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Huang X, Kaufman PE, Athrey GN, Fredregill C, Slotman MA. Unveiling candidate genes for metabolic resistance to malathion in Aedes albopictus through RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012243. [PMID: 38865422 PMCID: PMC11168629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aedes albopictus, also known as the Asian tiger mosquito, is indigenous to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. Ae. albopictus is expanding across the globe at alarming rates, raising concern over the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue, West Nile fever, yellow fever, and chikungunya fever. Since Ae. albopictus was reported in Houston (Harris County, Texas) in 1985, this species has rapidly expanded to at least 32 states across the United States. Public health efforts aimed at controlling Ae. albopictus, including surveillance and adulticide spraying operations, occur regularly in Harris County. Despite rotation of insecticides to mitigate the development of resistance, multiple mosquito species including Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti in Harris County show organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance. Aedes albopictus shows relatively low resistance levels as compared to Ae. aegypti, but kdr-mutation and the expression of detoxification genes have been reported in Ae. albopictus populations elsewhere. To identify potential candidate detoxification genes contributing to metabolic resistance, we used RNA sequencing of field-collected malathion-resistant and malathion-susceptible, and laboratory-maintained susceptible colonies of Ae. albopictus by comparing the relative expression of transcripts from three major detoxification superfamilies involved in malathion resistance due to metabolic detoxification. Between these groups, we identified 12 candidate malathion resistance genes and among these, most genes correlated with metabolic detoxification of malathion, including four P450 and one alpha esterase. Our results reveal the metabolic detoxification and potential cuticular-based resistance mechanisms associated with malathion resistance in Ae. albopictus in Harris County, Texas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Huang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Phillip E. Kaufman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Giridhar N. Athrey
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chris Fredregill
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito & Vector Control Division, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michel A. Slotman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Arich S, Assaid N, Weill M, Tmimi FZ, Taki H, Sarih M, Labbé P. Human activities and densities shape insecticide resistance distribution and dynamics in the virus-vector Culex pipiens mosquitoes from Morocco. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:72. [PMID: 38374110 PMCID: PMC10877764 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are widely distributed vectors for several arboviruses affecting humans. Consequently, their populations have long been controlled using insecticides, in response to which different resistance mechanisms have been selected. Moreover, their ecological preferences and broad adaptability allow C. pipiens mosquitoes to breed in highly polluted water bodies where they are exposed to many residuals from anthropogenic activities. It has been observed for several mosquito species that anthropization (in particular urbanization and agricultural lands) can lead to increased exposure to insecticides and thus to increased resistance. The main objective of the present study was to investigate whether and how urbanization and/or agricultural lands had a similar impact on C. pipiens resistance to insecticides in Morocco. METHODS Breeding sites were sampled along several transects in four regions around major Moroccan cities, following gradients of decreasing anthropization. The imprint of anthropogenic activities was evaluated around each site as the percentage of areas classified in three categories: urban, agricultural and natural. We then assessed the frequencies of four known resistance alleles in these samples and followed their dynamics in five urban breeding sites over 4 years. RESULTS The distribution of resistance alleles revealed a strong impact of anthropization, in both agricultural and urbanized lands, although different between resistance mutations and between Moroccan regions; we did not find any clear trend in the dynamics of these resistance alleles during the survey. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides further evidence for the role of anthropic activities in the selection and maintenance of mutations selected for resistance to insecticides in mosquitoes. The consequences are worrying as this could decrease vector control capacities and thus result in epizootic and epidemic outbreaks. Consequently, concerted and integrated disease control strategies must be designed that include better management regarding the consequences of our activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Arich
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD- EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, URAC34, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Najlaa Assaid
- Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD- EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Fatim-Zohra Tmimi
- Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hassan Taki
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, URAC34, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M'hammed Sarih
- Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD- EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Cedex 5, Montpellier, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231, Cedex 05 Paris, France.
