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Zhao M, Ran X, Xing D, Liao Y, Liu W, Bai Y, Zhang Q, Chen K, Liu L, Wu M, Ma Z, Gao J, Zhang H, Zhao T. Evolution of knockdown resistance ( kdr) mutations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula, China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1265873. [PMID: 37808913 PMCID: PMC10552158 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1265873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are important vectors of human arboviruses, transmitting arboviral diseases such as yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and Zika. These two mosquitoes coexist on Hainan Island and the Leizhou Peninsula in China. Over the past 40 years, the distribution of Ae. albopictus has gradually expanded in these areas, while the distribution of Ae. aegypti has declined dramatically mainly due to the ecological changes and some other factors such as heavy use of insecticide indoor based on endophagic bloodfeeding of the species. Methods This study focused on the knockdown resistance (kdr) genes of both mosquitoes, investigated their mutations, and analyzed their haplotype and evolutionary diversity combined with population genetic features based on the ND4/ND5 genes to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of insecticide resistance in both mosquitoes. Results Three mutations, S989P, V1016G and F1534C, were found to be present in Ae. aegypti populations, and the three mutations occurred synergistically. Multiple mutation types (F1534C/S/L/W) of the F1534 locus are found in Ae. albopictus populations, with the three common mutations F1534C, F1534S and F1534L all having multiple independent origins. The F1534W (TTC/TGG) mutation is thought to have evolved from the F1534L (TTC/TTG) mutation. The F1534S (TTC/TCG) mutation has evolved from the F1534S (TTC/TCC) mutation. The most common form of mutation at the F1534 locus found in this study was S1534C, accounting for 20.97%, which may have evolved from the F1534C mutation. In addition, a new non-synonymous mutation M1524I and 28 synonymous mutations were identified in Ae. albopictus populations. Correlation analysis showed that the genetic diversity of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations did not correlate with their kdr haplotype diversity (P>0.05), but strong gene flow between populations may have contributed to the evolution of the kdr gene. Conclusion The study of kdr gene evolution in the two mosquito species may help to identify the evolutionary trend of insecticide resistance at an early stage and provide a theoretical basis for improving the efficiency of biological vector control and subsequent research into new insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- Jiangxi International Travel Healthcare Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin Ran
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Dan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Jiangxi International Travel Healthcare Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangxi International Travel Healthcare Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Jiangxi International Travel Healthcare Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Jiangxi International Travel Healthcare Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Kan Chen
- Jiangxi International Travel Healthcare Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Jiangxi International Travel Healthcare Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Hengduan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tongyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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Prasad P, Lata S, Kumar D, Gupta SK, Saxena R, Arya DK, Singh H. Susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) against insecticides of public health use in Delhi and NCR region, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2023; 60:300-306. [PMID: 37843241 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.374044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti is a primary vector responsible for the transmission of various arboviral diseases in India. Without an effective drug or vaccine against these diseases, chemical insecticide-based vector control supplemented with source reduction remains the best option for their effective management. The development of insecticide resistance due to the continuous use of insecticides might affect the control operations. METHODS Adults and larvae of Aedes aegypti were collected from different localities in Delhi. Larvae were exposed to discriminating (0.02mg/l) and application (1mg/l) doses of temephos. WHO tube assay was conducted for F1 adults using impregnated insecticide papers of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), malathion, deltamethrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin. RESULTS Larvae of Ae. aegypti were found resistant (76.0%) to the discriminating dose of temephos, whereas suscep-tible (100.0%) to the application dose of the temephos. Adult Aedes (Fl) mosquitoes were resistant to DDT (23.7%), malathion (90.5%), deltamethrin (76.0%), permethrin (96.2 %) cyfluthrin (85.5%), and lambda-cyhalothrin (94.0%). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Indoor residual spray is not used in Delhi for vector control. Resistance in Aedes might be due to pesticide usage for agricultural activities in peripheral regions of Delhi. There is a need to investigate more on the insecticide resistance mechanisms for indirect resistance development. Understanding the insecticide susceptibility status of urban vectors is critical for planning effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Prasad
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi; Department of Zoology, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Suman Lata
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rekha Saxena
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Arya
- Department of Zoology, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Himmat Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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Al-Amin HM, Gyawali N, Graham M, Alam MS, Lenhart A, Hugo LE, Rašić G, Beebe NW, Devine GJ. Insecticide resistance compromises the control of Aedes aegypti in Bangladesh. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 36942761 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With no effective drugs or widely available vaccines, dengue control in Bangladesh is dependent on targeting the primary vector Aedes aegypti with insecticides and larval source management. Despite these interventions, the dengue burden is increasing in Bangladesh, and the country experienced its worst outbreak in 2019 with 101 354 hospitalized cases. This may be partially facilitated by the presence of intense insecticide resistance in vector populations. Here, we describe the intensity and mechanisms of resistance to insecticides commonly deployed against Ae. aegypti in Dhaka, Bangladesh. RESULTS Dhaka Ae. aegypti colonies exhibited high-intensity resistance to pyrethroids. Using CDC bottle assays, we recorded 2-24% mortality (recorded at 24 h) to permethrin and 48-94% mortality to deltamethrin, at 10× the diagnostic dose. Bioassays conducted using insecticide-synergist combinations suggested that metabolic mechanisms were contributing to pyrethroid resistance, specifically multi-function oxidases, esterases, and glutathione S-transferases. In addition, kdr alleles were detected, with a high frequency (78-98%) of homozygotes for the V1016G mutation. A large proportion (≤ 74%) of free-flying and resting mosquitoes from Dhaka colonies survived exposure to standard applications of pyrethroid aerosols in an experimental free-flight room. Although that exposure affected the immediate host-seeking behavior of Ae. aegypti, the effect was transient in surviving mosquitoes. CONCLUSION The intense resistance characterized in this study is likely compromising the operational effectiveness of pyrethroids against Ae. aegypti in Dhaka. Switching to alternative chemical classes may offer a medium-term solution, but ultimately a more sustainable and effective approach to controlling dengue vectors is required. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Narayan Gyawali
