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Bacela-Spychalska K, Wattier R, Teixeira M, Cordaux R, Quiles A, Grabowski M, Wroblewski P, Ovcharenko M, Grabner D, Weber D, Weigand AM, Rigaud T. Widespread infection, diversification and old host associations of Nosema Microsporidia in European freshwater gammarids (Amphipoda). PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011560. [PMID: 37603557 PMCID: PMC10470943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The microsporidian genus Nosema is primarily known to infect insects of economic importance stimulating high research interest, while other hosts remain understudied. Nosema granulosis is one of the formally described Nosema species infecting amphipod crustaceans, being known to infect only two host species. Our first aim was to characterize Nosema spp. infections in different amphipod species from various European localities using the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU) marker. Second, we aimed to assess the phylogenetic diversity, host specificity and to explore the evolutionary history that may explain the diversity of gammarid-infecting Nosema lineages by performing a phylogenetic reconstruction based on RNA polymerase II subunit B1 (RPB1) gene sequences. For the host species Gammarus balcanicus, we also analyzed whether parasites were in excess in females to test for sex ratio distortion in relation with Nosema infection. We identified Nosema spp. in 316 individuals from nine amphipod species being widespread in Europe. The RPB1-based phylogenetic reconstruction using newly reported sequences and available data from other invertebrates identified 39 haplogroups being associated with amphipods. These haplogroups clustered into five clades (A-E) that did not form a single amphipod-infecting monophyletic group. Closely related sister clades C and D correspond to Nosema granulosis. Clades A, B and E might represent unknown Nosema species infecting amphipods. Host specificity seemed to be variable with some clades being restricted to single hosts, and some that could be found in several host species. We show that Nosema parasite richness in gammarid hosts is much higher than expected, illustrating the advantage of the use of RPB1 marker over SSU. Finally, we found no hint of sex ratio distortion in Nosema clade A infecting G. balcanicus. This study shows that Nosema spp. are abundant, widespread and diverse in European gammarids. Thus, Nosema is as diverse in aquatic as in terrestrial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Bacela-Spychalska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Remi Wattier
- Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Maria Teixeira
- Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Richard Cordaux
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Adrien Quiles
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Michal Grabowski
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Wroblewski
- Department of Ecology and Evolution of Parasitism, Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mykola Ovcharenko
- Department of Ecology and Evolution of Parasitism, Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Daniel Grabner
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dieter Weber
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Müncheberg, Germany
- Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Thierry Rigaud
- Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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2
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Prati S, Enß J, Grabner DS, Huesken A, Feld CK, Doliwa A, Sures B. Possible seasonal and diurnal modulation of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda) drift by microsporidian parasites. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9474. [PMID: 37301923 PMCID: PMC10257654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In lotic freshwater ecosystems, the drift or downstream movement of animals (e.g., macroinvertebrates) constitutes a key dispersal pathway, thus shaping ecological and evolutionary patterns. There is evidence that macroinvertebrate drift may be modulated by parasites. However, most studies on parasite modulation of host drifting behavior have focused on acanthocephalans, whereas other parasites, such as microsporidians, have been largely neglected. This study provides new insight into possible seasonal and diurnal modulation of amphipod (Crustacea: Gammaridae) drift by microsporidian parasites. Three 72 h drift experiments were deployed in a German lowland stream in October 2021, April, and July 2022. The prevalence and composition of ten microsporidian parasites in Gammarus pulex clade E varied seasonally, diurnally, and between drifting and stationary specimens of G. pulex. Prevalence was generally higher in drifting amphipods than in stationary ones, mainly due to differences in host size. However, for two parasites, the prevalence in drift samples was highest during daytime suggesting changes in host phototaxis likely related to the parasite's mode of transmission and site of infection. Alterations in drifting behavior may have important implications for G. pulex population dynamics and microsporidians' dispersal. The underlying mechanisms are more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Prati
