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Bakker JW, Esser HJ, Sprong H, Godeke GJ, Hoornweg TE, de Boer WF, Pijlman GP, Koenraadt CJM. Differential susceptibility of geographically distinct Ixodes ricinus populations to tick-borne encephalitis virus and louping ill virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2321992. [PMID: 38484290 PMCID: PMC10946273 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2321992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is an emerging pathogen in the Netherlands. Multiple divergent viral strains are circulating and the focal distribution of TBEV remains poorly understood. This may, however, be explained by differences in the susceptibility of tick populations for specific viruses and viral strains, and by viral strains having higher infection success in their local tick population. We investigated this hypothesis by exposing Dutch Ixodes ricinus ticks to two different TBEV strains: TBEV-NL from the Netherlands and TBEV-Neudoerfl from Austria. In addition, we exposed ticks to louping Ill virus (LIV), which is endemic to large parts of the United Kingdom and Ireland, but has not been reported in the Netherlands. Ticks were collected from two locations in the Netherlands: one location without evidence of TBEV circulation and one location endemic for the TBEV-NL strain. Ticks were infected in a biosafety level 3 laboratory using an artificial membrane feeding system. Ticks collected from the region without evidence of TBEV circulation had lower infection rates for TBEV-NL as compared to TBEV-Neudoerfl. Vice versa, ticks collected from the TBEV-NL endemic region had higher infection rates for TBEV-NL compared to TBEV-Neudoerfl. In addition, LIV infection rates were much lower in Dutch ticks compared to TBEV, which may explain why LIV is not present in the Netherlands. Our findings show that ticks from two distinct geographical populations differ in their susceptibility to TBEV strains, which could be the result of differences in the genetic background of the tick populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian W. Bakker
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Helen J. Esser
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hein Sprong
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Godeke
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Tabitha E. Hoornweg
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Willem F. de Boer
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gorben P. Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Taraveau F, Bru D, Quembo CJ, Jourdan-Pineau H. Development of microsatellite markers for the soft tick Ornithodoros phacochoerus. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:301. [PMID: 38992704 PMCID: PMC11238500 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros are responsible for the maintenance and transmission of the African swine fever (ASF) virus in the sylvatic and domestic viral cycles in Southern Africa. They are also the main vectors of the Borrelia species causing relapsing fevers. Currently, no genetic markers are available for Afrotropical Ornithodoros ticks. As ASF spreads globally, such markers are needed to assess the role of ticks in the emergence of new outbreaks. The aim of this study is to design microsatellite markers that could be used for ticks of the Ornithodoros moubata complex, particularly Ornithodoros phacochoerus, to assess population structure and tick movements in ASF endemic areas. METHODS A total of 151 markers were designed using the O. moubata and O. porcinus genomes after elimination of repeated sequences in the genomes. All designed markers were tested on O. phacochoerus and O. porcinus DNA to select the best markers. RESULTS A total of 24 microsatellite markers were genotyped on two populations of O. phacochoerus and on individuals from four other Ornithodoros species. Nineteen markers were selected to be as robust as possible for population genetic studies on O. phacochoerus. CONCLUSIONS The microsatellite markers developed here represent the first genetic tool to study nidicolous populations of O. phacochoerus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Taraveau
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Campus de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - David Bru
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Campus de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Carlos João Quembo
- Central Region Office-Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Chimoio, EN6.CP42, Mozambique
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Castañeda S, Adeniyi-Ipadeola G, Wu Y, Suarez-Reyes C, Jain A, Ramírez JD, Weatherhead JE. Characterizing Excretory-Secretory Products Proteome Across Larval Development Stages in Ascaris suum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.03.601870. [PMID: 39005370 PMCID: PMC11245028 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.03.601870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum are parasitic nematodes that primarily infest the small intestines of humans and pigs, respectively. Ascariasis poses a significant threat to human health and swine health. Understanding Ascaris larval development is crucial for developing novel therapeutic interventions that will prevent ascariasis in both humans and pigs. This study aimed to characterize the excretory-secretory (ES) proteome of different Ascaris suum larval stages (L3-egg, L3-lung, L3-trachea) to identify potential targets for intervention to prevent Ascaris -induced global morbidity. Methods Stage-specific larvae were isolated, cultured in vitro and ES-product was collected. Third-stage Ascaris larvae (L3) were isolated from embryonated eggs (L3-egg), isolated from the lungs of Balb/c mice infected with Ascaris suum eggs at day 8 post infection (L3-lungs) and isolated from the trachea of Balb/c mice infected with Ascaris suum eggs at day 12 post infection (L3-trachea). ES products were obtained by culturing larvae. Proteomic analysis was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and bioinformatic tools including MaxQuant, Perseus, and Andromeda, following a detailed protocol available on GitHub. The analysis encompassed peptide identification, scoring, and quantification against an organism-specific database, with subsequent quality control, correlation assessment, and differential abundance determination using the Amica algorithm. Results A total of 58 unique proteins were identified in the ES products. Fourteen proteins were common across all stages, while others were stage-specific. Principal component analysis revealed distinct protein profiles for each stage, suggesting qualitatively different proteomes. Gene ontology analysis indicated stage-specific GO enrichment of specific protein classes, such as nuclear proteins in L3-egg ES products and metabolic enzymes in L3-lung and L3-trachea ES products. Discussion This study revealed stage-specific differences in the composition of Ascaris ES products. Further investigation into the functional roles of these proteins and their interactions with host cells is crucial for developing novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies against ascariasis.