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Badzohre A, Oshaghi MA, Enayati AA, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Nikookar SH, Talebzadeh F, Naseri-Karimi N, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H. Ace-1 Target Site Status and Metabolic Detoxification Associated with Bendiocarb Resistance in the Field Populations of Main Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2023; 17:272-286. [PMID: 38860197 PMCID: PMC11162546 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v17i3.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles stephensi is the main vector of malaria in Iran. This study aimed to determine the susceptibility of An. stephensi from the south of Iran to bendiocarb and to investigate biochemical and molecular resistance mechanisms in this species. Methods Wild An. stephensi were collected from Hormozgan Province and reared to the adult stage. The susceptibility test was conducted according to the WHO protocols using bendiocarb impregnated papers supplied by WHO. Also, field An. Stephensi specimens were collected from south of Kerman and Sistan and Baluchistan Provinces. To determine the G119S mutation in the acetylcholinesterase (Ace1) gene, PCR-RFLP using AluI restriction enzyme and PCR direct-sequencing were performed for the three field populations and compared with the available GenBank data. Also, biochemical assays were performed to measure alpha and beta esterases, insensitive acetylcholinesterase, and oxidases in the strains. Results The bioassay tests showed that the An. stephensi field strain was resistant to bendiocarb (mortality rate 89%). Ace1 gene analysis revealed no G119S in the three field populations. Blast search of sequences revealed 98-99% identity with the Ace1 gene from Pakistan and India respectively. Also, the results of biochemical tests revealed the high activity of non-sensitive acetylcholinesterase, alpha and beta-esterase in the resistant strain compared to the susceptible strain. No G119S was detected in this study additionally the enhanced enzyme activity of esterases and acetylcholinesterase suggesting that resistance was metabolic. Conclusion The use of alternative malaria control methods and the implementation of resistance management strategies are suggested in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Badzohre
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Talebzadeh
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Naseri-Karimi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute of Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Stancu IG, Prioteasa FL, Tiron GV, Cotar AI, Fălcuță E, Porea D, Dinu S, Ceianu CS, Csutak O. Distribution of Insecticide Resistance Genetic Markers in the West Nile Virus Vector Culex pipiens from South-Eastern Romania. INSECTS 2022; 13:1062. [PMID: 36421965 PMCID: PMC9698598 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Culex pipiens pipiens and Culex pipiens molestus mosquitoes are the vectors of West Nile virus in south-eastern Romania, an area of intense circulation and human transmission of this virus. The level of insecticide resistance for the mosquito populations in the region has not been previously assessed. Culex pipiens mosquitoes collected between 2018 and 2019 in south-eastern Romania from different habitats were subjected to biotype identification by real-time PCR. Substitutions causing resistance to organophosphates and carbamates (F290V and G119S in acetylcholinesterase 1) and to pyrethroids (L1014F in voltage gated Na+ channel) were screened by PCR or sequencing. Substitutions F290V and G119S were detected at very low frequencies and only in heterozygous state in Culex pipiens molestus biotype specimens collected in urban areas. The molestus biotype population analysed was entirely homozygous for L1014F, and high frequencies of this substitution were also found for pipiens biotype and hybrid mosquitoes collected in urban and in intensive agriculture areas. Reducing the selective pressure by limiting the use of pyrethroid insecticides only for regions where it is absolutely necessary and monitoring L1014F mutation should be taken into consideration when implementing vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Georgeta Stancu
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1–3 Aleea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Vector-Borne Infections Laboratory, Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independenței, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florian Liviu Prioteasa
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independenței, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Georgiana Victorița Tiron
- Vector-Borne Infections Laboratory, Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independenței, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1–3 Aleea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ani Ioana Cotar
- Vector-Borne Infections Laboratory, Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independenței, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Fălcuță
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independenței, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Porea
- Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, 165 Babadag, 820112 Tulcea, Romania
| | - Sorin Dinu
- Molecular Epidemiology for Communicable Diseases Laboratory, Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independenței, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cornelia Svetlana Ceianu
- Vector-Borne Infections Laboratory, Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independenței, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ortansa Csutak
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1–3 Aleea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
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Wang L, Soto A, Remue L, Rosales Rosas AL, De Coninck L, Verwimp S, Bouckaert J, Vanwinkel M, Matthijnssens J, Delang L. First Report of Mutations Associated With Pyrethroid (L1014F) and Organophosphate (G119S) Resistance in Belgian Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:2072-2079. [PMID: 36130161 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of West Nile virus and Usutu virus in Europe poses a significant risk to public health. In the absence of efficient antiviral therapy or vaccine candidates, the only strategy to control these arboviruses is to target the Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito vector. However, the selection pressure caused by exposure to insecticides for vector control or agricultural pest control can lead to insecticide resistance, thereby reducing the efficacy of insecticide-based vector control interventions. In Culex mosquitoes, two of the most common amino acid substitutions associated with insecticide resistance are the kdr L1014F in voltage gated sodium channels and G119S in acetylcholinesterase. In this study, Culex pipiens biotype pipiens, Culex torrentium, and Culex modestus were sampled from 2019 to 2021 in three distinct environmental habitats (urban, peri-urban, and agricultural) in and around the city of Leuven, Belgium. Individual mosquitoes were screened for two mutations resulting in L1014F and G119S amino acid substitutions. Both mutations were observed in Cx. pipiens and Cx. modestus but not in Cx. torrentium mosquitoes across the four collection sites. Furthermore, multi-resistance or cross-resistance in Cx. pipiens could be a threat in these areas, as both mutations were observed at low frequencies. These results provide the first report of kdr L1014F and ace-1 G119S resistance mutations in Cx. pipiens and Cx. modestus mosquitoes from Belgium, highlighting the importance of mosquito surveillance to design effective arbovirus outbreak control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjiao Wang
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alina Soto
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laure Remue
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Lucia Rosales Rosas
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lander De Coninck
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Verwimp
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna Bouckaert
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathias Vanwinkel
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Delang
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Vereecken S, Vanslembrouck A, Kramer IM, Müller R. Phenotypic insecticide resistance status of the Culex pipiens complex: a European perspective. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:423. [PMID: 36369170 PMCID: PMC9652947 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The common house mosquito Culex pipiens is known to be a major vector for West Nile virus. In order to decrease risks of West Nile virus outbreaks in Europe, insecticides and the bio-larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) are commonly used for vector control. Alarmingly, insecticide resistance has been reported in Cx. pipiens populations from Southern Europe and several countries neighbouring Europe. For Central and Northern Europe, however, the phenotypic insecticide resistance status of Cx. pipiens has not yet been investigated. Methods A literature review was performed to assess the geographical distribution of insecticide resistance in Cx. pipiens. To fill the gap of knowledge for Central and Northern Europe, WHO susceptibility tests with permethrin, deltamethrin, malathion, bendiocarb and DDT and a larval toxicity test with Bti were performed with a Cx. pipiens population from Belgium, a country in Central Europe. Results This research provides the first evidence of widespread phenotypic insecticide resistance in Cx. pipiens. In general, Cx. pipiens developed resistance against multiple insecticides in several countries. Another Cx. pipiens population from Belgium was tested and showed insecticide resistance against deltamethrin, permethrin, DDT and possibly against bendiocarb. The bio-larvicide Bti caused lower mortality than reported for other Cx. pipiens populations in the literature. Conclusions These results indicate the urgent need for insecticide resistance monitoring against commonly used adulticides and larvicides in Europe, for the translation of knowledge gained regarding the limited efficiency and availability of insecticide into EU legislation and the need for innovative non-chemical vector control tools in order to counter the widespread insecticide resistance in Culex populations. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05542-x.