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Julian Enß
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel S Grabner
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Annabell Huesken
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian K Feld
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Annemie Doliwa
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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3
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Sarabeev V, Balbuena J, Jarosiewicz A, Voronova N, Sueiro R, Leiro J, Ovcharenko M. Disentangling the determinants of symbiotic species richness in native and invasive gammarids (Crustacea, Amphipoda) of the Baltic region. Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:305-316. [PMID: 37004736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal of alien species is a global problem threatening native biodiversity. Co-introduction of non-native parasites and pathogens adds to the severity of this threat, but this indirect impact has received less attention. To shed light on the key factors determining the richness of microorganisms in native and invasive host species, we compared symbiotic (parasitic and epibiotic) communities of gammarids across different habitats and localities along the Baltic coast of Poland. Seven gammarid species, two native and five invasive, were sampled from 16 freshwater and brackish localities. Sixty symbiotic species of microorganisms of nine phyla were identified. This taxonomically diverse species assemblage of symbionts allowed us to assess the effect of host translocation and regional ecological determinants driving assembly richness in the gammarid hosts. Our results revealed that (i) the current assemblages of symbionts of gammarid hosts in the Baltic region are formed by native and co-introduced species; (ii) species richness of the symbiotic community was higher in the native Gammarus pulex than in the invasive hosts, probably reflecting a process of species loss by invasive gammarids in the new area and the distinct habitat conditions occupied by G. pulex and invasive hosts; (iii) both host species and locality were key drivers shaping assembly composition of symbionts, whereas habitat condition (freshwater versus brackish) was a stronger determinant of communities than geographic distance; (iv) the dispersion patterns of the individual species richness of symbiotic communities were best described by Poisson distributions; in the case of an invasive host, the dispersion of the rich species diversity may switch to a right-skewed negative binomial distribution, suggesting a host-mediated regulation process. We believe this is the first analysis of the symbiotic species richness in native and invasive gammarid hosts in European waters based on original field data and a broad range of taxonomic groups including Microsporidia, Choanozoa, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Nematomorha, Acanthocephala and Rotifera, to document the patterns of species composition and distribution.
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Bojko J, Behringer DC, Bateman KS, Stentiford GD, Clark KF. Pseudohepatospora borealis n. gen. n. sp. (Microsporidia: Enterocytozoonida): A microsporidian pathogen of the Jonah crab (Cancer borealis). J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 197:107886. [PMID: 36646414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The microsporidian diversity catalogued so far has resulted in the development of several taxonomic groups, one of which is the Enterocytozoonida - a group of generalist 'ultimate opportunists', which infect many fished and aquacultured animals, as well as a broad suite of host taxa, including humans. In this study, we provide phylogenetic, ultrastructural, developmental, and pathological evidence for the creation of a new genus and species to hold a microsporidian parasite of the Jonah crab, Cancer borealis. Cancer borealis represents a species of commercial interest and has become the target of a recently developed fishery on the USA and Canadian Atlantic coast. This species was found to harbour a microsporidian parasite that develops in the cytoplasm of alpha and beta cells of the hepatopancreas. We retrieved a 937 bp fragment of the parasite SSU region, alongside developmental and ultrastructural data that suggests this species is ∼ 87 % similar to Parahepatospora carcini and develops in a similar manner in direct association with the host cell cytoplasm. The mature spores are ovoid in shape and measure 1.48 ± 0.15 µm (SD) in length and 1.00 ± 0.11 µm (SD) in width. Phylogenetically, the new parasite clades in the Enterocytozoonida on the same branch as P. carcini. We provide a new genus and species to hold the parasite: Pseudohepatospora borealis n. gen. n. sp. (Microsporidia: Enterocytozoonida) and explore the likelihood that this species may fit into the Hepatoporidae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Bojko
- National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, DL1 1HG, UK; School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK.