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Chen S, Wang T, Luo R, Lu Z, Lan J, Sun Y, Fu Q, Qiu HJ. Genetic Variations of African Swine Fever Virus: Major Challenges and Prospects. Viruses 2024; 16:913. [PMID: 38932205 PMCID: PMC11209373 DOI: 10.3390/v16060913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease affecting pigs and wild boars. It typically presents as a hemorrhagic fever but can also manifest in various forms, ranging from acute to asymptomatic. ASF has spread extensively globally, significantly impacting the swine industry. The complex and highly variable character of the ASFV genome makes vaccine development and disease surveillance extremely difficult. The overall trend in ASFV evolution is towards decreased virulence and increased transmissibility. Factors such as gene mutation, viral recombination, and the strain-specificity of virulence-associated genes facilitate viral variations. This review deeply discusses the influence of these factors on viral immune evasion, pathogenicity, and the ensuing complexities encountered in vaccine development, disease detection, and surveillance. The ultimate goal of this review is to thoroughly explore the genetic evolution patterns and variation mechanisms of ASFV, providing a theoretical foundation for advancement in vaccine and diagnostic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zhanhao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jing Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
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Vu HLX, McVey DS. Recent progress on gene-deleted live-attenuated African swine fever virus vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:60. [PMID: 38480758 PMCID: PMC10937926 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly lethal viral disease in swine, with mortality rates approaching 100%. The disease has spread to many swine-producing countries, leading to significant economic losses and adversely impacting global food security. Extensive efforts have been directed toward developing effective ASF vaccines. Among the vaccinology approaches tested to date, live-attenuated virus (LAV) vaccines produced by rational deleting virulence genes from virulent African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) strains have demonstrated promising safety and efficacy in experimental and field conditions. Many gene-deleted LAV vaccine candidates have been generated in recent years. The virulence genes targeted for deletion from the genome of virulent ASFV strains can be categorized into four groups: Genes implicated in viral genome replication and transcription, genes from the multigene family located at both 5' and 3' termini, genes participating in mediating hemadsorption and putative cellular attachment factors, and novel genes with no known functions. Some promising LAV vaccine candidates are generated by deleting a single viral virulence gene, whereas others are generated by simultaneously deleting multiple genes. This article summarizes the recent progress in developing and characterizing gene-deleted LAV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep L X Vu
- Department of Animal Science, and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - D Scott McVey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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Dupré J, Le Dimna M, Hutet E, Dujardin P, Fablet A, Leroy A, Fleurot I, Karadjian G, Roesch F, Caballero I, Bourry O, Vitour D, Le Potier MF, Caignard G. Exploring type I interferon pathway: virulent vs. attenuated strain of African swine fever virus revealing a novel function carried by MGF505-4R. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1358219. [PMID: 38529285 PMCID: PMC10961335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus represents a significant reemerging threat to livestock populations, as its incidence and geographic distribution have surged over the past decade in Europe, Asia, and Caribbean, resulting in substantial socio-economic burdens and adverse effects on animal health and welfare. In a previous report, we described the protective properties of our newly thermo-attenuated strain (ASFV-989) in pigs against an experimental infection of its parental Georgia 2007/1 virulent strain. In this new study, our objective was to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the attenuation of ASFV-989. We first compared the activation of type I interferon pathway in response to ASFV-989 and Georgia 2007/1 infections, employing both in vivo and in vitro models. Expression of IFN-α was significantly increased in porcine alveolar macrophages infected with ASFV-989 while pigs infected with Georgia 2007/1 showed higher IFN-α than those infected by ASFV-989. We also used a medium-throughput transcriptomic approach to study the expression of viral genes by both strains, and identified several patterns of gene expression. Subsequently, we investigated whether proteins encoded by the eight genes deleted in ASFV-989 contribute to the modulation of the type I interferon signaling pathway. Using different strategies, we showed that MGF505-4R interfered with the induction of IFN-α/β pathway, likely through interaction with TRAF3. Altogether, our data reveal key differences between ASFV-989 and Georgia 2007/1 in their ability to control IFN-α/β signaling and provide molecular mechanisms underlying the role of MGF505-4R as a virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Dupré
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Mireille Le Dimna
