1
|
Gliga DS, Kramer A, Moré G, Frey CF, Basso W. Early Detection and Management of Lamanema chavezi infection in a llama (Lama glama) in Switzerland. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10465-2. [PMID: 39012470 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Lamanema chavezi is an entero-hepatic strongylid parasite specific to South American camelids. It has been reported only on few occasions outside South America. Due to its hepatic migration, it can cause extensive liver damage, leading to granulomatous and fibrotic hepatitis and manifesting with lethargy, anorexia, and even death. We are reporting the second case of L. chavezi infection in Europe and the first in Switzerland. The patient was a three-year old neutered male llama (Lama glama). Clinical examination revealed bloody mucous discharge from the anus. Fecal sedimentation/flotation revealed strongylid eggs consistent with L. chavezi, which were molecularly confirmed by a PCR targeting the ITS2 plus 5.8S and 28S rDNA flanking regions and amplicon sequencing. Eighteen weeks after administration of a single dose of eprinomectin (0.2 mg/kg i.m.), no further L. chavezi eggs were detected in the feces. The source of infection could not be traced back. The entire herd consisted of llamas bred in Switzerland. L. chavezi has been rarely reported outside South America, but its potential for pathogenicity and establishment should not be underestimated. Fecal sedimentation/flotation techniques should be routinely performed to ensure early detection of the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Gliga
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Gastón Moré
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caroline F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hinney B, Wiedermann S, Vaneev X, Muhm K, Joachim A, Wittek T. High rates of benzimidazole-resistance-associated alleles in Haemonchus contortus and detection of resistance against macrocyclic lactones in strongylids from German alpaca herds. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:296. [PMID: 38982488 PMCID: PMC11234685 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The population of South American camelids (SAC) has been steadily growing in Europe, where they are confronted with the regional endoparasite population of ruminants. As there are no anthelmintic drugs registered for use against nematode infections in SACs, anthelmintics (AH) available for ruminants or horses are usually applied. Reports indicating potential failures in administered AH are increasing. However, the generally low egg counts in SACs complicate the application of resistance tests in the field. The present study reports a follow-up study on SAC farms where anthelmintic resistance (AR) was suspected. The aims were (i) to repeat faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRTs) on potentially affected farms identified in a previous study with larger sample sizes, (ii) to verify suspected AR of Haemonchus contortus against benzimidazoles (BZ) by performing a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis using digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), and (iii) to apply the mini-FLOTAC technique for more reliable results at low egg counts in line with current recommendations. Seven farms (9-46 animals each) were examined by coproscopy, larval differentiation and SNP analysis. A FECRT was performed on six of these farms with moxidectin (three farms), monepantel (two farms) and ivermectin (one farm). The FEC was calculated according to the current World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) guidelines with the clinical protocol (a newly introduced variant of FECRT which can be used for smaller sample sizes and lower egg counts on the cost of sensitivity) and an expected efficacy of 99%. A high level (> 90%) of BZ-resistance-associated SNPs on codon 200 of H. contortus was observed on all farms. With the FECRT, resistance was demonstrated for ivermectin (74% FECR), while it remained inconclusive for one farm for moxidectin treatment. Sustained efficacy was demonstrated for the remaining treatments. This study showed an advanced level of BZ resistance in H. contortus of SACs and the development of AR against macrocyclic lactones on some farms. Thus, constant monitoring of AH treatment and sustainable worm control methods both need to be applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hinney
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sandra Wiedermann
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xenia Vaneev
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Muhm
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Wittek
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zahid O, Butler M, Hopker A, Freeman E, Costa Júnior LM, Chaudhry U, Sargison N. Nemabiome metabarcoding shows a high prevalence of Haemonchus contortus and predominance of Camelostrongylus mentulatus in alpaca herds in the northern UK. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:201. [PMID: 38698272 PMCID: PMC11065920 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08226-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are a common threat faced by pastoral livestock. Since their major introduction to the UK in the early 1990s, South American camelids have been cograzed with sheep, horses, and other livestock, allowing exposure to a range of GIN species. However, there have been no molecular-based studies to investigate the GIN populations present in these camelids. In the current study, we sampled nine alpaca herds from northern England and southern Scotland and used high-throughput metabarcoded sequencing to describe their GIN species composition. A total of 71 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were identified representing eight known GIN species. Haemonchus contortus was the most prevalent species found in almost all herds in significant proportions. The identification of H. contortus in other livestock species is unusual in the northern UK, implying that alpacas may be suitable hosts and potential reservoirs for infection in other hosts. In addition, the camelid-adapted GIN species Camelostrongylus mentulatus was identified predominantly in herds with higher faecal egg counts. These findings highlight the value of applying advanced molecular methods, such as nemabiome metabarcoding to describe the dynamics of gastrointestinal nematode infections in novel situations. The results provide a strong base for further studies involving cograzing animals to confirm the potential role of alpacas in transmitting GIN species between hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osama Zahid
