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Esayas E, Assefa M, Bennett A, Thomsen E, Gowelo S, Vajda E, Getachew A, Ashine T, Yeshaneh A, Kassa FA, Demisse M, Ntuku H, Dinka H, Golassa L, Lobo NF, Gadisa E. Bionomic characterization of Anopheles mosquitoes in the Ethiopian highlands and lowlands. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:306. [PMID: 39014474 PMCID: PMC11251230 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protective effectiveness of vector control in malaria relies on how the implemented tools overlap with mosquito species-specific compositions and bionomic traits. In Ethiopia, targeted entomological data enabling strategic decision-making are lacking around high-risk migrant worker camps in the lowlands and resident communities in the highlands-resulting in suboptimal malaria control strategies for both populations. This study investigates spatial and temporal mosquito behavior, generating baseline evidence that will improve malaria control for both migrant workers in the lowlands and their home communities in the highlands. METHODS Hourly Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light trap collections were performed indoors and outdoors during the peak (October to December 2022) and minor (March to May 2023) malaria transmission seasons. These seasons coincide with the post-long rain and post-short rain seasons, respectively. Eight resident households were sampled from each of four villages in the highlands and eight households/farm structures on and near farms in four villages in the lowlands. The sampling occurred between 18:00 and 06:00. Spatiotemporal vector behaviors and hourly indoor and outdoor mosquito capture rates, used as a proxy for human biting rates, were calculated for overall catches and for individual species. Adult mosquitoes were identified using morphological keys, and a subset of samples were confirmed to species by sequencing ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) and/or mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (Cox1). RESULTS In the highlands, 4697 Anopheles mosquitoes belonging to 13 morphologically identified species were collected. The predominant species of Anopheles identified in the highlands was An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) (n = 1970, 41.9%), followed by An. demeilloni (n = 1133, 24.1%) and An. cinereus (n = 520, 11.0%). In the lowland villages, 3220 mosquitoes belonging to 18 morphological species were collected. Anopheles gambiae s.l. (n = 1190, 36.9%), An. pretoriensis (n = 899, 27.9%), and An. demeilloni (n = 564, 17.5%) were the predominant species. A total of 20 species were identified molecularly, of which three could not be identified to species through comparison with published sequences. In highland villages, the indoor Anopheles mosquito capture rate was much greater than the outdoor rate. This trend reversed in the lowlands, where the rate of outdoor captures was greater than the indoor rate. In both highlands and lowlands, Anopheles mosquitoes showed early biting activities in the evening, which peaked between 18:00 and 21:00, for both indoor and outdoor locations. CONCLUSIONS The high diversity of Anopheles vectors and their variable behaviors result in a dynamic and resilient transmission system impacting both exposure to infectious bites and intervention effectiveness. This creates gaps in protection allowing malaria transmission to persist. To achieve optimal control, one-size-fits-all strategies must be abandoned, and interventions should be tailored to the diverse spatiotemporal behaviors of different mosquito populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endashaw Esayas
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Muluken Assefa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adam Bennett
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Seattle, USA
| | - Edward Thomsen
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Steven Gowelo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Elodie Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Asefaw Getachew
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Ashine
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Yeshaneh
- West Gondar Zone Health Department, Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Metema, Ethiopia
| | - Fikregabrail Aberra Kassa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Demisse
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Henry Ntuku
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Seattle, USA
| | - Hunduma Dinka
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Amane M, Echchakery M, Dardouna Z, Hafidi M, Boussaa S. Repellent and insecticidal activities of vegetal material against sand fly populations (Diptera: Psychodidae): Systematic review and Meta-analysis. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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da Cruz Albino R, Braz MM, Bizzo HR, Santana da Silva RV, Leitão SG, Ribeiro de Oliveira D. Amazonian medicinal smokes: Chemical analysis of Burseraceae pitch (breu) oleoresin smokes and insights into their use on headache. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 276:114165. [PMID: 33932517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Latin American Traditional Medicine, the use of Burseraceae oleoresins for headache relief is widespread. In the quilombola (maroon) communities of the municipality of Oriximiná, Pará State, Brazil, Burseraceae oleoresins are burned as incenses to treat headache; an effect attained by inhaling the smokes. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to investigate the scientific rationale behind the use of Burseraceae pitch oleoresin smokes on headache by identifying its chemical constituents and discussing whether they could be beneficial for headache treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two samples of pitch oleoresins were purchased from Amazonian public markets; one of them marketed as "breu preto" (black pitch), and the other as "breu branco" (white pitch). The smoke headspaces produced upon burning these oleoresins were collected and analysed by GC-MS. For comparative purposes, the triterpenoid fingerprints of the oleoresins' dichloromethane extracts and profiles of the essential oils were also obtained by GC-MS - and GC-FID, in the case of the essential oils. RESULTS A total of 32 compounds were detected in black and white pitch oleoresin smokes. All smoke headspaces of the pitch oleoresins shared the presence of volatile terpenoids (e.g., α-terpineol) and triterpenoids (e.g., α-amyrin, β-amyrin, α-amyrone, and β-amyrone). These compounds were also present in the crude resins and could potentially be responsible for anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and analgesic effects on headache. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacological data on the terpenoids detected in the Burseraceae pitch smokes strongly support their traditional use for headache, but their actual effects upon inhalation have yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayane da Cruz Albino
- Laboratory of Bioprospection and Applied Ethnopharmacology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcelle Magalhães Braz
- Laboratory of Bioprospection and Applied Ethnopharmacology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Raquel Vieira Santana da Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Environmental Organic Geochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Suzana Guimarães Leitão
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Farmacognosia, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Ribeiro de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Bioprospection and Applied Ethnopharmacology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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