| | - Donald C Behringer
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; School of Forest Resource and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kelly S Bateman
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - K Fraser Clark
- Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B2N 4H5, Canada
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5
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Microsporidian diversity in the aquatic isopod Asellus aquaticus. Parasitology 2022; 149:1729-1736. [PMID: 36117283 PMCID: PMC10090770 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202200124x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a molecular survey on microsporidian diversity in different lineages (operational taxonomic units = OTUs) of Asellus aquaticus from 30 sites throughout Europe. Host body length was determined, and DNA was extracted from host tissue excluding the intestine and amplified by microsporidian-specific primers. In total, 247 A. aquaticus specimens were analysed from which 26.7% were PCR-positive for microsporidians, with significantly more infections in larger individuals. Prevalence ranged between 10 and 90%. At 9 sites, no microsporidians were detected. A significant relationship was found between the frequency of infected individuals and habitat type, as well as host OTU. The lowest proportion of infected individuals was detected in spring-habitats (8.7%, n = 46) and the highest in ponds (37.7%, n = 53). Proportion of infected individuals among host OTUs A, D and J was 31.7, 21.7 and 32.1%, respectively. No infections were detected in OTU F. Our results are, however, accompanied by a partially low sample size, as only a minimum of 5 individuals was available at a few locations. Overall, 17 different microsporidian molecular taxonomic units (MICMOTUs) were distinguished with 5 abundant isolates (found in 4–17 host individuals) while the remaining 12 MICMOTUs were “rare” and found only in 1–3 host individuals. No obvious spatio-genetic pattern could be observed. The MICMOTUs predominantly belonged to Nosematida and Enterocytozoonida. The present study shows that microsporidians in A. aquaticus are abundant and diverse but do not show obvious patterns related to host genetic lineages or geography.
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Prati S, Grabner DS, Pfeifer SM, Lorenz AW, Sures B. Generalist parasites persist in degraded environments: a lesson learned from microsporidian diversity in amphipods. Parasitology 2022; 149:1-10. [PMID: 35485747 PMCID: PMC10090640 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides new insight into suitable microsporidian–host associations. It relates regional and continental-wide host specialization in microsporidians infecting amphipods to degraded and recovering habitats across 2 German river catchments. It provides a unique opportunity to infer the persistence of parasites following anthropogenic disturbance and their establishment in restored rivers. Amphipods were collected in 31 sampling sites with differing degradation and restoration gradients. Specimens were morphologically (hosts) and molecularly identified (host and parasites). Amphipod diversity and abundance, microsporidian diversity, host phylogenetic specificity and continental-wide β-specificity were investigated and related to each other and/or environmental variables. Fourteen microsporidian molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs), mainly generalist parasites, infecting 6 amphipod MOTUs were detected, expanding the current knowledge on the host range by 17 interactions. There was no difference in microsporidian diversity and host specificity among restored and near-natural streams (Boye) or between those located in urban and rural areas (Kinzig). Similarly, microsporidian diversity was generally not influenced by water parameters. In the Boye catchment, host densities did not influence microsporidian MOTU richness across restored and near-natural sites. High host turnover across the geographical range suggests that neither environmental conditions nor host diversity plays a significant role in the establishment into restored areas. Host diversity and environmental parameters do not indicate the persistence and dispersal of phylogenetic host generalist microsporidians in environments that experienced anthropogenic disturbance. Instead, these might depend on more complex mechanisms such as the production of resistant spores, host switching and host dispersal acting individually or conjointly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Prati
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel S. Grabner
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Svenja M. Pfeifer
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Armin W. Lorenz
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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7