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Meghan Butler
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- Current Address: Galedin Veterinary, Kelso, TD5 7BH, UK
| | - Andy Hopker
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Emily Freeman
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Livio M Costa Júnior
- Pathology Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's Grenada, West Indies, Grenada
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Neil Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bedenice D, Resnick-Sousa J, Bookbinder L, Trautwein V, Creasey HN, Widmer G. The association between fecal microbiota, age and endoparasitism in adult alpacas. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272556. [PMID: 36006927 PMCID: PMC9409599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoparasitism is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in alpacas (Lama pacos), with growing emergence of anthelmintic resistance. The purpose of the study was to correlate nematode worm burden and selected host phenotypic characteristics, such as age and weight, with the composition of the intestinal microbiota of adult alpacas. Fecal samples were collected per rectum from 102 healthy adult (2.1-11.2 years) alpacas at 3 separate timepoints (pre- and post-treatment with 8.8 mg/kg oral Levamisole HCL, and 4.6 months later) at a single farm. The profile of the fecal bacterial microbiota was characterized using 16S amplicon sequencing. Serial clinical exams and fecal egg counts were compared using related-samples analyses. The fecal microbiota of identically managed, healthy alpacas was characterized by a high level of temporal stability, as both α and β-diversity significantly correlated between sampling timepoints. Pairwise β-diversity between samples collected at each timepoint was low, ranging from 0.16-0.21 UniFrac distance units. The intensity of strongylid nematode infection (including Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus) was only significantly correlated with microbiota composition in samples collected 14 days after treatment with levamisole. Analysis of similarity revealed no clustering of microbiota from anthelmintic responders or non-responders. Alpaca age explained the largest proportion of fecal microbiota variation and was the only consistently significant predictor of fecal microbiota taxonomic composition, by impacting the ratio of relative Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes abundance. Firmicutes, mostly Clostridiales, was the most abundant taxon across all collections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bedenice
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Resnick-Sousa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States of America
| | - Lauren Bookbinder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States of America
| | - Victoria Trautwein
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States of America
| | - Hannah N. Creasey
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Widmer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sánchez-Herencia D, Mamani-Mango G, Coila-Añasco P. Eimeria control in baby alpacas using toltrazuril as a prophylactic measure in humid Puna. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsaas.2021.080200082x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
6
|
Sánchez-Herencia D, Mamani-Mango G, Coila-Añasco P. Control de Eimerias en crías de alpacas con toltrazuril como medida profiláctica, puna húmeda. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsaas.2021.080200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
7
|
French S, Sawran A, Betson M. Survey of anthelmintic use in South American camelids in the UK. Vet Rec 2021; 189:e774. [PMID: 34480492 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal helminths are common in South American camelids in the UK. However, there are no anthelmintics currently licenced for camelids, leading to a limited evidence base for treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the usage of anthelmintics among UK camelid farmers. METHODS An online questionnaire focusing on the use of anthelmintics in camelids was distributed to UK camelid owners in Spring 2019. RESULTS Forty-nine of the 51 respondents treated their camelids with anthelmintics, while 21 (42.0%) reported a previous gastrointestinal helminth diagnosis on their farms. A wide variety of anthelmintics were employed and there was striking variation in treatment frequency, dosage and source of information used to select anthelmintic dosing regimen. CONCLUSION This work highlights the need for quality efficacy studies of anthelmintics in camelids to provide an appropriate evidence base for treatment, as well as the need for better education for camelid owners on anthelmintics and anthelmintic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saffron French
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Ami Sawran
- Westpoint Farm Vets, Whitbreads Business Centre, Chelmsford, Essex, UK