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Arich S, Haba Y, Assaid N, Fritz ML, McBride CS, Weill M, Taki H, Sarih M, Labbé P. No association between habitat, autogeny and genetics in Moroccan Culex pipiens populations. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:405. [PMID: 36329500 PMCID: PMC9635193 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are found across the globe and are the focus of many research studies. Among the temperate species C. pipiens sensu stricto (s.s.), two forms are usually described: molestus and pipiens. These two forms are indistinguishable in terms of morphology but show behavioral and physiological differences that may have consequences for their associated epidemiology. The two forms are well defined in the northern part of the species distribution, where autogeny is strictly associated with the molestus form. However, whether the two remain distinct and show the characteristic differences in behavior is less clear in North Africa, at the southern edge of their range. Methods The association between autogeny, as determined by ovarian dissection, and molecular forms, based on the CQ11 microsatellite marker, was studied in six Moroccan populations of C. pipiens. Results An overall low prevalence of autogeny was found at three of the Moroccan regions studied, although it reached 17.5% in the Agadir population. The prevalence of form-specific CQ11 alleles was quite similar across all populations, with the molestus allele being rarer (approx. 15%), except in the Agadir population where it reached 43.3%. We found significant deficits in heterozygotes at the diagnostic CQ11 locus in three populations, but the three other populations showed no significant departure from panmixia, which is in line with the results of a retrospective analysis of the published data. More importantly, we found no association between the autogeny status and CQ11 genotypes, despite the many females analyzed. Conclusions There was limited evidence for two discrete forms in Morocco, where individuals carrying pipiens and molestus alleles breed and mate in the same sites and are equally likely to be capable of autogeny. These observations are discussed in the epidemiological context of Morocco, where C. pipiens is the main vector of several arboviruses. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05469-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Arich
- Institut Des Sciences de L'Évolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.,Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, URAC34, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco.,Laboratoire Des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Yuki Haba
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Najlaa Assaid
- Laboratoire Des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Megan L Fritz
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Carolyn S McBride
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut Des Sciences de L'Évolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Hassan Taki
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, URAC34, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M'hammed Sarih
- Laboratoire Des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut Des Sciences de L'Évolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Cedex 05, Paris, France.
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Synergistic Effect of Bioactive Monoterpenes against the Mosquito, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134182. [PMID: 35807427 PMCID: PMC9268466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes represent one of the most important vectors and are responsible for the transmission of many arboviruses that affect human and animal health. The chemical method using synthetic insecticides disturbs the environmental system and promotes the appearance of resistant insect species. Therefore, this study investigated the insecticidal effect of some binary monoterpene combinations (1,8 cineole + α-pinene and carvone + R (+)-pulegone) using a mixture design approach. The fumigant toxicity was evaluated against Culex pipiens female adults using glass jars. The results show that the toxicity varies according to the proportions of each compound. Indeed, Mixture 1 (1,8-cineole + α-pinene) displayed a strong toxic effect (51.00 ± 0.86% after 24 h and 100.00 ± 0.70% after 48 h) when the pure compounds were tested at 0.25/0.75 proportions of 1,8-cineole and α-pinene, respectively. Nevertheless, the equal proportion (0.5/0.5) of carvone and R (+)-pulegone in Mixture 2 exhibited a toxic effect of 54.35 ± 0.75% after 24 h and 89.96 ± 0.14% after 48 h, respectively. For Mixture 1, the maximum area of mortality that the proposed model indicated was obtained between 0/1 and 0.25/0.75, while the maximum area of mortality in the case of Mixture 2 was obtained between 0.25/0.75 and 0.75/0.25. Moreover, the maximum possible values of mortality that could be achieved by the validated model were found to be 51.44% (after 24 h) and 100.24% (after 48 h) for Mixture 1 and 54.67% (after 24 h) and 89.99% (after 48 h) for Mixture 2. It can be said that all purev molecules tested through the binary mixtures acted together, which enhanced the insecticide’s effectiveness. These findings are very promising, as the chemical insecticide (deltamethrin) killed only 19.29 ± 0.01% and 34.05 ± 1.01% of the female adults after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Thus, the findings of our research could help with the development of botanical insecticides that might contribute to management programs for controlling vectors of important diseases.