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Evelyne Hutet
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Pascal Dujardin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurore Fablet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurélien Leroy
- UMR 1282 Infectiologie et santé publique (ISP), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Isabelle Fleurot
- UMR 1282 Infectiologie et santé publique (ISP), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Grégory Karadjian
- UMR Biologie moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaires (BIPAR), ENVA-INRAE-ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ferdinand Roesch
- UMR 1282 Infectiologie et santé publique (ISP), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Ignacio Caballero
- UMR 1282 Infectiologie et santé publique (ISP), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Olivier Bourry
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie-Frédérique Le Potier
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Grégory Caignard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Li Y, Wang Z, Qing J, Hu D, Vo HT, Thi KT, Wang X, Li X. Application of propidium monoazide quantitative PCR to discriminate of infectious African swine fever viruses. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1290302. [PMID: 38268706 PMCID: PMC10805820 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1290302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is commonly performed using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), a widely used virological method known for its high sensitivity and specificity. However, qPCR has a limitation in distinguishing between infectious and inactivated virus, which can lead to an overestimation of viral targets. Methods To provide insights into ASFV infectivity, we evaluated the suitability of PMAxx, an improved version of propidium monoazide (PMA), as a means to differentiate between infectious and non-infectious ASFV. Pre-treatment with 50 μM PMAxx for 15 min significantly reduced the qPCR signal of ASFV in the live vaccine. Additionally, thermal treatment at 85°C for 5 min effectively inactivated the live ASFV in the vaccine. Based on a standard curve, the sensitivity of the PMAxx-qPCR assay was estimated to be approximately 10 copies/μL. Furthermore, we observed a strong agreement between the results obtained from PMAxx-qPCR and pig challenge experiments. Moreover, we utilized the PMAxx-qPCR assay to investigate the persistence of ASFV, revealing a close relationship between viral persistence and factors such as temperature and type of piggery materials. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that pre-treating viruses with PMAxx prior to qPCR is a reliable method for distinguishing between infectious and non-infectious ASFV. Thus, integrating of PMAxx-qPCR into routine diagnostic protocols holds potential for improving the interpretation of positive ASFV results obtained through qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., (Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology), Dezhou, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., (Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology), Dezhou, China
| | - Jie Qing
- Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., (Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology), Dezhou, China
| | - Dajun Hu
- New Hope Binh Phuoc livestock Co., Ltd., Huyen Hon Quan, Vietnam
| | - Hong Trang Vo
- New Hope Binh Phuoc livestock Co., Ltd., Huyen Hon Quan, Vietnam
| | - Kim Thanh Thi
- New Hope Binh Phuoc livestock Co., Ltd., Huyen Hon Quan, Vietnam
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., (Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology), Dezhou, China
- New Hope Binh Phuoc livestock Co., Ltd., Huyen Hon Quan, Vietnam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Yangling, China
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8
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Liu H, Meng F, Nyaruaba R, He P, Hong W, Jiang M, Liu D, Zhou W, Bai D, Yu J, Wei H. A triton X-100 assisted PMAxx-qPCR assay for rapid assessment of infectious African swine fever virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1062544. [PMID: 36545208 PMCID: PMC9760672 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1062544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly infectious disease of pigs, caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). The lack of vaccines and drugs makes strict disinfection practices to be one of the main measurements to curb the transmission of ASF. Therefore, it is important to assess if all viruses are inactivated after disinfection or after long time exposure in their natural conditions. Currently, the infectivity of ASFV is determined by virus isolation and culture in a biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory. However, BSL-3 laboratories are not readily available, need skilled expertise and may be time consuming. Methods In this study, a Triton X-100 assisted PMAxx-qPCR method was developed for rapid assessment of infectious ASFV in samples. PMAxx, an improved version of propidium monoazide (PMA), can covalently cross-link with naked ASFV-DNA or DNA inside inactivated ASFV virions under assistance of 0.1% (v/v) TritonX-100, but not with ASFV-DNA inside live virions. Formation of PMAxx-DNA conjugates prevents PCR amplification, leaving only infectious virions to be detected. Under optimum conditions, the limit of detection of the PMAxx-qPCR assay was 2.32log10HAD50/mL of infectious ASFV. Testing different samples showed that the PMAxx-qPCR assay was effective to evaluate intact ASFV virions after treatment by heat or chemical disinfectants and in simulated samples such as swine tissue homogenate, swine saliva swabs, and environmental swabs. However, whole-blood and saliva need to be diluted before testing because they may inhibit the PCR reaction or the cross-linking of PMAxx with DNA. Conclusion The Triton X-100 assisted PMAxx-qPCR assay took less than 3 h from sample to result, offering an easier and faster way for assessing infectious ASFV in samples from places like pig farms and pork markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
