy dogs were included after pre-treatment live flea counts and randomly allocated to two groups. Eight dogs served as untreated controls and 8 dogs were treated on Day 0 and Day 30 with topical application of fipronil/permethrin at the minimum dose of 6.76 mg/kg fipronil and 50.48 mg/kg permethrin. On days −2, 7, 21, 28, 42 and 56, each dog was infested with 100 fleas. Flea eggs were collected from each dog in individual trays from 12 to 36 h after treatment or each flea re-infestation. All fleas were removed by combing and counted 36 h after treatment or infestations. The collected eggs were counted and incubated for 28 days for larval development and adult emergence assessment. The curative efficacy of Frontline Tri-Act®/Frontect® against adult fleas 36 h after treatment was 95.3% and the efficacy remained 100% after subsequent flea infestations for 8 weeks. Compared to the control group, the treatment reduced egg laying by 84.5% within 36 h after first treatment and was 99.9%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% on collection days 7, 21, 29, 43 and 57, respectively. Frontline Tri-Act®/Frontect® reduced by 28.7% the emergence of new adult fleas from eggs laid during the 48 h of pre-treatment infestation. The inhibition of adult emergence from incubated flea eggs could not be assessed after flea re-infestation in the treated group as no eggs were collected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lénaïg Halos
- Merial S.A.S., 29 Av. Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | | | - Julian Liebenberg
- ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., Uitsig Road, Bainsvlei, 9321 Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Wang X, Martínez MA, Wu Q, Ares I, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Yuan Z. Fipronil insecticide toxicology: oxidative stress and metabolism. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:876-899. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1223014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Pfister K, Armstrong R. Systemically and cutaneously distributed ectoparasiticides: a review of the efficacy against ticks and fleas on dogs. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:436. [PMID: 27502490 PMCID: PMC4977707 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acaricidal (tick) and insecticidal (flea) efficacy of systemically and cutaneously distributed ectoparasiticide products for dogs are compared based on permethrin and fluralaner as representative molecules. Results of efficacy studies against fleas and ticks are reviewed that show generally good to excellent results. Both externally and systemically distributed treatments have benefits and weaknesses in potentially preventing pathogen transmission by these arthropod vectors. Four general properties are considered related to the goal of providing optimal reduction in the risk of vector-borne pathogen transmission. These are:Owner adherence to the recommended treatment protocol; Rapid onset of activity following administration; Uniform efficacy over all areas of the treated dog at risk for parasite attachment; Maintenance of high efficacy throughout the retreatment interval.
In considering these four factors, a systemically distributed acaricide can offer an option that is at least as effective as a cutaneously administered acaricide with regard to the overall goal of reducing the risk of vector-borne pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Pfister
- Parasite Consulting GmbH, Wendschatzstrasse 8, CH-3006, Berne, Switzerland.
| | - Rob Armstrong
- MSD Animal Health, 2 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ, 07940, USA
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Halos L, Fourie JJ, Fankhauser B, Beugnet F. Knock-down and speed of kill of a combination of fipronil and permethrin for the prevention of Ctenocephalides felis flea infestation in dogs. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:57. [PMID: 26830931 PMCID: PMC4736277 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A topical combination of fipronil + permethrin (Frontline Tri-Act/Frontect, Merial) has recently been developed to control fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, sandflies and stable flies on dogs. Two studies were conducted to assess its speed of kill and knock-down effect on Ctenocephalides felis fleas. The combination was compared to either fipronil alone or to a combination of permethrin, dinotefuran, and pyriproxyfen, METHODS In each study, 18 dogs were randomly allocated to one of three groups: (Group 1: untreated dog; Group 2: treated once on D0 with the combination of fipronil and permethrin; Group 3: treated once on D0 either with fipronil alone (study 1) or with a combination of permethrin, dinetofuran and pyriproxyfen (study 2)). Each dog was infested with 100 unfed adult C. felis fleas on Days 2 (study 2), 7, 14, 21 and 28. Fleas were collected from dogs at 1 h and 12 h post- infestations (PI) (study 1) or at 2 h and 6 h PI (study 2) to assess efficacy and from collection pans underneath cages 1 h (study 1) or 5 min (study 2) PI to assess knock-down effect. RESULTS All treated dogs had significantly (p ≤ 0.01) lower flea counts than untreated dogs at every time point in both studies. For a whole month, a significant knock-down effect against infesting fleas is obtained in five minutes PI with the combination of permethrin and fipronil. Complete efficacy (>95%) was achieved in 1 h (study 1) or 2 h (study 2) PI for 14 days and by 6 h PI for all challenges conducted throughout the month. Efficacy remains >85% at 2 h PI for the whole month. A significantly higher efficacy of the fipronil + permethrin combination compared to other treatments was demonstrated at the earliest time points for the month (1 h knock-down effect and insecticidal efficacy compared to fipronil alone; 5 min knock-down effect compared to the combination of permethrin + dinetofuran + pyriproxyfen). CONCLUSIONS The rapid flea knock-down effect and speed of kill demonstrated by the spot on combination of fipronil + permethrin provide a reliable strategy against flea infestations in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lénaïg Halos
- Merial S.A.S., 29 Av Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Josephus J Fourie
- ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd, P.O. Box 11186, Universitas, Bloemfontein, 9321, Republic of South Africa.
