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Kambou SS, Valente A, Agnew P, Hien DFDS, Yerbanga RS, Moiroux N, Dabire KR, Pennetier C, Cohuet A, Carrasco D. Non-contact detection of pyrethroids widely used in vector control by Anopheles mosquitoes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298512. [PMID: 38995958 PMCID: PMC11244766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroids are the most widely used insecticides to control vector borne diseases including malaria. Physiological resistance mechanisms to these insecticides have been well described, whereas those for behavioral resistance remain overlooked. Field data suggest the presence of spatial sensory detection by Anopheles mosquitoes of the pyrethroid molecules used in insecticide-based control tools, such as long-lasting insecticide nets or insecticide residual spraying. This opens the way to the emergence of a wide range of behavioral adaptations among malaria vectors. However, the spatial sensory detection of these molecules is controversial and needs to be demonstrated. The goal of this study was to behaviorally characterize the non-contact detection of three of the most common pyrethroids used for malaria vector control: permethrin, deltamethrin an ⍺-cypermethrin. To reach this goal, we recorded the behavior (takeoff response) of Anopheles gambiae pyrethroid-sensitive and resistant laboratory strains, as well as field collected mosquitoes from the Gambiae Complex, when exposed to the headspace of bottles containing different doses of the insecticides at 25 and 35°C, in order to represent a range of laboratory and field temperatures. We found the proportion of laboratory susceptible and resistant female mosquitoes that took off was, in all treatments, dose and the temperature dependent. Sensitive mosquitoes were significantly more prone to take off only in the presence of ⍺-cypermethrin, whereas sensitive and resistant mosquitoes showed similar responses to permethrin and deltamethrin. Field-collected mosquitoes of the Gambiae Complex were also responsive to permethrin, independently of the species identity (An. gambiae, An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis) or their genotypes for the kdr mutation, known to confer resistance to pyrethroids. The observed ability of Anopheles spp. mosquitoes to detect insecticides without contact could favor the evolution of behavioral modifications that may allow them to avoid or reduce the adverse effect of insecticides and thus, the development of behavioral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassan Simplice Kambou
- MIVEGEC, University Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Adeline Valente
- MIVEGEC, University Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Philip Agnew
- MIVEGEC, University Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Domonbabele François de Sales Hien
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rakiswendé Serge Yerbanga
- MIVEGEC, University Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Institut des Sciences et Techniques (InSTech), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicolas Moiroux
- MIVEGEC, University Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Kounbobr Roch Dabire
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Anna Cohuet
- MIVEGEC, University Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - David Carrasco
- MIVEGEC, University Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Duffield GE. Circadian and daily rhythms of disease vector mosquitoes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 63:101179. [PMID: 38395256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Mosquitoes express a rich repertoire of daily 24-hour rhythms in biochemistry, physiology, and behavior. The nocturnal Anopheles and Culex and diurnal Aedes mosquitoes are major vectors of human disease, transmitting parasites and arboviruses, such as malaria and dengue. In this review, we explore the role that 24-hour diel and circadian rhythms play in shaping the temporal life of the mosquito. We focus on recent advances in our understanding of behavioral rhythms, focusing on locomotor/flight activity, host-seeking, biting/blood feeding, and mating. We examine the molecular circadian clock, photocycle, and light signals, which in combination shape the mosquito 24-hour temporal program. We address species- and sex-specific differences and highlight important selective pressures from dynamically changing environments. This work also provides new insights into disease transmission, insect control, and future experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E Duffield