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Ramzi A, El Ouali Lalami A, Ez zoubi Y, Assouguem A, Almeer R, Najda A, Ullah R, Ercisli S, Farah A. Insecticidal Effect of Wild-Grown Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oils and Their Main Monoterpenes against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1193. [PMID: 35567194 PMCID: PMC9105606 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the insecticidal effect of plant extract such as Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils and some of their major compounds; these plants are well known for their many biological activities. The fumigant toxicity was evaluated, using glass jars, against female adults of Culex pipiens that constitute a mosquito vector of important diseases such as the West Nile virus. The adulticidal test showed that both essential oils and monoterpenes presented an insecticidal effect better than the chemical insecticide (Deltamethrin). The highest mortality percentages for the two essential oils have occurred at 312.5 µL/L air (between 56.14 ± 1.7% and 97.71 ± 3.03% after 24 h and 48 h of treatment). Moreover, all tested monoterpenes (carvone, R(+)-pulegone, 1,8-cineole, camphor and α-pinene) have produced high mortalities that varied depending on the time of the treatment and the concentrations used. Lethal concentrations (LC50) obtained for the essential oils and the main compounds have also varied according to the exposure time. M. pulegium and R. officinalis essential oil exhibited the lowest LC50 values after 24 h (72.94 and 222.82 µL/L air, respectively) and after 48 h (25.43 and 55.79 µL/L air, respectively) while the pure molecules revealed the lowest LC50 values after 48 h (between 84.96 and 578.84 µL/L air). This finding proves that the two essential oils and their main compounds have an insecticidal potential, which could help to develop natural toxic fumigants that may be used as an eco-friendly alternative in integrated and sustainable vector management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Ramzi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Street, Fez 2202, Morocco; (A.R.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.); (A.F.)
| | - Abdelhakim El Ouali Lalami
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Street, Fez 2202, Morocco; (A.R.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.); (A.F.)
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Regional Health Directorate, EL Ghassani Hospital, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Yassine Ez zoubi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Street, Fez 2202, Morocco; (A.R.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.); (A.F.)
- Biotechnology, Environmental Technology and Valorization of Bio-Resources Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Techniques Al-Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 2117, Morocco
| | - Amine Assouguem
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Street, Fez 2202, Morocco; (A.R.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.); (A.F.)
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Street, Fez 2202, Morocco
| | - Rafa Almeer
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable and Herbal Crops, University of Life Sciences, Lublin 50A Doswiadczalna Street, 20-280 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Derpartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey;
| | - Abdellah Farah
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Street, Fez 2202, Morocco; (A.R.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.); (A.F.)
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Kettani K, Ebejer MJ, Ackland DM, Bächli G, Barraclough D, Barták M, Carles-Tolrá M, Černý M, Cerretti P, Chandler P, Dakki M, Daugeron C, De Jong H, Dils J, Disney H, Droz B, Evenhuis N, Gatt P, Graciolli G, Grichanov IY, Haenni JP, Hauser M, Himmi O, MacGowan I, Mathieu B, Mouna M, Munari L, Nartshuk EP, Negrobov OP, Oosterbroek P, Pape T, Pont AC, Popov GV, Rognes K, Skuhravá M, Skuhravý V, Speight M, Tomasovic G, Trari B, Tschorsnig HP, Vala JC, von Tschirnhaus M, Wagner R, Whitmore D, Woźnica AJ, Zatwarnicki T, Zwick P. Catalogue of the Diptera (Insecta) of Morocco— an annotated checklist, with distributions and a bibliography. Zookeys 2022; 1094:1-466. [PMID: 35836978 PMCID: PMC9018666 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1094.62644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The faunistic knowledge of the Diptera of Morocco recorded from 1787 to 2021 is summarized and updated in this first catalogue of Moroccan Diptera species. A total of 3057 species, classified into 948 genera and 93 families (21 Nematocera and 72 Brachycera), are listed. Taxa (superfamily, family, genus and species) have been updated according to current interpretations, based on reviews in the literature, the expertise of authors and contributors, and recently conducted fieldwork. Data to compile this catalogue were primarily gathered from the literature. In total, 1225 references were consulted and some information was also obtained from online databases. Each family was reviewed and the checklist updated by the respective taxon expert(s), including the number of species that can be expected for that family in Morocco. For each valid species, synonyms known to have been used for published records from Morocco are listed under the currently accepted name. Where available, distribution within Morocco is also included. One new combination is proposed: Assuaniamelanoleuca (Séguy, 1941), comb. nov. (Chloropidae).