| | - Raphael Nyaruaba
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengwei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
| | - Dongqing Liu
- Comprehensive Agricultural Law Enforcement Bureau, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junping Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Wuhan), Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Junping Yu,
| | - Hongping Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Wuhan), Wuhan, China,Hongping Wei,
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9
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Ruiz-Saenz J, Diaz A, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Martinez-Gutierrez M, Aguilar PV. African swine fever virus: A re-emerging threat to the swine industry and food security in the Americas. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1011891. [PMID: 36274746 PMCID: PMC9581234 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1011891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia,*Correspondence: Julian Ruiz-Saenz ;
| | - Andres Diaz
- PIC—Pig Improvement Company, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Veterinaria, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Patricia V. Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States,Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Ahmed A, Abubakr M, Sami H, Mahdi I, Mohamed NS, Zinsstag J. The First Molecular Detection of Aedes albopictus in Sudan Associates with Increased Outbreaks of Chikungunya and Dengue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911802. [PMID: 36233103 PMCID: PMC9570206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of our surveys of the invasive malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in four Sudanese states, including North and South Kordofan, Sennar, and White Nile, we collected 166 larvae. Our morphological identification confirmed that 30% of the collected mosquito samples were Anopheles species, namely An. gambiae s.l. and An. stephensi, while the 117 Aedes specimens were Ae. luteocephalus (39%), Ae. aegypti (32%), Ae. vexans (9%), Ae. vittatus (9%), Ae. africanus (6%), Ae. metalicus (3%), and Ae. albopictus (3%). Considering the serious threat of Ae. albopictus emergence for the public health in the area and our limited resources, we prioritized Ae. albopictus samples for further genomic analysis. We extracted the DNA from the three specimens and subsequently sequenced the cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene and confirmed their identity as Aedes albopictus and their potential origin by phylogenetic and haplotype analyses. Aedes albopictus, originating from Southeast Asia, is an invasive key vector of chikungunya and dengue. This is the first report and molecular characterization of Ae. albopictus from Sudan. Our sequences cluster with populations from the Central African Republic and La Réunion. Worryingly, this finding associates with a major increase in chikungunya and dengue outbreaks in rural areas of the study region and might be linked to the mosquito’s spread across the region. The emergence of Ae. albopictus in Sudan is of serious public health concern and urges for the improvement of the vector surveillance and control system through the implementation of an integrated molecular xenosurveillance. The threat of major arboviral diseases in the region underlines the need for the institutionalization of the One Health strategy for the prevention and control of future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Ahmed
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +249-123997091
| | - Mustafa Abubakr
- Directorate of Environmental Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Hamza Sami
- Directorate of the Integrated Vector Management (IVM), Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Isam Mahdi
- Directorate of the Integrated Vector Management (IVM), Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Nouh S. Mohamed
- Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Detection of African Swine Fever Virus in Ornithodoros Tick Species Associated with Indigenous and Extralimital Warthog Populations in South Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081617. [PMID: 35893686 PMCID: PMC9331695 DOI: 10.3390/v14081617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the possibility that sylvatic circulation of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in warthogs and Ornithodoros ticks had extended beyond the historically affected northern part of South Africa that was declared a controlled area in 1935 to prevent the spread of infection to the rest of the country. We recently reported finding antibody to the virus in extralimital warthogs in the south of the country, and now describe the detection of infected ticks outside the controlled area. A