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Beugnet F. Reply to Letter to the Editor. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:272-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fankhauser B, Dumont P, Halos L, Hunter JS, Kunkle B, Everett WR, Chester TS, Fourie JJ, Soll MD. Efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against Ctenocephalides felis flea infestation in dogs. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:62. [PMID: 25630582 PMCID: PMC4322555 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Five studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin on cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis, when applied to dogs, including dogs that underwent water exposure or shampooing. METHODS In each study, 16 dogs were allocated to two groups. Each dog was infested with 100 unfed adult fleas on Days -1, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Eight dogs were treated with a new topical spot-on formulation containing 6.76% w/v fipronil + 50.48% w/v permethrinon Day 0; and eight dogs served as untreated controls. Twenty-four or 48 h after treatment or subsequent infestation, each dog was combed to remove and count live fleas. In addition, the dogs were subjected to different levels of water or shampoo exposure. In study 1, dogs were not subjected to any water exposure or shampooing; in study 2, dogs were water immersed twice during the month on Days 10 and 24; in study 3, dogs were water immersed three times on Days 10, 17 and 24; and in studies 4 and 5, dogs were shampooed once on Day 17. RESULTS All groups of dogs administered a single topical treatment with a combination of fipronil and permethrin had significantly (p < 0.005) lower flea counts than untreated controls 24 h and 48 h post-treatment or post-infestation, regardless of whether they underwent water exposure/shampooing or not. The reductions in C. felis counts were between 98.4% and 100% at all time points in all studies. CONCLUSIONS The new topical spot-on formulation of fipronil and permethrin maintains a high level of protection of dogs against C. felis flea infestations even when the dogs are exposed to environmental factors that are believed to adversely affect efficacy, such as water exposure or shampooing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Dumont
- Merial S.A.S, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, 69007, France.
| | - Lénaïg Halos
- Merial S.A.S, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, 69007, France.
| | - James S Hunter
- Merial Limited, 3239 Satellite Blvd, Duluth, GA, 30096, USA.
| | - Bruce Kunkle
- Merial Limited, 3239 Satellite Blvd, Duluth, GA, 30096, USA.
| | | | | | - Josephus J Fourie
- ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 11186, Bloemfontein , 9321 Universitas, South Africa.
| | - Mark D Soll
- Merial Limited, 3239 Satellite Blvd, Duluth, GA, 30096, USA.
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Dumont P, Chester TS, Gale B, Soll M, Fourie JJ, Beugnet F. Acaricidal efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:51. [PMID: 25622698 PMCID: PMC4316768 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two blinded, controlled laboratory studies were conducted to assess the acaricidal efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin (Frontline Tri-Act®/Frontect®) against two tick species. Study A evaluated the efficacy of the product against both Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Study B evaluated the efficacy against R. sanguineus only. Methods 16 (Study A) and 12 (Study B) healthy adult dogs were allocated to two groups in each study. Dogs in Group 1 served as untreated controls. Dogs in Group 2 were treated with a new topical spot-on formulation containing 6.76% (w/v) fipronil + 50.48% (w/v) permethrin once on Day 0. Each dog of study A was infested with 50 unfed adult ticks of each species and each dog of study B was infested with 50 unfed adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus prior to treatment (Day −2 in Study A, Day −1 in Study B) and post treatment on Days 7, 14, 21 and 28. The ticks were removed and counted 48 h after treatment (Day 2) or subsequent infestations (Days 9, 16, 23 and 30). Acaricidal efficacy was defined as the percent reduction in the number of live ticks in the treated group compared to the untreated control group. Results The percent efficacy in the treated group for R. sanguineus was 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% and 96.7% in Study A, and 94.4%, 100%, 100%, 98.7% and 98.0% in Study B, for counts performed on Days 2, 9, 16, 23 and 30, respectively. For I. ricinus, in Study A, the percent efficacy of the treatment was 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% and 99.2% for counts performed on Days 2, 9, 16, 23 and 30, respectively. There was a significant difference of the geometric mean numbers of live ticks between the treated and control groups at each time point in each study (p = 0.005 for every day in Study A, and p < 0.005 for every day in Study B). Conclusions A single topical administration of a combination of fipronil and permethrin provides excellent acaricidal efficacy against both I. ricinus and R. sanguineus for at least 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Dumont
- Merial S.A.S., 29 Av. Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
| | | | - Boyd Gale
- Charles River Laboratories Preclinical Services Ireland Ltd., Carrentrila, Ballina, Co. Mayo, Ireland.
| | - Mark Soll
- Merial Limited, 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA, 30096, USA.
| | - Josephus J Fourie
- ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 11186, 9321 Universitas, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
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