| | - Martha Betson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Beleckė A, Kupčinskas T, Stadalienė I, Höglund J, Thamsborg SM, Stuen S, Petkevičius S. Anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants in the Nordic-Baltic region. Acta Vet Scand 2021; 63:18. [PMID: 33906690 PMCID: PMC8085717 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-021-00583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in small ruminants result in production losses, and consequently economic losses, and are an animal welfare problem in most countries in the Nordic-Baltic region. Intensive use of anthelmintics to control helminth infections has led to anthelmintic resistance (AR), which has become a major issue in many European countries. Several studies have been performed in countries in the Nordic-Baltic region (e.g. Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Lithuania) showing increasing/emerging levels of AR. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the problem of AR on sheep and goat farms in the Nordic-Baltic region. This region has a limited number of registered anthelmintics. However, researchers in this area have discovered some surprising findings, such as ivermectin (IVM) resistance on a farm that had never used IVM. In Sweden there is evidence of macrocyclic lactone (ML)-resistant Haemonchus contortus being introduced with sheep imported from the Netherlands. As elsewhere in the world, the livestock trade appears to be contributing to the spread of AR in the region and isolated cases of multidrug-resistant cases have also been reported. This is surprising given that the frequency of treatments here is much lower than in other countries where sheep production is economically more important. The prevailing nematodes are Haemonchus, Teledorsagia and Trichostrongylus, while on some farms Haemonchus is dominant and clinical haemonchosis has increasingly been observed in recent decades. The reasons for this are unclear, but are probably related to this parasite's propensity to rapidly develop drug resistance and a general lack of awareness of the problem, possibly in combination with global warming and the increased livestock trade within the EU. In addition, domestic interactions through contacts with wildlife ruminants, alpacas may also be a contributing factor for transmission of AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Beleckė
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Kupčinskas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Inga Stadalienė
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stig Milan Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Snorre Stuen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Svebastadveien 112, 4325 Sandnes, Norway
| | - Saulius Petkevičius
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gao WW, Ma YT, Ma YY, Li RL, Li J, Zheng FG, Zheng WB, Liu Q, Zhu XQ. First report of Eimeria and Entamoeba infection in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Shanxi Province, northern China. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2031-2035. [PMID: 33884491 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal protozoa Eimeria and Entamoeba can infect many animal species including alpacas. However, data on the prevalence and pathogenicity of species of the two genera Eimeria and Entamoeba in alpacas in China is scarce. The current study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of Eimeria and Entamoeba in alpacas in two cities (Taiyuan and Xinzhou) in Shanxi Province, northern China, using PCR-based approaches. Eimeria spp. were only found in Taiyuan city, and the overall prevalence was 1.64%. All samples collected from male alpacas were PCR-negative for Eimeria. Four Eimeria-positive samples were tested positive as Eimeria lamae. The molecular prevalence of Entamoeba in alpacas was 18.03% (66/366), including 16.39% (50/305) in alpacas from Taiyuan city and 26.23% (16/61) from Xinzhou city, respectively. The Entamoeba prevalence in male alpacas (25.00%) was significantly higher than that in female alpacas (15.69%). Entamoeba bovis was the predominant species, and no Entamoeba histolytica infection was detected. Nine unique SSU rRNA gene sequences of Entamoeba were obtained which formed a new cluster. The results showed that sex and location might be the risk factors associated with prevalence of Eimeria spp., and sex might be the risk factor associated with prevalence of Entamoeba spp.. This is the first report of Entamoeba in alpacas worldwide. These findings expand our understanding of the prevalence and genetic diversity of Eimeria and Entamoeba in alpacas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Ting Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Run-Li Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Guo Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Arias-Pacheco C, Pezo D, Mathias LA, Tebaldi JH, Castelo-Oviedo H, Lux-Hoppe EG. Parasitological status of vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) from southeastern Peru and its relationship with fiber quality. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:211. [PMID: 33738564 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We aim to describe the parasitic population in vicuñas from three Andean communities and its relationship with fiber quality using 115 fecal and 22 fiber samples, classified according to sex, age, body condition score, and management system. Coproparasitologic diagnostic revealed that 84.4% of animals presented at least one type of parasite egg/oocyst. Most frequent parasite egg/oocyst were Strongyle-type eggs (54.8%) and Eimeria punoensis (38.3%). Wild vicuñas had a higher prevalence of Strongyle-type eggs (91.4%) than semi-captive (38.8%) animals, and age was significative to Eimeria infection; crias had the highest frequency (100%) when compared to yearlings (84.2%) and adults (49.4%). Larvae identification revealed a strong influence of domestic animals on vicuña parasite community, presenting the first report of Bunostomum phlebotomum and Gaigeria pachyscelis in vicuñas from southeastern Peru. Females had a significantly finer diameter of fiber (13.05 ± 0.73 μm) than males (14.22 ± 1.22 μm), and infection with Eimeria spp. affected negatively fiber diameter and resistance. Our results provide data for disease surveillance and encourage further parasitological studies in vicuñas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Arias-Pacheco