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Wang Y, Wilson AE, Liu N. A New Method to Address the Importance of Detoxified Enzyme in Insecticide Resistance – Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:818531. [PMID: 35309076 PMCID: PMC8924616 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.818531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect-borne diseases, such as malaria, and plant pathogens, like the tobacco mosaic virus, are responsible for human deaths and poor crop yields in communities around the world. The use of insecticides has been one of the major tools in pest control. However, the development of insecticide resistance has been a major problem in the control of insect pest populations that threaten the health of both humans and plants. The overexpression of detoxification genes is thought to be one of the major mechanisms through which pests develop resistance to insecticides. Hundreds of research papers have explored how overexpressed detoxification genes increase the resistance status of insects to an insecticide in recent years. This study is, for the first time, a synthesis of these resistance and gene expression data aimed at (1) setting up an example for the application of meta-analysis in the investigation of the mechanisms of insecticide resistance and (2) seeking to determine if the overexpression detoxification genes are responsible for insecticide resistance in insect pests in general. A strong correlation of increased levels of insecticide resistance has been observed in tested insects with cytochrome P450 (CYP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and esterase gene superfamilies, confirming that the overexpression of detoxification genes is indeed involved in the insecticide resistance through the increased metabolism of insecticides of insects, including medically (e.g., mosquito and housefly) and agriculturally (e.g., planthopper and caterpillar) important insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Alan E. Wilson
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Nannan Liu,
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Morgan J, Salcedo-Sora JE, Triana-Chavez O, Strode C. Expansive and Diverse Phenotypic Landscape of Field Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae with Differential Susceptibility to Temephos: Beyond Metabolic Detoxification. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:192-212. [PMID: 34718656 PMCID: PMC8755997 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Arboviruses including dengue, Zika, and chikungunya are amongst the most significant public health concerns worldwide. Arbovirus control relies on the use of insecticides to control the vector mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), the success of which is threatened by widespread insecticide resistance. The work presented here profiled the gene expression of Ae. aegypti larvae from field populations of Ae. aegypti with differential susceptibility to temephos originating from two Colombian urban locations, Bello and Cúcuta, previously reported to have distinctive disease incidence, socioeconomics, and climate. We demonstrated that an exclusive field-to-lab (Ae. aegypti strain New Orleans) comparison generates an over estimation of differential gene expression (DGE) and that the inclusion of a geographically relevant field control yields a more discrete, and likely, more specific set of genes. The composition of the obtained DGE profiles is varied, with commonly reported resistance associated genes including detoxifying enzymes having only a small representation. We identify cuticle biosynthesis, ion exchange homeostasis, an extensive number of long noncoding RNAs, and chromatin modelling among the differentially expressed genes in field resistant Ae. aegypti larvae. It was also shown that temephos resistant larvae undertake further gene expression responses when temporarily exposed to temephos. The results from the sampling triangulation approach here contribute a discrete DGE profiling with reduced noise that permitted the observation of a greater gene diversity, increasing the number of potential targets for the control of insecticide resistant mosquitoes and widening our knowledge base on the complex phenotypic network of the Ae. aegypti response to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Morgan
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - J Enrique Salcedo-Sora
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Omar Triana-Chavez
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Clare Strode
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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Yavaşoğlu Sİ, Şimşek FM. Insecticide Resistance and Mechanisms of Culex pipiens Populations in the Mediterranean and Aegean Regions of Turkey During 2017-2018. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2021; 15:405-420. [PMID: 36644302 PMCID: PMC9810578 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v15i4.10505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Culex pipiens has a significant public health importance since it is an important vector of West Nile virus and Rift Valley fever virus. We, therefore, aimed to determine the insecticide resistance level in Cx. pipiens populations in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. Methods Bioassays have been carried out against Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (4%), Malathion (5%), Fenitrothion (1%), Propoxur (0.1%), Bendiocarb (0.1%), Permethrin (0.75%) and Deltamethrin (0.05%). Biochemical analyses have been performed to detect non-specific esterase, mixed function oxidase, glutathione-s-transferase and acetylcholinesterase levels. A knockdown resistance (kdr) (L1014F) and Acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1) (G119S) mutations have been detected by using allele-specific primers and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific alleles (PASA) diagnostic test was performed for detection of F290V mutation. Results Bioassay results showed that all Cx. pipiens populations were resistant to DDT, Malathion, Fenitrothion, Bendiocarb, Propoxur and some of the populations have started to gain Permethrin and Deltamethrin resistance. Biochemical analyses results revealed that altered glutathione-s-transferases, P450 monooxygenases, esterase levels might be responsible for DDT, organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid resistance in Cx. pipiens populations. Results showed mild to high frequency of L1014F, low frequency of F290V but no Ace-1 G119S mutation within the populations. Additionally, acetylcholinesterase insensitivity was not significantly high within the most of these populations. Conclusion Overall results may help to fulfil the lacking information in the literature regarding insecticide resistance status and underlying mechanism of Culex pipiens populations of the Mediterranean and Aegean region of Turkey by using all bioassays, molecular tests and biochemical assays.