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Willis AR, Reinke AW. Factors That Determine Microsporidia Infection and Host Specificity. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:91-114. [PMID: 35544000 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia are a large phylum of obligate intracellular parasites that infect an extremely diverse range of animals and protists. In this chapter, we review what is currently known about microsporidia host specificity and what factors influence microsporidia infection. Extensive sampling in nature from related hosts has provided insight into the host range of many microsporidia species. These field studies have been supported by experiments conducted in controlled laboratory environments which have helped to demonstrate host specificity. Together, these approaches have revealed that, while examples of generalist species exist, microsporidia specificity is often narrow, and species typically infect one or several closely related hosts. For microsporidia to successfully infect and complete their life cycle within a compatible host, several steps must occur, including spore germination, host cell invasion, and proliferation of the parasite within the host tissue. Many factors influence infection, including temperature, seasonality, nutrient availability, and the presence or absence of microbes, as well as the developmental stage, sex, and genetics of the host. Several studies have identified host genomic regions that influence resistance to microsporidia, and future work is likely to uncover molecular mechanisms of microsporidia host specificity in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Willis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron W Reinke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Dubuffet A, Chauvet M, Moné A, Debroas D, Lepère C. A phylogenetic framework to investigate the microsporidian communities through metabarcoding and its application to lake ecosystems. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4344-4359. [PMID: 34081807 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites known to parasitize many species of the animal kingdom as well as some protists. However, their diversity is underestimated, in part as a consequence of the failure of 'universal' primers to detect them in metabarcoding studies. Besides, due to the inconsistency between taxonomy and phylogenetic data, available databases may assign incorrectly sequences obtained with high-throughput sequencing. In this work, we developed a comprehensive reference database which positions microsporidian SSU rRNA gene sequences within a coherent ranked phylogenetic framework. We used this phylogenetic framework to study the microsporidian diversity in lacustrine ecosystems, focusing on < 150 μm planktonic size fractions. Our analysis shows a high diversity of Microsporidia, with the identification of 1531 OTUs distributed within seven clades, of which 76% were affiliated to clade IV2 and 20% to clade I (nomenclature presented hereby). About a quarter of the obtained sequences shared less than 85% identity to the closest known species, which might represent undescribed genera or families infecting small hosts. Variations in the abundance of Microsporidia were recorded between the two lakes sampled and across the sampling period, which might be explained by spatio-temporal variations of their potential hosts such as microeukaryotes and metazooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Dubuffet
- CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Marina Chauvet
- CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Anne Moné
- CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Didier Debroas
- CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Cécile Lepère
- CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
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Quiles A, Rigaud T, Wattier RA, Grabowski M, Bacela Spychalska K. Wide geographic distribution of overlooked parasites: Rare Microsporidia in Gammarus balcanicus, a species complex with a high rate of endemism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 14:121-129. [PMID: 33604238 PMCID: PMC7876520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Parasites and other symbionts deeply influence host organisms, and no living organism can be considered to have evolved independent of its symbionts. The first step towards understanding symbiotic influences upon host organisms is a strong supporting knowledge of parasite/symbiont diversity. Parasites of freshwater amphipods are diverse, with Microsporidia being a major group. These intracellular parasites impact gammarid fitness in different ways, ranging from reduced fitness to increased fecundity. Many Microsporidia have been recorded using molecular data, with multiple taxa pending formal taxonomic description. While some parasites are common, others are known only through sporadic records of single infections. In this study, we focus on rare/sporadic microsporidian infections within Gammarus balcanicus, a host species complex with a high level of endemism. In addition to enriching our knowledge on Microsporidia parasite diversity in amphipod hosts, we test whether these symbionts are specific to G. balcanicus or if they are the same taxa infecting other gammarid species. Of 2231 hosts from 87 sites, we catalogued 29 sequences of “rare” Microsporidia clustering into 19 haplogroups. These haplogroups cluster into 11 lineages: four pre-described taxa (Cucumispora roeselum, C. ornata, C. dikerogammari and Enterocytospora artemiae) and seven ‘Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units’, which are known from previously published studies to infect other European amphipod species. Our study significantly widens the geographic range of these Microsporidia and expands