total of 5078 ticks was collected at 45 locations in 7/9 provinces during 2019-2021 and assayed as 711 pools for virus content by qPCR, while 221 pools were also analysed for tick phylogenetics. Viral nucleic acid was detected in 50 tick pools representing all four members of the Ornithodoros (Ornithodoros) moubata complex known to occur in South Africa: O. (O.) waterbergensis and O. (O.) phacochoerus species yielded ASFV genotypes XX, XXI, XXII at 4 locations and O. (O.) moubata yielded ASFV genotype I at two locations inside the controlled area. Outside the controlled area, O. (O.) moubata and O. (O.) compactus ticks yielded ASFV genotype I at 7 locations, while genotype III ASFV was identified in O. (O.) compactus ticks at a single location. Two of the three species of the O. (O.) savignyi complex ticks known to be present in the country, O. (O.) kalahariensis and O. (O.) noorsveldensis, were collected at single locations and found negative for virus. The only member of the Pavlovskyella subgenus of Ornithodoros ticks known to occur in South Africa, O. (P.) zumpti, was collected from warthog burrows for the first time, in Addo National Park in the Eastern Cape Province where ASFV had never been recorded, and it tested negative for the viral nucleic acid. While it is confirmed that there is sylvatic circulation of ASFV outside the controlled area in South Africa, there is a need for more extensive surveillance and for vector competence studies with various species of Ornithodoros ticks.
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12
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Bernard C, Holzmuller P, Bah MT, Bastien M, Combes B, Jori F, Grosbois V, Vial L. Systematic Review on Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Enzootic Cycle and Factors Favoring Virus Transmission: Special Focus on France, an Apparently Free-Disease Area in Europe. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:932304. [PMID: 35928117 PMCID: PMC9343853 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.932304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic disease resulting in hemorrhagic syndrome in humans. Its causative agent is naturally transmitted by ticks to non-human vertebrate hosts within an enzootic sylvatic cycle. Ticks are considered biological vectors, as well as reservoirs for CCHF virus (CCHFV), as they are able to maintain the virus for several months or even years and to transmit CCHFV to other ticks. Although animals are not symptomatic, some of them can sufficiently replicate the virus, becoming a source of infection for ticks as well as humans through direct contact with contaminated body fluids. The recent emergence of CCHF in Spain indicates that tick–human interaction rates promoting virus transmission are changing and lead to the emergence of CCHF. In other European countries such as France, the presence of one of its main tick vectors and the detection of antibodies targeting CCHFV in animals, at least in Corsica and in the absence of human cases, suggest that CCHFV could be spreading silently. In this review, we study the CCHFV epidemiological cycle as hypothesized in the French local context and select the most likely parameters that may influence virus transmission among tick vectors and non-human vertebrate hosts. For this, a total of 1,035 articles dating from 1957 to 2021 were selected for data extraction. This study made it possible to identify the tick species that seem to be the best candidate vectors of CCHFV in France, but also to highlight the importance of the abundance and composition of local host communities on vectors' infection prevalence. Regarding the presumed transmission cycle involving Hyalomma marginatum, as it might exist in France, at least in Corsica, it is assumed that tick vectors are still weakly infected and the probability of disease emergence in humans remains low. The likelihood of factors that may modify this equilibrium is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Bernard
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- French Establishment for Fighting Zoonoses (ELIZ), Malzéville, France
- *Correspondence: Célia Bernard
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Madiou Thierno Bah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Bastien
- French Establishment for Fighting Zoonoses (ELIZ), Malzéville, France
| | - Benoit Combes
- French Establishment for Fighting Zoonoses (ELIZ), Malzéville, France
| | - Ferran Jori
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Vladimir Grosbois
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Vial
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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13
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Beato MS, D’Errico F, Iscaro C, Petrini S, Giammarioli M, Feliziani F. Disinfectants against African Swine Fever: An Updated Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071384. [PMID: 35891365 PMCID: PMC9315964 DOI: 10.3390/v14071384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF), a hemorrhagic disease with a high mortality rate in suids, is transmitted via direct and indirect contact with infectious animals and contaminated fomites, respectively. ASF reached Europe in 2014, affecting 14 of the 27 EU countries including, recently, the Italian peninsula. The fast and unprecedented spread of ASF in the EU has highlighted gaps in knowledge regarding transmission mechanisms. Fomites, such as contaminated clothing and footwear, farming tools, equipment and vehicles have been widely reported in the spread of ASF. The absence of available vaccines renders biosecurity measures, cleaning and disinfection procedures an essential control tool, to a greater degree than the others, for the prevention of primary and secondary introductions of ASF in pig farms. In this review, available data on the virucidal activity of chemical compounds as disinfectants against the ASF virus (ASFV) are summarized together with laboratory methods adopted to assess the virucidal activity.