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Andreazza F, Oliveira EE, Martins GF. Implications of Sublethal Insecticide Exposure and the Development of Resistance on Mosquito Physiology, Behavior, and Pathogen Transmission. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100917. [PMID: 34680686 PMCID: PMC8539869 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mosquitoes are one of the greatest threats to human lives; they transmit a wide range of pathogens, including viruses that cause lethal diseases. Mosquitoes are found in both aquatic (as larvae or pupae) and terrestrial (as adults) environments during their complex life cycle. For decades, insecticides have been systematically used on mosquitoes with the aim to reduce their population. Little is known about how the stress resulting from the exposure of mosquitoes to insecticides impacts the tri-partite relationship between the mosquitoes, their vertebrate hosts, and the pathogens they transmit. In this work, we review existing experimental evidence to obtain a broad picture on the potential effects of the (sub)lethal exposure of hematophagous mosquitoes to different insecticides. We have focused on studies that have advanced our understanding of their physiological and behavioral responses (including the mechanisms behind insecticide resistance) and the spread of pathogens by these vectors—understudied but critically important issues for epidemiology. Studying these exposure-related effects is of paramount importance for predicting how they respond to insecticide exposure and whether this exposure makes them more or less likely to transmit pathogens. Abstract For many decades, insecticides have been used to control mosquito populations in their larval and adult stages. Although changes in the population genetics, physiology, and behavior of mosquitoes exposed to lethal and sublethal doses of insecticides are expected, the relationships between these changes and their abilities to transmit pathogens remain unclear. Thus, we conducted a comprehensive review on the sublethal effects of insecticides and their contributions to insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, with the main focus on pyrethroids. We discuss the direct and acute effects of sublethal concentrations on individuals and populations, the changes in population genetics caused by the selection for resistance after insecticide exposure, and the major mechanisms underlying such resistance. Sublethal exposures negatively impact the individual’s performance by affecting their physiology and behavior and leaving them at a disadvantage when compared to unexposed organisms. How these sublethal effects could change mosquito population sizes and diversity so that pathogen transmission risks can be affected is less clear. Furthermore, despite the beneficial and acute aspects of lethality, exposure to higher insecticide concentrations clearly impacts the population genetics by selecting resistant individuals, which may bring further and complex interactions for mosquitoes, vertebrate hosts, and pathogens. Finally, we raise several hypotheses concerning how the here revised impacts of insecticides on mosquitoes could interplay with vector-mediated pathogens’ transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Andreazza
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (F.A.); (E.E.O.)
| | - Eugênio E. Oliveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (F.A.); (E.E.O.)
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Talipouo A, Mavridis K, Nchoutpouen E, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Fotakis EA, Kopya E, Bamou R, Kekeunou S, Awono-Ambene P, Balabanidou V, Balaska S, Wondji CS, Vontas J, Antonio-Nkondjio C. High insecticide resistance mediated by different mechanisms in Culex quinquefasciatus populations from the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7322. [PMID: 33795804 PMCID: PMC8017000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Culex mosquitoes particularly Culex quinquefasciatus are important arboviral and filariasis vectors, however despite this important epidemiological role, there is still a paucity of data on their bionomics. The present study was undertaken to assess the insecticide resistance status of Cx. quinquefasciatus populations from four districts of Yaoundé (Cameroon). All Culex quinquefasciatus populations except one displayed high resistance to bendiocarb and malathion with mortalities ranging from 0 to 89% while high resistance intensity against both permethrin and deltamethrin was recorded. Molecular analyses revealed high frequencies of the ACE-1 G119S mutation (ranging from 0 to 33%) and kdr L1014F allele (ranging from 55 to 74%) in all Cx. quinquefasciatus populations. Significant overexpression was detected for cytochrome P450s genes CYP6AA7 and CYP6Z10, as well as for Esterase A and Esterase B genes. The total cuticular hydrocarbon content, a proxy of cuticular resistance, was significantly increased (compared to the S-lab strain) in one population. The study confirms strong insecticide resistance mediated by different mechanisms in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations from the city of Yaoundé. The expansion of insecticide resistance in Culex populations could affect the effectiveness of current vector control measures and stress the need for the implementation of integrated vector control strategies in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Talipouo
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le PaludismeLaboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le PaludismeLaboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le PaludismeLaboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Emmanouil Alexandros Fotakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le PaludismeLaboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le PaludismeLaboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Sévilor Kekeunou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le PaludismeLaboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Vasileia Balabanidou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sofia Balaska
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Charles Sinclair Wondji
- Department of Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le PaludismeLaboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
- Department of Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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Arich S, Assaid N, Taki H, Weill M, Labbé P, Sarih M. Distribution of insecticide resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in the West Nile vector Culex pipiens in Morocco. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1178-1186. [PMID: 33009878 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are the vectors of several arboviruses and are thus subjected to insecticide control worldwide. However, overuse of insecticides selects for resistance. While assessing the resistance status of the vectors is required for effective and sustainable disease control, resistance has so far only been sparsely studied in Morocco. In this study, we establish a first countrywide assessment of the levels of resistance to various insecticides and the potential responsible mechanisms involved. Cx. pipiens larvae were collected from natural populations of five regions of Morocco, and their taxonomic status was determined (molecular forms). The level of their susceptibility to insecticides was assessed by single-diagnostic-dose bioassays. Molecular identification of known resistance alleles was investigated to determine the frequency of target-site mutations. RESULTS This study confirms that Moroccan populations are an interbreeding mix of pipiens and molestus forms, with large gene flow for the resistance alleles. We also found that Cx. pipiens mosquitoes are resistant to all insecticide families, all over Morocco: resistance is high for insecticides used in mosquito control, but also present for other pesticides. Resistance alleles are similarly more frequent for mosquito control insecticides. However, their distribution is heterogeneous in the five regions, with significant genetic differentiation between populations, revealing the crucial role of local insecticide treatment practices. CONCLUSION This study provides reference countrywide data that highlight the need for further research to refine the distribution of resistance in Morocco and to understand the role of agriculture/urban residuals in its spread. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Arich
