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Moreira V, Leiguez E, Janovits PM, Maia-Marques R, Fernandes CM, Teixeira C. Inflammatory Effects of Bothrops Phospholipases A 2: Mechanisms Involved in Biosynthesis of Lipid Mediators and Lipid Accumulation. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120868. [PMID: 34941706 PMCID: PMC8709003 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2s (PLA2s) constitute one of the major protein groups present in the venoms of viperid and crotalid snakes. Snake venom PLA2s (svPLA2s) exhibit a remarkable functional diversity, as they have been described to induce a myriad of toxic effects. Local inflammation is an important characteristic of snakebite envenomation inflicted by viperid and crotalid species and diverse svPLA2s have been studied for their proinflammatory properties. Moreover, based on their molecular, structural, and functional properties, the viperid svPLA2s are classified into the group IIA secreted PLA2s, which encompasses mammalian inflammatory sPLA2s. Thus, research on svPLA2s has attained paramount importance for better understanding the role of this class of enzymes in snake envenomation and the participation of GIIA sPLA2s in pathophysiological conditions and for the development of new therapeutic agents. In this review, we highlight studies that have identified the inflammatory activities of svPLA2s, in particular, those from Bothrops genus snakes, which are major medically important snakes in Latin America, and we describe recent advances in our collective understanding of the mechanisms underlying their inflammatory effects. We also discuss studies that dissect the action of these venom enzymes in inflammatory cells focusing on molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the biosynthesis of lipid mediators and lipid accumulation in immunocompetent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04044-020, Brazil;
| | - Elbio Leiguez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Priscila Motta Janovits
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Rodrigo Maia-Marques
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Cristina Maria Fernandes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Wu YJ, He Q, Shang M, Yin YX, Li Y, Du X, Li XR. The NF-κB signalling pathway and TM7SF3 contribute to liver fibrosis caused by secreted phospholipase A2 of Clonorchis sinensis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:152. [PMID: 33691755 PMCID: PMC7945307 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The NF-κB signalling pathway has been reported to be related to liver fibrosis, and we investigated whether the NF-κB signalling pathway is involved in liver fibrosis caused by secreted phospholipase A2 of Clonorchis sinensis (CssPLA2). Furthermore, expression of the receptor of CssPLA2 on the cell surface of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) may greatly contribute to liver fibrosis. Methods CssPLA2 was administered to BALB/c mice by abdominal injection. The levels of markers of NF-κB signalling pathway activation in mouse liver tissue were measured by quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA and western blot. Additionally, HSCs were incubated with CssPLA2, and an NF-κB signalling inhibitor (BAY 11-7082) was applied to test whether the NF-κB signalling pathway plays a role in the effect of CssPLA2. Then, the interaction between CssPLA2 and its receptor transmembrane 7 superfamily member 3 (TM7SF3) was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and GST pull-down. To determine how TM7SF3 influences the ability of CssPLA2 to cause liver fibrosis, a TM7SF3 antibody was used to block TM7SF3. Results The levels of the NF-ΚB signalling pathway activation markers TNF-α, IL-1β and phospho-p65 were increased by CssPLA2 in the context of liver fibrosis. In addition, the interaction between TM7SF3 and CssPLA2 was confirmed by co-IP and GST pull-down. When TM7SF3 was blocked by an antibody targeting 1–295 amino acids of TM7SF3, activation of HSCs caused by CssPLA2 was alleviated. Conclusions The NF-ΚB signalling pathway is involved in the activation of HSCs by CssPLA2. TM7SF3, the receptor of CssPLA2, plays important roles in liver fibrosis caused by CssPLA2.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Juan Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Shang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Xuan Yin
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Du
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Rong Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China. .,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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Li B, Yan C, Wu J, Stephane K, Dong X, Zhang YZ, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Zheng KY. Clonorchis sinensis ESPs enhance the activation of hepatic stellate cells by a cross-talk of TLR4 and TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway. Acta Trop 2020; 205:105307. [PMID: 31862462 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Excretory/Secretory products (ESPs) from Clonorchis sinensis-a fluke dwelling on the biliary ducts-promote the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and lead to hepatic fibrosis ultimately, although the mechanisms that are responsible for CsESPs-induced activation of HSCs are largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of TLR4 in the regulation of the activation of HSCs caused by CsESPs. We found that the expression of TLR4 was significantly increased in the HSCs with CsESPs for 24 h, compared to the control group. However, the activation of HSCs induced by CsESPs was inhibited by interfering with TGF-β/Smad pathway using a TGF-β receptor I inhibitor LY2157299, indicating that TGF-β induced signaling pathway was involved in CsESPs-caused the activation of HSCs. In addition, the activation of HSCs caused by CsESPs was remarkably inhibited by a TLR4 specific inhibitor (VIPER), and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 was significantly attenuated but the expression of the pseudoreceptor of TGF-β-type I receptor (BAMBI) was obviously increased when TLR4 signaling pathway was blocked. The results of the present study demonstrate that activation of HSCs caused by CsESPs is mediated by a cross-talk between TLR4 and TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway, and may provide a potential treatment strategy to interrupt the process of liver fibrosis caused by C. sinensis.