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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da Silva Bastos A, Dos Santos NAC, Andrade AO, Pontual JDC, Araújo JE, Medeiros JF, da Silva Araújo M. Evaluation of insemination, blood feeding, and Plasmodium vivax infection effects on locomotor activity patterns of the malaria vector Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2023; 123:15. [PMID: 38060049 PMCID: PMC10703739 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Circadian behavioral patterns in mosquitoes can be observed through their locomotor activity, which includes fundamental behaviors such as foraging, mating, and oviposition. These habits, which are fundamental to the life cycle of Anopheles mosquitoes, are closely related to pathogen transmission to humans. While rhythmic cycles of locomotor activity have been described in Anopheles species, no studies have been conducted on Anopheles darlingi species, the main malaria vector in the Amazon region. The aim of this study was to investigate how insemination status, blood meal, and Plasmodium vivax infection affect the locomotor activity of An. darlingi. The experiments were performed with 3- to 10-day-old An. darlingi females, which had been fed with 15% honey solution. These mosquitoes were obtained from the Malaria Vector Production and Infection Platform (PIVEM)/FIOCRUZ-RO. The experimental groups were divided into four categories: virgin vs. inseminated, unfed virgin vs. blood-fed virgin, unfed inseminated vs. blood-fed inseminated, and infected blood vs. uninfected blood. Locomotor activity was monitored using the Flybox equipment, capturing images that were subsequently converted into video to measure the insect activity, using PySoLo software. The periodicity and rhythmicity of mosquito locomotor activity were analyzed using MatLab® software. The locomotor activity of An. darlingi females showed a nocturnal and bimodal pattern under LD conditions. When comparing the insemination states and blood meal, there was a reduction in the locomotor activity in inseminated and blood-fed females. However, the P. vivax+ infection did not increase locomotor activity of An. darlingi species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra da Silva Bastos
- Plataforma de Produção E Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Najara Akira Costa Dos Santos
- Plataforma de Produção E Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Alice Oliveira Andrade
- Plataforma de Produção E Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - José Daniel Costa Pontual
- Plataforma de Produção E Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Evangelista Araújo
- Plataforma de Produção E Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Plataforma de Produção E Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Maisa da Silva Araújo
- Plataforma de Produção E Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e uso de Recursos Naturais-PPGReN, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Translacional E Clínica, Centro de Pesquisa Em Medicina Tropical, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
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Ajayi OM, Wynne NE, Chen SC, Vinauger C, Benoit JB. Sleep: An Essential and Understudied Process in the Biology of Blood-Feeding Arthropods. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:530-547. [PMID: 37429615 PMCID: PMC10503478 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biology of blood-feeding arthropods is critical to managing them as vectors of etiological agents. Circadian rhythms act in the regulation of behavioral and physiological aspects such as blood feeding, immunity, and reproduction. However, the impact of sleep on these processes has been largely ignored in blood-feeding arthropods, but recent studies in mosquitoes show that sleep-like states directly impact host landing and blood feeding. Our focus in this review is on discussing the relationship between sleep and circadian rhythms in blood-feeding arthropods along with how unique aspects such as blood gluttony and dormancy can impact sleep-like states. We highlight that sleep-like states are likely to have profound impacts on vector-host interactions but will vary between lineages even though few direct studies have been conducted. A myriad of factors, such as artificial light, could directly impact the time and levels of sleep in blood-feeding arthropods and their roles as vectors. Lastly, we discuss underlying factors that make sleep studies in blood-feeding arthropods difficult and how these can be bypassed. As sleep is a critical factor in the fitness of animal systems, a lack of focus on sleep in blood-feeding arthropods represents a significant oversight in understanding their behavior and its role in pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun M Ajayi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Nicole E Wynne
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Shyh-Chi Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Clément Vinauger
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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Li Y, Stewart K, Han KT, Han ZY, Aung PP, Thein ZW, Htay T, Chen D, Nyunt MM, Plowe CV. Understanding Spatiotemporal Human Mobility Patterns for Malaria Control Using a Multiagent Mobility Simulation Model. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:e867-e874. [PMID: 35851600 PMCID: PMC10169429 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More details about human movement patterns are needed to evaluate relationships between daily travel and malaria risk at finer scales. A multiagent mobility simulation model was built to simulate the movements of villagers between home and their workplaces in 2 townships in Myanmar. METHODS An agent-based model (ABM) was built to simulate daily travel to and from work based on responses to a travel survey. Key elements for the ABM were land cover, travel time, travel mode, occupation, malaria prevalence, and a detailed road network. Most visited network segments for different occupations and for malaria-positive cases were extracted and compared. Data from a separate survey were used to validate the simulation. RESULTS Mobility characteristics for different