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, URAC 34, Hassan II University-Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Najlaa Assaid
- Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hassan Taki
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, URAC 34, Hassan II University-Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France
| | - M'hammed Sarih
- Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV), Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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Chandrasiri PKGK, Fernando SD, De Silva BGDNK. Insecticide resistance and molecular characterization of knockdown resistance (kdr) in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in Sri Lanka. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2020; 45:204-210. [PMID: 33207057 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to pyrethroids (PY) and organophosphate (OP) insecticides is widespread among populations of Culex quinquefasciatus, the major vector of lymphatic filariasis (LF). The present study was designed to detect the L1014F kdr (knockdown resistant) mutation among Cx. quinquefasciatus populations in the filarial belt of Sri Lanka. Mosquitoes were reared from field-caught larvae from seven localities where LF is endemic. Susceptibility status of Cx. quinquefasciatus to adulticides, 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.75% permethrin, 5% malathion, and the larvicide temephos was determined using the standard WHO susceptibility tests. A fragment of vgsc gene was amplified and sequenced to identify the responsible kdr mutations. The susceptibility test results revealed less than 90% mortalities for 0.05% deltamethrin, and 0.75% permethrin and temephos. For 5% malathion, all study sites except Maharagama revealed greater than 90% mortality. The L1014F kdr mutation was observed in all studied populations. Although the overall microfilaria rate is less than 1% in the country, there is a high risk of re-emergence of LF in Sri Lanka due to abundant Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, increased resistant status to currently used insecticides, imported LF cases, higher rates of microfilaria among neighboring countries, and the advancement of tourism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sachini D Fernando
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - B G D Nissanka K De Silva
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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Park SH, Jun H, Ahn SK, Lee J, Yu SL, Lee SK, Kang JM, Kim H, Lee HI, Hong SJ, Na BK, Bahk YY, Kim TS. Monitoring Insecticide Resistance and Target Site Mutations of L1014 Kdr And G119 Ace Alleles in Five Mosquito Populations in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:543-550. [PMID: 33202506 PMCID: PMC7672240 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are globally distributed and important vectors for the transmission of many human diseases. Mosquito control is a difficult task and the cost of preventing mosquito-borne diseases is much lower than that for curing the associated diseases. Thus, chemical control remains the most effective tool for mosquito. Due to the long-term intensive use of insecticides to control mosquito vectors, resistance to most chemical insecticides has been reported. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between insecticide resistance and target site mutation of L1014 kdr and G119 ace alleles in 5 species/species group of mosquitoes (Aedes vexans, Ae. albopictus, Anopheles spp., Culex pipiens complex, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus) obtained from 6 collection sites. For Anopheles spp., the proportion of mosquitoes with mutated alleles in L1014 was 88.4%, homozygous resistant genotypes were observed in 46.7%, and heterozygous resistant genotypes were observed in 41.8%. For the Cx. pipiens complex and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus species, homozygous resistant genotypes were found in 25.9% and 9.8%, respectively. However, target site mutation of L1014 in the Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. albopictus species was not observed. Anopheles spp., Cx. pipiens complex, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were resistant to deltamethrin and chlorpyriphos, whereas Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. albopictus were clearly susceptible. We also found a correlation between the resistance phenotype and the presence of the L1014 kdr and G119 ace mutations only in the Anopheles spp. population. In this study, we suggest that insecticide resistance poses a growing threat and resistance management must be integrated into all mosquito control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Hye Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Hojong Jun
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Ahn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sung-Lim Yu
- Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sung Keun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 28159, Korea
| | - Hee-Il Lee
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 28159, Korea
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Young Yil Bahk
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
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19
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Ali HS, Khaled AS, Hamouda LS, Ghallab EH. Comparative Molecular Description of a Novel GST Gene in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1440-1446. [PMID: 32322876 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to insecticides, particularly pyrethroids and organophosphates, has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens, a primary disease vector. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is involved in the phase II detoxification of numerous xenobiotics, including insecticides. In this study, a GST gene (CPIJ002678) was amplified, sequenced, and used in comprehensive molecular analyses ending up in development of a rapid assay to distinguish more tolerant individuals from susceptible Culex pipiens using the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) technique. Field collected Culex pipiens strains from untreated areas, organophosphates-treated areas and a lab strain reared for many generations, all were used in CDC bottle bioassays to evaluate the susceptibility status of the studied individuals to malathion insecticide. Interestingly, both field sites collected groups showed high levels of resistance at the malathion diagnostic time. Gene amplification, and bidirectional direct sequencing results were analyzed. Compared with the reference genome sequence, the pairwise alignment of the amplified sequences showed 96.6% similarity to the reference sequence in the GenBank database. The confirmed gene sequences were assembled and aligned using various bioinformatic softwares. The assembled contigs were used in NEBcutter V2.0 for constructing restriction maps and checked for the availability of differences (if present) between susceptible and more tolerant strains. Specific molecular RFLP markers were successfully recognized to differentiate the more tolerant from the susceptible Culex pipiens phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar Samy Ali