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Xu W, Xu Q, Kuang D, Wang Z, Lu Q, Lin Q, Wu H, Chen L. Long non‑coding RNA SLNCR1 regulates non‑small cell lung cancer migration, invasion and stemness through interactions with secretory phospholipase A2. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2591-2596. [PMID: 31524254 PMCID: PMC6691203 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) SRA-like non-coding RNA (SLNCR1; also known as linc00673) is a recently identified oncogenic lncRNA. The role of SLNCR1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a common malignancy, remains poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of long non-coding RNA SLNCR1 in the pathogenesis of NSCLC. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and ELISA were performed to measure the levels of lncRNA SLNCR1 and secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) in lung biopsies, respectively. Correlations between expression levels of lncRNA SLNCR1 and sPLA2 were analyzed by Pearson's correlation analysis. Diagnostic value of lncRNA SLNCR1 for NSCLC was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. lncRNA SLNCR1 small interfering (si)RNA and sPLA2 overexpression vector were transfected into NSCLC cells. Cell migration, invasion and stemness were examined by Transwell migration assay, Matrigel invasion assay and flow cytometric assay, respectively. Following transfection, expression of lncRNA SLNCR1 and sPLA2 was detected by RT-qPCR and western blotting, respectively. The results demonstrated that lncRNA SLNCR1 expression levels were upregulated in tumor tissues compared with adjacent healthy tissues of patients with NSCLC. Plasma lncRNA SLNCR1 and sPLA2 expression levels were upregulated in patients with NSCLC compared with healthy controls. Plasma lncRNA SLNCR1 and sPLA2 were positively correlated in patients with NSCLC, but not in healthy controls. lncRNA SLNCR1 siRNA silencing inhibited, whereas sPLA2 overexpression promoted cell migratory and invasive abilities and stemness. lncRNA SLNCR1 siRNA silencing led to downregulated sPLA2 expression, whereas sPLA2 overexpression did not significantly affect lncRNA SLNCR1 expression. sPLA2 overexpression attenuated the inhibitory effects of lncRNA SLNCR1 siRNA silencing on cell migration, invasion and stemness. In conclusion, lncRNA SLNCR1 may regulate cancer cell migration, invasion and stemness in NSCLC through interactions with sPLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Quan Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Dinghua Kuang
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Shanggao County, Yichun, Jiangxi 336400, P.R. China
| | - Zhongjun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Ji'an County People's Hospital, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343100, P.R. China
| | - Qiuliang Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Yichun City, Yichun, Jiangxi 336000, P.R. China
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Liru Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Cao F, Li Z, Ding WM, Yan L, Zhao QY. LncRNA PVT1 regulates atrial fibrosis via miR-128-3p-SP1-TGF-β1-Smad axis in atrial fibrillation. Mol Med 2019; 25:7. [PMID: 30894138 PMCID: PMC6425687 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-019-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) has been shown to be associated with liver fibrosis. Nevertheless, the role of PVT1 in atrial fibrosis remains undefined. This study aims to elucidate the pathophysiological role of lncRNA PVT1 in the regulation of atrial fibrosis and to explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS Expression of PVT1, miR-128-sp, and Sp1 were examined in human atrial muscle tissues and angiotensin-II (Ang-II)-induced human atrial fibroblasts. Furthermore, the role of PVT1 in regulating atrial fibrosis in Ang-II-treated human atrial fibroblasts and Ang-II-induced atrial fibrosis in mice was investigated. Moreover, the interaction among PVT1, miR-128-3p, and Sp1 were examined using bioinformatics, expression correlation analysis, gain- or loss-of-function assays, RIP assays, and luciferase reporter assays. The involvement of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)/Smad pathway in this process was also explored. RESULTS PVT1 was increased in atrial muscle tissues from AF patients and positively with collagen I and collagen III. In vitro assay revealed that PVT1 overexpression facilitated the Ang-II-induced atrial fibroblasts proliferation, collagen production, and TGF-β1/Smad signaling activation, whereas PVT1 knockdown caused the opposite effect. In vivo assay further confirmed that PVT1 knockdown attenuated the Ang-II-induced mouse atrial fibrosis. Mechanically, PVT1 acted as a sponge for miR-128-3p to facilitate Sp1 expression, thereby activating the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. CONCLUSION LncRNA PVT1 promotes atrial fibrosis via miR-128-3p-SP1-TGF-β1-Smad axis in atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, NO.99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, NO.99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Wen-mao Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, NO.99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Ling Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, NO.99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Qing-yan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, NO.99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060 China
