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Zhang Y, Wang H, Du J, Wang Y, Zang C, Cheng P, Liu L, Zhang C, Lou Z, Lei J, Wu J, Gong M, Liu H. Population genetic structure of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in different types of climatic zones in China. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:673. [PMID: 38969975 PMCID: PMC11225206 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10589-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culex tritaeniorhynchus is widely distributed in China, from Hainan Island in the south to Heilongjiang in the north, covering tropical, subtropical, and temperate climate zones. Culex tritaeniorhynchus carries 19 types of arboviruses. It is the main vector of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), posing a serious threat to human health. Understanding the effects of environmental factors on Culex tritaeniorhynchus can provide important insights into its population structure or isolation patterns, which is currently unclear. RESULTS In total, 138 COI haplotypes were detected in the 552 amplified sequences, and the haplotype diversity (Hd) value increased from temperate (0.534) to tropical (0.979) regions. The haplotype phylogeny analysis revealed that the haplotypes were divided into two high-support evolutionary branches. Temperate populations were predominantly distributed in evolutionary branch II, showing some genetic isolation from tropical/subtropical populations and less gene flow between groups. The neutral test results of HNQH (Qionghai) and HNHK(Haikou) populations were negative (P < 0.05), indicating many low-frequency mutations in the populations and that the populations might be in the process of expansion. Moreover, Wolbachia infection was detected only in SDJN (Jining) (2.24%), and all Wolbachia genotypes belonged to supergroup B. To understand the influence of environmental factors on mosquito-borne viruses, we examined the prevalence of Culex tritaeniorhynchus infection in three ecological environments in Shandong Province. We discovered that the incidence of JEV infection was notably greater in Culex tritaeniorhynchus from lotus ponds compared to those from irrigation canal regions. In this study, the overall JEV infection rate was 15.27 per 1000, suggesting the current risk of Japanese encephalitis outbreaks in Shandong Province. CONCLUSIONS Tropical and subtropical populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus showed higher genetic diversity and those climatic conditions provide great advantages for the establishment and expansion of Culex tritaeniorhynchus. There are differences in JEV infection rates in wild populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus under different ecological conditions. Our results suggest a complex interplay of genetic differentiation, population structure, and environmental factors in shaping the dynamics of Culex tritaeniorhynchus. The low prevalence of Wolbachia in wild populations may reflect the recent presence of Wolbachia invasion in Culex tritaeniorhynchus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Du
- Zibo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 255026, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yandong Wang
- Zibo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 255026, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhui Zang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongxing Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Lou
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Lei
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoqing Gong
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, 272033, People's Republic of China.
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Sukupayo PR, Poudel RC, Ghimire TR. Nature's Solution to Aedes Vectors: Toxorhynchites as a Biocontrol Agent. J Trop Med 2024; 2024:3529261. [PMID: 38948015 PMCID: PMC11213640 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3529261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the predatory potential of Toxorhynchites mosquitoes as biological control agents for Aedes vectors. A single larva can consume hundreds of mosquito larvae during its development, with preference for larger prey and higher consumption rates at higher prey densities. Studies suggest Toxorhynchites can significantly reduce Aedes populations. Beyond direct predation, they may indirectly influence prey behavior and adult mosquito lifespan. Despite the demonstrably positive effects of Toxorhynchites species as biocontrol agents, there are acknowledged limitations that require further investigation. These limitations include potential variations in effectiveness across diverse habitats and mosquito developmental stages. Additionally, long-term ecological sustainability and potential ramifications warrant further research. Future efforts should prioritize optimizing rearing and release strategies to enhance effectiveness. Exploring the potential for combined control methods with other biocontrol agents or traditional methods is also crucial. Finally, investigating the influence of environmental factors on predation rates can further refine and optimize the application of Toxorhynchites in mosquito control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punya Ram Sukupayo
- Department of ZoologyBhaktapur Multiple CampusTribhuvan University, Bhaktapur, Nepal
- Central Department of ZoologyTribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ram Chandra Poudel
- Molecular Biotechnology UnitNepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Tirth Raj Ghimire