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Laila Sayed Hamouda
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas Hamdy Ghallab
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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20
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Kim K, Yang JO, Sung JY, Lee JY, Park JS, Lee HS, Lee BH, Ren Y, Lee DW, Lee SE. Minimization of energy transduction confers resistance to phosphine in the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14605. [PMID: 31601880 PMCID: PMC6787191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infestation of phosphine (PH3) resistant insects threatens global grain reserves. PH3 fumigation controls rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) but not highly resistant insect pests. Here, we investigated naturally occurring strains of S. oryzae that were moderately resistant (MR), strongly resistant (SR), or susceptible (wild-type; WT) to PH3 using global proteome analysis and mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Both PH3 resistant (PH3-R) strains exhibited higher susceptibility to ethyl formate-mediated inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase than the WT strain, whereas the disinfectant PH3 concentration time of the SR strain was much longer than that of the MR strain. Unlike the MR strain, which showed altered expression levels of genes encoding metabolic enzymes involved in catabolic pathways that minimize metabolic burden, the SR strain showed changes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Our results suggest that the acquisition of strong PH3 resistance necessitates the avoidance of oxidative phosphorylation through the accumulation of a few non-synonymous mutations in mitochondrial genes encoding complex I subunits as well as nuclear genes encoding dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, concomitant with metabolic reprogramming, a recognized hallmark of cancer metabolism. Taken together, our data suggest that reprogrammed metabolism represents a survival strategy of SR insect pests for the compensation of minimized energy transduction under anoxic conditions. Therefore, understanding the resistance mechanism of PH3-R strains will support the development of new strategies to control insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongnam Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Jeong Oh Yang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Jae-Yoon Sung
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jeong Sun Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Heung-Sik Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Byung-Ho Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Yonglin Ren
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Dong-Woo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
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21
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Fagbohun IK, Oyeniyi TA, Idowu TE, Otubanjo OA, Awolola ST. Cytochrome P450 Mono-Oxygenase and Resistance Phenotype in DDT and Deltamethrin-Resistant Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex quinquefasciatus in Kosofe, Lagos, Nigeria. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:817-821. [PMID: 30753574 PMCID: PMC6467639 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids and DDT are key insecticides in the control of malaria, yellow fever, and lymphatic filariasis vectors. Knockdown and metabolic resistance mechanisms have been proven to be important in determining the efficacy of insecticides. Here we investigated cytochrome P450 as a resistance mechanism in Anopheles gambiae Giles and Culex quinquefasciatus Say exposed to deltamethrin and DDT. Two- to three-days-old adult female mosquitoes were used for insecticide exposures and PBO synergistic assays using WHO standard guidelines, kits and test papers (DDT 4%, deltamethrin 0.05%, and PBO 4%). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were used for the identification of the species and for characterization of the kdr allele. Mortality at 24 h post-exposure was 18 and 17% in An. gambiae s.s. exposed to DDT and deltamethrin, respectively; 1 and 5% in Cx. quinquefasciatus exposed to DDT and deltamethrin respectively. Significant (P < 0.01) levels of susceptibility was recorded in mosquitoes pre-exposed to PBO, as KDT50 and 24 h of exposure ranged from 37.6 min to 663.4 min and 27 to 80%, respectively. Presence of a knockdown resistance allele was recorded in An. gambiae s.s., 22.5% for homozygote resistance and 7.5% for heterozygotes, while Cx. quinquefasciatus populations showed no kdr allele despite the high level of resistance to DDT and deltamethrin. Findings from this study indicated that cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase expression is highly implicated in the resistance phenotype to DDT and pyrethroids in An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tolulope A Oyeniyi
- Vector Research Laboratory, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo E Idowu
- Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Samson T Awolola
- Vector Research Laboratory, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
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22
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Bkhache M, Tmimi FZ, Charafeddine O, Filali OB, Lemrani M, Labbé P, Sarih M. G119S ace-1 mutation conferring insecticide resistance detected in the Culex pipiens complex in Morocco. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:286-291. [PMID: 29885052 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arboviruses are controlled through insecticide control of their mosquito vector. However, inconsiderate use of insecticides often results in the selection of resistance in treated populations, so that monitoring is required to optimize their usage. Here, Culex pipiens (West Nile and Rift Valley Fever virus vector) specimens were collected from four Moroccan cities. Levels of susceptibility to the organophosphate (OP) insecticide malathion were assessed using World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended bioassays. Individual mosquitoes were tested for the presence of the G119S mutation in the ace-1 gene, the main OP-target resistance mutation. RESULTS Bioassays showed that mosquitoes from Mohammedia were significantly more resistant to malathion than those from Marrakech. Analyzing the ace-1 genotypes in dead and surviving individuals suggested that other resistance mechanisms may be present in Mohammedia. The ace-1 resistance allele frequencies were relatively moderate (< 0.4). Their analyses in three Moroccan cities (Tangier, Casablanca and Marrakech) however showed disparities between two coexisting Cx. pipiens forms and revealed that the G119S mutation tends to be more frequent in urban than in rural collection sites. CONCLUSION These findings provide a reference assessment of OP resistance in Morocco and should help the health authorities to develop informed and sustainable vector control programs. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Bkhache
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Casablanca, Morocco
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Laboratoire de Virologie Microbiologie & Qualité et Biotechnologies / Eco-toxicologie & Biodiversité, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatim-Zohra Tmimi
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Omar Charafeddine
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Laboratoire de Virologie Microbiologie & Qualité et Biotechnologies / Eco-toxicologie & Biodiversité, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Meryem Lemrani
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - M'hammed Sarih
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Casablanca, Morocco
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