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14
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Migné CV, Braga de Seixas H, Heckmann A, Galon C, Mohd Jaafar F, Monsion B, Attoui H, Moutailler S. Evaluation of Vector Competence of Ixodes Ticks for Kemerovo Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:1102. [PMID: 35632845 PMCID: PMC9147894 DOI: 10.3390/v14051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne viruses are responsible for various symptoms in humans and animals, ranging from simple fever to neurological disorders or haemorrhagic fevers. The Kemerovo virus (KEMV) is a tick-borne orbivirus, and it has been suspected to be responsible for human encephalitis cases in Russia and central Europe. It has been isolated from Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes ricinus ticks. In a previous study, we assessed the vector competence of I. ricinus larvae from Slovakia for KEMV, using an artificial feeding system. In the current study, we used the same system to infect different tick population/species, including I. ricinus larvae from France and nymphs from Slovakia, and I. persulcatus larvae from Russia. We successfully confirmed the first two criteria of vector competence, namely, virus acquisition and trans-stadial transmission, for both tick species that we tested. The estimated infection rates of engorged and moulted ticks suggest specificities between viral strains and tick species/developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Victoire Migné
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.V.M.); (H.B.d.S.); (A.H.); (C.G.)
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.M.J.); (B.M.)
| | - Hélène Braga de Seixas
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.V.M.); (H.B.d.S.); (A.H.); (C.G.)
| | - Aurélie Heckmann
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.V.M.); (H.B.d.S.); (A.H.); (C.G.)
| | - Clémence Galon
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.V.M.); (H.B.d.S.); (A.H.); (C.G.)
| | - Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.M.J.); (B.M.)
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.M.J.); (B.M.)
| | - Houssam Attoui
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.M.J.); (B.M.)
| | - Sara Moutailler
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.V.M.); (H.B.d.S.); (A.H.); (C.G.)
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15
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Schäfer M, Pfaff F, Höper D, Silaghi C. Early Transcriptional Changes in the Midgut of Ornithodoros moubata after Feeding and Infection with Borrelia duttonii. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030525. [PMID: 35336101 PMCID: PMC8948914 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on tick-pathogen-host interactions are helping to identify candidates for vaccines against ticks and tick-borne diseases and to discover potent bioactive tick molecules. The tick midgut is the main tissue involved in blood feeding and, moreover, the first organ to have contact with pathogens ingested through the blood meal. As little is known about the molecular biology of feeding and tick defence mechanisms against microorganisms, but important for understanding vector-pathogen interactions, we explored the early transcriptional changes in the midgut of Ornithodoros moubata after feeding and in response to challenge with the relapsing-fever spirochete Borrelia duttonii using the Ion S5XL platform. Besides transcripts with metabolic function and immune-related transcripts we discovered numerous putative and uncharacterized protein sequences. Overall, our analyses support previous studies and provides a valuable reference database for further functional proteomic analysis of midgut proteins of O. moubata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Schäfer
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
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16
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Pereira De Oliveira R, Vial L, Le Potier MF. Quantification of ASFV DNA and RNA in Ornithodoros Soft Ticks. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2503:105-118. [PMID: 35575889 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2333-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular biology methods are highly sensitive to detect the genome of pathogens and to study their biology. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription followed by a polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) permit the detection of the presence and the replication of African swine fever virus in soft ticks. Here, we described our techniques to detect and quantify DNA and RNA of African swine fever virus in soft ticks including a housekeeping gene of soft ticks as internal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Pereira De Oliveira
- UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), CIRAD-INRAE-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané/Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France.