the known spectrum of hosts infected. Our results suggest that these parasites are ancient infections of European gammarids. For some host-parasite systems, we hypothesize that the common parasite ancestors that infected the hosts' common ancestors, diversified alongside host diversification. For others, we observe Microsporidia taxa with wide host ranges that do not follow host phylogeny. Microsporidia infect a wide range of host but are well studied for the most abundant parasite taxa. Amphipods are common microsporidian hosts but knowledge on parasite diversity remains partial. Gammarus balcanicus species complex is a perfect host to study evolutionary history of rare Microsporidia. All Microsporidia found in G. balcanicus are ancient infections in the European gammarids. Some Microsporidia co-diversified with the host, while the others did not follow the host phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Quiles
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.,Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Rémi A Wattier
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Michal Grabowski
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Bacela Spychalska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
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10
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Cormier A, Chebbi MA, Giraud I, Wattier R, Teixeira M, Gilbert C, Rigaud T, Cordaux R. Comparative Genomics of Strictly Vertically Transmitted, Feminizing Microsporidia Endosymbionts of Amphipod Crustaceans. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 13:5995313. [PMID: 33216144 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites of vertebrates and invertebrates. Microsporidia are usually pathogenic and undergo horizontal transmission or a mix of horizontal and vertical transmission. However, cases of nonpathogenic microsporidia, strictly vertically transmitted from mother to offspring, have been reported in amphipod crustaceans. Some of them further evolved the ability to feminize their nontransmitting male hosts into transmitting females. However, our understanding of the evolution of feminization in microsporidia is hindered by a lack of genomic resources. We report the sequencing and analysis of three strictly vertically transmitted microsporidia species for which feminization induction has been demonstrated (Nosema granulosis) or is strongly suspected (Dictyocoela muelleri and Dictyocoela roeselum), along with a draft genome assembly of their host Gammarus roeselii. Contrary to horizontally transmitted microsporidia that form environmental spores that can be purified, feminizing microsporidia cannot be easily isolated from their host cells. Therefore, we cosequenced symbiont and host genomic DNA and devised a computational strategy to obtain genome assemblies for the different partners. Genomic comparison with feminizing Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts of isopod crustaceans indicated independent evolution of feminization in microsporidia and Wolbachia at the molecular genetic level. Feminization thus represents a remarkable evolutionary convergence of eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms. Furthermore, a comparative genomics analysis of microsporidia allowed us to identify several candidate genes for feminization, involving functions such as DNA binding and membrane fusion. The genomic resources we generated contribute to establish Gammarus roeselii and its microsporidia symbionts as a new model to study the evolution of symbiont-mediated feminization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Cormier
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, France
| | - Mohamed Amine Chebbi
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, France
| | - Isabelle Giraud
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, France
| | - Rémi Wattier
- Laboratoire Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282, Dijon, France
| | - Maria Teixeira
- Laboratoire Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282, Dijon, France
| | - Clément Gilbert
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- Laboratoire Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282, Dijon, France
| | - Richard Cordaux
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, France
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Quiles A, Wattier RA, Bacela-Spychalska K, Grabowski M, Rigaud T. Dictyocoela microsporidia diversity and co-diversification with their host, a gammarid species complex (Crustacea, Amphipoda) with an old history of divergence and high endemic diversity. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:149. [PMID: 33176694 PMCID: PMC7659068 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the processes of co-evolution between parasites and their hosts are well known, evidence of co-speciation remains scarce. Microsporidian intracellular parasites, due to intimate relationships with their hosts and mixed mode of transmission (horizontal but also vertical, from mother to offspring), may represent an interesting biological model for investigating co-speciation. Amphipod crustaceans, especially gammarids, are regular hosts of microsporidian parasites, in particular the Dictyocoela spp., which have so far been found limited to these amphipods and are known to use a vertical mode of transmission. The amphipod genus Gammarus has a diversification history spanning the last 50-60 Mya and an extensive cryptic diversity in most of the nominal species. Here, we investigated the degree of co-diversification between Dictyocoela and Gammarus balcanicus, an amphipod with high degrees of ancient cryptic diversification and lineage endemism, by examining the genetic diversity of these parasites over the entire geographic range of the host. We hypothesised that the strong host diversification and vertical transmission of Dictyocoela would promote co-diversification. RESULTS Using the parasite SSU rDNA as a molecular marker, analyzing 2225 host specimens from 88 sites covering whole host range, we found 31 haplogroups of Dictyocoela, 30 of which were novel, belonging to four Dictyocoela species already known to infect other Gammarus spp. The relationships between Dictyocoela and gammarids is therefore ancient, with the speciation in parasites preceding those of the hosts. Each novel haplogroup was nevertheless specific to G. balcanicus, leaving the possibility for subsequent co-diversification process during host diversification. A Procrustean Approach to Co-phylogeny (PACo) analysis revealed that diversification of Dictyocoela was not random with respect to that of the host. We found high degrees of congruence between the diversification of G. balcanicus and that of Dictyocoela roeselum and D. muelleri. However, we also found some incongruences between host and Dictyocoela phylogenies, e.g. in D. duebenum, probably due to host shifts between different G. balcanicus cryptic lineages. CONCLUSION The evolutionary history of Dictyocoela and Gammarus balcanicus represents an example of an overall host-parasite co-diversification, including cases of host shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Quiles
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Rémi A Wattier
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Karolina Bacela-Spychalska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Michal Grabowski
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France.
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12
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Park E, Jorge F, Poulin R. Shared geographic histories and dispersal contribute to congruent phylogenies between amphipods and their microsporidian parasites at regional and global scales. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3330-3345. [PMID: 32706932 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In parasites that strongly rely on a host for dispersal, geographic barriers that act on the host will simultaneously influence parasite distribution as well. If their association persists over macroevolutionary time it may result in congruent phylogenetic and phylogeographic patterns due to shared geographic histories. Here, we investigated the level of congruent evolutionary history at a regional and global scale in a highly specialised parasite taxon infecting hosts with limited dispersal abilities: the microsporidians Dictyocoela spp. and their amphipod hosts. Dictyocoela can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally and is the most common microsporidian genus occurring in amphipods in Eurasia. However, little is known about its distribution elsewhere. We started by conducting molecular screening to detect microsporidian parasites in endemic amphipod species in New Zealand; based on phylogenetic analyses, we identified nine species-level microsporidian taxa including six belonging to Dictyocoela. With a distance-based cophylogenetic analysis at the regional scale, we identified overall congruent phylogenies between Paracalliope, the most common New Zealand freshwater amphipod taxon, and their Dictyocoela parasites. Also, hosts and parasites showed similar phylogeographic patterns suggesting shared biogeographic histories. Similarly, at a global scale, phylogenies of amphipod hosts and their Dictyocoela parasites showed broadly congruent phylogenies. The observed patterns may have resulted from covicariance and/or codispersal, suggesting that the intimate association between amphipods and Dictyocoela may have persisted over macroevolutionary time. We highlight that shared biogeographic histories could play a role in the codiversification of hosts and parasites at a macroevolutionary scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Park
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Trzebny A, Slodkowicz-Kowalska A, Becnel JJ, Sanscrainte N, Dabert M. A new method of metabarcoding Microsporidia and their hosts reveals high levels of microsporidian infections in mosquitoes (Culicidae). Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 20:1486-1504. [PMID: 32516485 PMCID: PMC7818484 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA metabarcoding offers new perspectives, especially with regard to the high‐throughput identification and diagnostics of pathogens. Microsporidia are an example of widely distributed, opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms in which molecular identification is important for both environmental research and clinical diagnostics. We have developed a method for parallel detection of both microsporidian infection and the host species. We designed new primer sets: one specific for the classical Microsporidia (targeting the hypervariable V5 region of small subunit [ssu] rDNA), and a second one targeting a shortened fragment of the COI gene (standard metazoan DNA‐barcode); both markers are well suited for next generation sequencing. Analysis of the ssu rDNA data set representing 607 microsporidian species (120 genera) indicated that the V5 region enables identification of >98% species in the data set (596/607). To test the method, we used microsporidians that infect mosquitoes in natural populations. Using mini‐COI data, all field‐collected mosquitoes were unambiguously assigned to seven species; among them almost 60% of specimens were positive for at least 11 different microsporidian species, including a new microsporidian ssu rDNA sequence (Microsporidium sp. PL01). Phylogenetic analysis showed that this species belongs to one of the two main clades in the Terresporidia. We found a high rate of microsporidian co‐infections (9.4%). The numbers of sequence reads for the operational taxonomic units suggest that the occurrence of Nosema spp. in co‐infections could benefit them; however, this observation should be retested using a more intensive host sampling. Our results show that DNA barcoding is a rapid and cost‐effective method for deciphering sample diversity in greater resolution, including the hidden biodiversity that may be overlooked using classical methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Trzebny
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Slodkowicz-Kowalska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine I, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - James J Becnel
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Neil Sanscrainte
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Miroslawa Dabert
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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Grabner D, Weber D, Weigand AM. Updates to the sporadic knowledge on microsporidian infections in groundwater amphipods (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Niphargidae). SUBTERRANEAN BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.33.48633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of 69 specimens from 19 groundwater species of the genera Niphargus, Niphargellus, Microniphargus and Crangonyx was genetically screened for microsporidian infections. Samples mostly originated from groundwater-dependent spring environments (71%), natural caves (9%) and artificial caverns/tunnels (13%). Amphipod hosts were identified by morphology and/or molecular data, whereas microsporidian parasites were characterised by a genetic screening assay targeting a section of the small subunit rRNA gene.
Five microsporidian species (Dictyocoela duebenum; Nosema sp.; Hyperspora aquatica and two undescribed Microsporidium spp.) were revealed from 13 host specimens (Niphargus schellenbergi; N. aquilex lineages B, F and G; Niphargellus arndti). In particular N. schellenbergi was frequently infected with D. duebenum as well as a new and potentially niphargid-specific Nosema sp. identified in Niphargellus arndti.
Our results shed further light on the still largely unknown diversity and specificity of microsporidian parasites in groundwater amphipods and subterranean animals in general.
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Drozdova P, Madyarova E, Dimova M, Gurkov A, Vereshchagina K, Adelshin R, Timofeyev M. The diversity of microsporidian parasites infecting the Holarctic amphipod Gammarus lacustris from the Baikal region is dominated by the genus Dictyocoela. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 170:107330. [PMID: 31978415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are a highly diverse group of single-celled eukaryotic parasites related to fungi and infecting hosts belonging to all groups of eukaryotes, including some protists, invertebrate and vertebrate animals. We investigated the diversity of microsporidia in the Holarctic amphipod species Gammarus lacustris from mostly, but not limited to, water bodies in the Lake Baikal region. Ribosomal DNA sequencing and host transcriptome sequencing data from various works show that this species is predominantly infected by representatives of the genus Dictyocoela and probably has some features underlying this specific interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Drozdova
- Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Madyarova
- Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia; Baikal Research Centre, Lenin str. 21, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Mariya Dimova
- Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Anton Gurkov
- Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia; Baikal Research Centre, Lenin str. 21, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Kseniya Vereshchagina
- Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia; Baikal Research Centre, Lenin str. 21, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Renat Adelshin
- Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia; Irkutsk Anti-Plague Research Institute of Siberia and Far East, Trilissera str. 78, 664047 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Maxim Timofeyev
- Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia; Baikal Research Centre, Lenin str. 21, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia.
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