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Gentilini A, Pastore M, Marra F, Raggi C. The Role of Stroma in Cholangiocarcinoma: The Intriguing Interplay between Fibroblastic Component, Immune Cell Subsets and Tumor Epithelium. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102885. [PMID: 30249019 PMCID: PMC6213545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a severe and mostly intractable adenocarcinoma of biliary epithelial cells. A typical feature of CCA is its highly desmoplastic microenvironment containing fibrogenic connective tissue and an abundance of immune cells (T lymphocytes, Natural Killer (NK) cells, and macrophages) infiltrating tumor epithelium. This strong desmoplasia is orchestrated by various soluble factors and signals, suggesting a critical role in shaping a tumor growth-permissive microenvironment that is responsible for CCA poor clinical outcome. Indeed stroma not only provides an abundance of factors that facilitate CCA initiation, growth and progression, but also a prejudicial impact on therapeutic outcome. This review will give an overview of tumor-stroma signaling in a microenvironment critically regulating CCA development and progression. Identification of CCA secreted factors by both the fibroblast component and immune cell subsets might provide ample opportunities for pharmacological targeting of this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gentilini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50141, Italy.
| | - Mirella Pastore
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50141, Italy.
| | - Fabio Marra
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50141, Italy.
| | - Chiara Raggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50141, Italy.
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano 20089, Italy.
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Gu LL, Shen ZL, Li YL, Bao YQ, Lu H. Oxymatrine Causes Hepatotoxicity by Promoting the Phosphorylation of JNK and Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediated by ROS in LO2 Cells. Mol Cells 2018; 41:401-412. [PMID: 29754474 PMCID: PMC5974617 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxymatrine (OMT) often used in treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in clinic. However, OMT-induced liver injury has been reported. In this study, we aim to investigate the possible mechanism of OMT-induced hepatotoxicity in human normal liver cells (L02). Exposed cells to OMT, the cell viability was decreased and apoptosis rate increased, the intracellular markers of oxidative stress were changed. Simultaneously, OMT altered apoptotic related proteins levels, including Bcl-2, Bax and pro-caspase-8/-9/-3. In addition, OMT enhanced the protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress makers (GRP78/Bip, CHOP, and cleaved-Caspase-4) and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), as well as the mRNA levels of GRP78/Bip, CHOP, caspase-4, and ER stress sensors (IREI, ATF6, and PERK). Pre-treatment with Z-VAD-fmk, JNK inhibitor SP600125 and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, partly improved the survival rates and restored OMT-induced cellular damage, and reduced caspase-3 cleavage. SP600125 or NAC reduced OMT-induced p-JNK and NAC significantly lowered caspase-4. Furthermore, 4-PBA, the ER stress inhibitor, weakened inhibitory effect of OMT on cells, on the contrary, TM worsen. 4-PBA also reduced the levels of p-JNK and cleaved-caspase-3 proteins. Therefore, OMT-induced injury in L02 cells was related to ROS mediated p-JNK and ER stress induction. Antioxidant, by inhibition of p-JNK or ER stress, may be a feasible method to alleviate OMT-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-li Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province,
China
| | - Zhe-lun Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province,
China
| | - Yang-Lei Li
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province,
China
| | - Yi-Qi Bao
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province,
China
| | - Hong Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province,
China