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melissa Graham
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Leon E Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gordana Rašić
- Mosquito Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nigel W Beebe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- CSIRO, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregor J Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Assessing the Impact of Insecticide Resistance on Vector Competence: A Review. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040377. [PMID: 35447819 PMCID: PMC9024519 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insects transmit a wide variety of pathogens, including parasites, bacteria, and viruses, to human and economically important crops. Since pathogen transmission threatens public health and economic activities, insecticides are the main strategy to control insect populations. The continued use of insecticides has led to resistant populations where chemicals are no longer effective. It is unknown if insecticide resistance (IR) could impact insects’ other characteristics, such as their ability to infect, maintain infection, or transmit pathogens, a trait known as vector competence (VC). In this review, we analyze the literature that involves the study of VC and IR or insecticide exposure in three main approaches; studies conducted in the field versus laboratory-designed experiments, the impact of insecticide exposure on pathogen transmission, and studies performed on vectors of crop pathogens. The evidence points out three different patterns where enhancement, impairment, or neutral effects are seen between IR and VC. It is of great concern that IR could enhance VC since it increases the risk of epidemics. More detailed and standardized studies are needed to confirm this relationship. Finally, results from this investigation could help create evidence-based vector control programs. Abstract The primary strategy to avoid adverse impacts from insect-mediated pathogen transmission is the chemical control of vector populations through insecticides; its continued use has led to insecticide resistance and unknown consequences on vector competence. This review aims to systematically analyze and synthesize the research on the influence of insecticide resistance (IR) on vector competence (VC). Thirty studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty studies, conducted either in laboratory or field settings, described the influence of phenotypic insecticide resistance and mechanisms on VC in vectors of human pathogens. Seven studies showed the effect of exposure to insecticides on VC in vectors of human pathogens. Three studies reported the influence of phenotypic resistance and mechanisms on VC in crop pests. The evidence shows that IR could enhance, impair, or have no direct effect on VC in either field or laboratory-designed studies. Similar positive and negative trends are found in pest vectors in crops and studies of insecticide exposure and VC. Even though there is evidence that exposure to insecticides and IR can enhance VC, thus increasing the risk of pathogen transmission, more investigations are needed to confirm the observed patterns and what implications these factors could have in vector control programs.
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Gesto JSM, Pinto SB, Dias FBS, Peixoto J, Costa G, Kutcher S, Montgomery J, Green BR, Anders KL, Ryan PA, Simmons CP, O'Neill SL, Moreira LA. Large-Scale Deployment and Establishment of Wolbachia Into the Aedes aegypti Population in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:711107. [PMID: 34394061 PMCID: PMC8356046 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.711107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional methods of vector control have proven insufficient to reduce the alarming incidence of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya in endemic countries. The bacterium symbiont Wolbachia has emerged as an efficient pathogen-blocking and self-dispersing agent that reduces the vectorial potential of Aedes aegypti populations and potentially impairs arboviral disease transmission. In this work, we report the results of a large-scale Wolbachia intervention in Ilha do Governador, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. wMel-infected adults were released across residential areas between August 2017 and March 2020. Over 131 weeks, including release and post-release phases, we monitored the wMel prevalence in field specimens and analyzed introgression profiles of two assigned intervention areas, RJ1 and RJ2. Our results revealed that wMel successfully invaded both areas, reaching overall infection rates of 50-70% in RJ1 and 30-60% in RJ2 by the end of the monitoring period. At the neighborhood-level, wMel introgression was heterogeneous in both RJ1 and RJ2, with some profiles sustaining a consistent increase in infection rates and others failing to elicit the same. Correlation analysis revealed a weak overall association between RJ1 and RJ2 (r = 0.2849, p = 0.0236), and an association at a higher degree when comparing different deployment strategies, vehicle or backpack-assisted, within RJ1 (r = 0.4676, p < 0.0001) or RJ2 (r = 0.6263, p < 0.0001). The frequency knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles in wMel-infected specimens from both areas were consistently high over this study. Altogether, these findings corroborate that wMel can be successfully deployed at large-scale as part of vector control intervention strategies and provide the basis for imminent disease impact studies in Southeastern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Silveira Moledo Gesto
- Grupo Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno Vetor, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,World Mosquito Program, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sofia B Pinto
- Grupo Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno Vetor, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,World Mosquito Program, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Braga Stehling Dias
- World Mosquito Program, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Gabinete da Presidência, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia Peixoto
- World Mosquito Program, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Simon Kutcher
- World Mosquito Program, Institute of Vector Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqui Montgomery
- World Mosquito Program, Institute of Vector Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin R Green
- World Mosquito Program, Institute of Vector Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine L Anders
- World Mosquito Program, Institute of Vector Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter A Ryan
- World Mosquito Program, Institute of Vector Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Cameron P Simmons
- World Mosquito Program, Institute of Vector Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott L O'Neill
- World Mosquito Program, Institute of Vector Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Luciano Andrade Moreira
- Grupo Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno Vetor, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,World Mosquito Program, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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