- Department of Pathology, Animal Reproduction, and One Health, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo Pezo
- Centro de Investigación IVITA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Marangani, Peru
| | - Luis Antonio Mathias
- Department of Pathology, Animal Reproduction, and One Health, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Hairton Tebaldi
- Department of Pathology, Animal Reproduction, and One Health, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Estevam G Lux-Hoppe
- Department of Pathology, Animal Reproduction, and One Health, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bauerstatter S, Khol J, Franz S, Wittek T. Serum pepsinogen and gastrin concentrations in South American camelids with and without gastrointestinal nematode infection. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Castilla-Castaño E, Herman N, Martinelli E, Lecru LA, Pressanti C, Schelcher F, Cadiergues MC. Treatment of sarcoptic and chorioptic mange in an alpaca ( Vicugna pacos) herd with a combination of topical amitraz and subcutaneous ivermectin. N Z Vet J 2020; 69:121-126. [PMID: 32814497 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2020.1808544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Clinical history: An outbreak of intense pruritus and weight loss in a herd of 40 alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in the south-west of France was investigated after the death of 14 adults. One alpaca was referred to a veterinary teaching hospital for diagnosis and treatment but died soon after and one of the dead alpacas was submitted for necropsy. Clinical findings: The remaining alpacas were intensely pruritic with variably severe and extensive alopecia, erythema, lichenification and crusting on the face, ventral abdomen and distal limbs. Superficial skin scrapes from five animals revealed large numbers of Sarcoptes scabiei mites, and less frequent and numerous Chorioptes bovis mites. Coproscopic examinations revealed a median of 1,350 (min 500, max 8800) strongyle epg. The alpaca admitted for treatment was anaemic and hypoalbuminaemic. Skin scrapes revealed copious S. scabiei and C. bovis mites. The two alpacas examined post-mortem had similar skin lesions to those examined on-farm and were cachexic. One had lung lesions attributed to protostrongylid infestation and its liver contained numerous Dicrocoelium spp. adults. Diagnosis: Sarcoptic and chorioptic mange with secondary superficial bacterial skin infection, associated with severe internal parasitism and underfeeding. Treatment and outcome: All 25 alpacas were treated topically with a 3% chlorhexidine shampoo followed by a 0.025% amitraz wash at the initial visit and then 1, 2, 3, 7 and 9 weeks later. A systemic treatment with S/C 500 µg/kg ivermectin was administered at the initial visit and then 2, 7 and 9 weeks later. The alpacas were treated orally with 50 mg/kg praziquantel to control dicrocoeliosis. Nutritional measures, including increased pasture area and supplemental feeding were simultaneously implemented. Pruritus was reduced 1 week after the start of treatment and had resolved after 2 weeks. After 9 weeks, skin lesions were markedly improved. Six months after the initial visit, skin lesions entirely resolved and superficial skin scrapes, taken from half of the animals, were negative for mites. Clinical relevance: This is the first report of the use of two acaricides combined with a chlorhexidine shampoo to successfully treat simultaneous sarcoptic and chorioptic mange in alpacas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - N Herman
- Large Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - E Martinelli
- Large Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - L A Lecru
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - C Pressanti
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - F Schelcher
- Large Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France.,IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - M C Cadiergues
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France.,UDEAR, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Beck W. Treatment of sarcoptic mange in llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna pacos) with repeated subcutaneous moxidectin injections. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109190. [PMID: 32738415 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of sarcoptic mange was investigated in a herd of llamas and alpacas in the Black Forrest (Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany). The diagnosis was made by clinical picture and detection of mites in skin scrapings and ear swabs. At the beginning numerous of Sarcoptes mites were found in the scraping samples. The llamas and alpacas were treated subcutaneously with 0,2 mg/kg bodyweight moxidectin every three weeks (2 mL per llama, 1,5 mL per alpaca). Because of the slow recovery of the South American Camelids it was necessary to repeat the treatment eight times. On days 0, 42, 84, 126, and 168, all animals were examined clinically, and epidermal debris were collected from both auricular areas and other body regions for microscopic examination. The alpacas recovered rapidly and mite counts declined steadily. Llamas showed a slower remission of mite counts and clinical condition. For complete healing of crusting skin reactions, and pruritus six months of treatment were necessary. Therapy of sarcoptic mange in South American Camelids with macrocyclic lactons usually takes a long duration of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wieland Beck
- Zoetis Deutschland GmbH, Monheimer Str. 20 ¼, 86633, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|