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Clonorchis sinensis and Clonorchiasis: The Relevance of Exploring Genetic Variation. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2018; 100:155-208. [PMID: 29753338 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic trematodes (flukes) cause substantial mortality and morbidity in humans. The Chinese liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, is one of the most destructive parasitic worms in humans in China, Vietnam, Korea and the Russian Far East. Although C. sinensis infection can be controlled relatively well using anthelmintics, the worm is carcinogenic, inducing cholangiocarcinoma and causing major suffering in ~15 million people in Asia. This chapter provides an account of C. sinensis and clonorchiasis research-covering aspects of biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunity, diagnosis, treatment and control, genetics and genomics. It also describes progress in the area of molecular biology (genetics, genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics) and highlights challenges associated with comparative genomics and population genetics. It then reviews recent advances in the sequencing and characterisation of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes for a Korean isolate of C. sinensis and summarises salient comparative genomic work and the implications thereof. The chapter concludes by considering how advances in genomic and informatics will enable research on the genetics of C. sinensis and related parasites, as well as the discovery of new fluke-specific intervention targets.
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9
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Wang C, Lei H, Tian Y, Shang M, Wu Y, Li Y, Zhao L, Shi M, Tang X, Chen T, Lv Z, Huang Y, Tang X, Yu X, Li X. Clonorchis sinensis granulin: identification, immunolocalization, and function in promoting the metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:262. [PMID: 28545547 PMCID: PMC5445496 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term infections by Clonorchis sinensis are associated with cholangitis, cholecystitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. Molecules from the worm play vital roles in disease progress. In the present study, we identified and explored molecular characterization of C. sinensis granulin (CsGRN), a growth factor-like protein from C. sinensis excretory/secretory products (CsESPs). Methods The encoding sequence and conserved domains of CsGRN were identified and analysed by bioinformatics tools. Recombinant CsGRN (rCsGRN) protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The localisation of CsGRN in adult worms and Balb/c mice infected with C. sinensis was investigated by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Stable CsGRN-overexpressed cell lines of hepatoma cells (PLC-GRN cells) and cholangiocarcinoma cells (RBE-GRN cells) were constructed by transfection of eukaryotic expression plasmid of pEGFP-C1-CsGRN. The effects on cell migration and invasion of CsGRN were assessed through the wound-healing assay and transwell assay. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP2 and MMP9) in PLC-GRN or RBE-GRN cells were detected by real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The levels of E-cadherin, vimentin, N-cadherin, zona occludens proteins (ZO-1), β-catenin, phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) and phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) were analysed by Western blotting. Results CsGRN, including the conserved GRN domains, was confirmed to be a member of the granulin family. CsGRN was identified as an ingredient of CsESPs. CsGRN was localised in the tegument and testes of the adult worm. Furthermore, it appeared in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and biliary epithelium cells from infected Balb/c mouse. The enhancement of cell migration and invasion of PLC-GRN and RBE-GRN cells were observed. In addition, CsGRN upregulated the levels of vimentin, N-cadherin, β-catenin, MMP2 and MMP9, while it downregulated the level of ZO-1 in PLC-GRN/RBE-GRN cells. In total proteins of liver tissue from rCsGRN immunised Balb/c mice, vimentin level decreased, while E-cadherin level increased when compared with the control groups. Meanwhile, the levels of p-ERK reached a peak at 4 weeks post immunisation and the level of p-AKT did at 2 weeks after immunisation. Conclusions The encoding sequence and molecular characteristics of CsGRN were identified. As a member of granulin superfamily, CsGRN induced mesenchymal characteristics of PLC and RBE cells and was found to regulate the activities of the downstream molecules of the ERK and PI3K/AKT signalling pathways, which could contribute to the enhancement of cell migration and invasion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2179-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqin Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Huali Lei
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Tian
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Shang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinjuan Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengchen Shi
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingjin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinbing Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China. .,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuerong Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China. .,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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