| | - Laurence Vial
- UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), CIRAD-INRAE-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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17
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Craig AF, Heath L, Crafford JE, Richt JA, Swanepoel R. Updated distribution and host records for the argasid tick Ornithodoros (Pavlovskyella) zumpti: A potential vector of African swine fever virus in South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2021; 88:e1-e4. [PMID: 34918522 PMCID: PMC8678965 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v88i1.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a lethal and contagious disease of domestic pigs. In South Africa, the virus historically circulated in warthogs and ornithodorid ticks that were only found in warthog burrows in the north of the country. Regulations implemented in 1935 to prevent transfer of infected animals or products to the south initially proved effective but from 2016 there have been outbreaks of disease in the south that cannot be traced to transfer of infection from the north. From 1963 there were widespread translocations of warthogs to the south, initially from a source considered to be free of ornithodorid ticks. We undertook to determine whether sylvatic circulation of ASFV occurs in the south, including identification of potential new vectors, through testing extralimital warthogs for antibody and ticks for virus. Results of testing warthogs for antibody and other species of ticks for virus will be presented separately. Here we report finding Ornithodoros (Pavlovskyella) zumpti ticks in warthog burrows for the first time. This occurred in the Eastern Cape Province (ECP) in 2019. Since African swine fever was recognised in the ECP for the first time in 2020 and outbreaks of the disease in domestic pigs continue to occur there, priority should be given to determining the distribution range and vector potential of O. (P.) zumpti for ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony F Craig
- Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
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18
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Wang J, Ji M, Yuan B, Luo A, Jiang Z, Zhu T, Liu Y, Kamau PM, Jin L, Lai R. Peptide OPTX-1 From Ornithodoros papillipes Tick Inhibits the pS273R Protease of African Swine Fever Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:778309. [PMID: 34925282 PMCID: PMC8678048 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.778309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus and causes high mortality in swine. ASFV can be transmitted by biological vectors, including soft ticks in genus Ornithodoros but not hard ticks. However, the underlying mechanisms evolved in the vectorial capacity of soft ticks are not well-understood. Here, we found that a defensin-like peptide toxin OPTX-1 identified from Ornithodoros papillipes inhibits the enzyme activity of the ASFV pS273R protease with a Ki =0.821±0.526μM and shows inhibitory activity on the replication of ASFV. The analogs of OPTX-1 from hard ticks show more inhibitory efficient on pS273R protease. Considering that ticks are blood-sucking animals, we tested the effects of OPTX-1 and its analogs on the coagulation system. At last, top 3D structures represented surface analyses of the binding sites of pS273R with different inhibitors that were obtained by molecular docking based on known structural information. In summary, our study provides evidence that different inhibitory efficiencies between soft tick-derived OPTX-1 and hard tick-derived defensin-like peptides may determine the vector and reservoir competence of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Sino-African Joint Research Center, and Engineering Laboratory of Peptides, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Mengyao Ji
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Sino-African Joint Research Center, and Engineering Laboratory of Peptides, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Bingqian Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Anna Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Sino-African Joint Research Center, and Engineering Laboratory of Peptides, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenyuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Sino-African Joint Research Center, and Engineering Laboratory of Peptides, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Tengyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Sino-African Joint Research Center, and Engineering Laboratory of Peptides, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Sino-African Joint Research Center, and Engineering Laboratory of Peptides, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Peter Muiruri Kamau
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Sino-African Joint Research Center, and Engineering Laboratory of Peptides, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Sino-African Joint Research Center, and Engineering Laboratory of Peptides, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ren Lai
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Sino-African Joint Research Center, and Engineering Laboratory of Peptides, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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