- Department of ZoologyTri-Chandra Multiple CampusTribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Zadra N, Tatti A, Silverj A, Piccinno R, Devilliers J, Lewis C, Arnoldi D, Montarsi F, Escuer P, Fusco G, De Sanctis V, Feuda R, Sánchez-Gracia A, Rizzoli A, Rota-Stabelli O. Shallow Whole-Genome Sequencing of Aedes japonicus and Aedes koreicus from Italy and an Updated Picture of Their Evolution Based on Mitogenomics and Barcoding. INSECTS 2023; 14:904. [PMID: 38132578 PMCID: PMC10743467 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Aedes japonicus and Aedes koreicus are two invasive mosquitoes native to East Asia that are quickly establishing in temperate regions of Europe. Both species are vectors of arboviruses, but we currently lack a clear understanding of their evolution. Here, we present new short-read, shallow genome sequencing of A. japonicus and A. koreicus individuals from northern Italy, which we used for downstream phylogenetic and barcode analyses. We explored associated microbial DNA and found high occurrences of Delftia bacteria in both samples, but neither Asaia nor Wolbachia. We then assembled complete mitogenomes and used these data to infer divergence times estimating the split of A. japonicus from A. koreicus in the Oligocene, which was more recent than that previously reported using mitochondrial markers. We recover a younger age for most other nodes within Aedini and other Culicidae. COI barcoding and phylogenetic analyses indicate that A. japonicus yaeyamensis, A. japonicus amamiensis, and the two A. koreicus sampled from Europe should be considered as separate species within a monophyletic species complex. Our studies further clarify the evolution of A. japonicus and A. koreicus, and indicate the need to obtain whole-genome data from putative species in order to disentangle their complex patterns of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Zadra
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (N.Z.); (A.T.); (A.S.); (R.P.)
- CIBIO Department, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy;
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (D.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessia Tatti
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (N.Z.); (A.T.); (A.S.); (R.P.)
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (D.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Silverj
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (N.Z.); (A.T.); (A.S.); (R.P.)
- CIBIO Department, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy;
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (D.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Riccardo Piccinno
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (N.Z.); (A.T.); (A.S.); (R.P.)
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (D.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Julien Devilliers
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (J.D.); (C.L.); (R.F.)
| | - Clifton Lewis
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (J.D.); (C.L.); (R.F.)
| | - Daniele Arnoldi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (D.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Fabrizio Montarsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Paula Escuer
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.E.); (A.S.-G.)
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Fusco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | | | - Roberto Feuda
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (J.D.); (C.L.); (R.F.)
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Gracia
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.E.); (A.S.-G.)
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (D.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (N.Z.); (A.T.); (A.S.); (R.P.)
- CIBIO Department, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy;
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (D.A.); (A.R.)
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Shin J, Rahman MM, Kim J, Marcombe S, Jung J. Genetic Diversity of Dengue Vector Aedes albopictus Collected from South Korea, Japan, and Laos. INSECTS 2023; 14:297. [PMID: 36975982 PMCID: PMC10051289 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus is native to Southeast Asia and has emerged as a major vector for vector-borne diseases that are spreading rapidly worldwide. Recent studies have shown that Ae. albopictus populations have different genetic groups dependent on their thermal adaptations; however, studies on Korean populations are limited. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity and structure of two mitochondrial genes (COI and ND5) and sixteen microsatellites in mosquitoes inhabiting Korea, Japan, and Laos. The results indicate that the Korean population has low genetic diversity, with an independent cluster distinct from the Laos population. Mixed clusters have also been observed in the Korean population. On the basis of these findings, two hypotheses are proposed. First, certain Korean populations are native. Second, some subpopulations that descended from the metapopulation (East Asian countries) were introduced to Japan before migrating to Korea. Furthermore, we previously demonstrated that Ae. albopictus appears to have been imported to Korea. In conclusion, the dengue-virus-carrying mosquitoes could migrate to Korea from Southeast Asian epidemic regions, where they can survive during the severe winter months. The key findings can be used to establish an integrated pest management strategy based on population genetics for the Korean Ae. albopictus population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeong Shin
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- The Division of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Md-Mafizur Rahman
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Juil Kim
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Program of Applied Biology, Division of Bio-resource Sciences, CALS, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sébastien Marcombe
- Vector Control Consulting—South East Asia (VCC-SEA), Vientian 01000, Laos
| | - Jongwoo Jung
- The Division of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science Education, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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