occupation groups showed that while certain patterns were shared among some groups, there were also patterns that were unique to an occupation group. Forest workers were estimated to be the most mobile occupation group, and also had the highest potential malaria exposure associated with their daily travel in Ann Township. In Singu Township, forest workers were not the most mobile group; however, they were estimated to visit regions that had higher prevalence of malaria infection over other occupation groups. CONCLUSIONS Using an ABM to simulate daily travel generated mobility patterns for different occupation groups. These spatial patterns varied by occupation. Our simulation identified occupations at a higher risk of being exposed to malaria and where these exposures were more likely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Department of Geographical Sciences, Center for Geospatial Information Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen Stewart
- Department of Geographical Sciences, Center for Geospatial Information Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kay Thwe Han
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Zay Yar Han
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Poe P Aung
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zaw W Thein
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thura Htay
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Myaing M Nyunt
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher V Plowe
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Kalita E, Panda M, Prajapati VK. The interplay between circadian clock and viral infections: A molecular perspective. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 137:293-330. [PMID: 37709380 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock influences almost every aspect of mammalian behavioral, physiological and metabolic processes. Being a hierarchical network, the circadian clock is driven by the central clock in the brain and is composed of several peripheral tissue-specific clocks. It orchestrates and synchronizes the daily oscillations of biological processes to the environment. Several pathological events are influenced by time and seasonal variations and as such implicate the clock in pathogenesis mechanisms. In context with viral infections, circadian rhythmicity is closely associated with host susceptibility, disease severity, and pharmacokinetics and efficacies of antivirals and vaccines. Leveraging the circadian molecular mechanism insights has increased our understanding of clock infection biology and proposes new avenues for viral diagnostics and therapeutics. In this chapter, we address the molecular interplay between the circadian clock and viral infections and discuss the importance of chronotherapy as a complementary approach to conventional medicines, emphasizing the significance of virus-clock studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora Kalita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mamta Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India..
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Diurnal biting of malaria mosquitoes in the Central African Republic indicates residual transmission may be "out of control". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2104282119. [PMID: 35576470 PMCID: PMC9173762 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104282119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of malarial parasites occurs via the bites of Anopheles mosquitoes, whose blood-feeding behavior modulates the risk of infection. In many malaria endemic regions, eradication strategies rely on reducing transmission by targeting nocturnal blood-feeding Anopheles with insecticidal nets. However, a proportion of mosquitoes may naturally feed when humans are not protected by nets, setting a ceiling to the efficacy of massive net-based interventions. In Bangui, Central African Republic, 20 to 30% of daily exposure to indoor bites occurs during daytime, and this fraction may correspond to mosquitoes escaping exposure to current vector control measures. Knowledge about the daily rhythmicity of mosquito biting is therefore crucial to adjust vector control tactics to protect people at places where they spend daytime. Malaria control interventions target nocturnal feeding of the Anopheles vectors indoors to reduce parasite transmission. Mass deployment of insecticidal bed nets and indoor residual spraying with insecticides, however, may induce mosquitoes to blood-feed at places and at times when humans are not protected. These changes can set a ceiling to the efficacy of these control interventions, resulting in residual malaria transmission. Despite its relevance for disease transmission, the daily rhythmicity of Anopheles biting behavior is poorly documented, most investigations focusing on crepuscular hours and nighttime. By performing mosquito collections 48-h around the clock, both indoors and outdoors, and by modeling biting events using circular statistics, we evaluated the full daily rhythmicity of biting in urban Bangui, Central African Republic. While the bulk of biting by Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles coluzzii, Anopheles funestus, and Anopheles pharoensis occurred from sunset to sunrise outdoors, unexpectedly ∼20 to 30% of indoor biting occurred during daytime. As biting events did not fully conform to any family of circular distributions, we fitted mixtures of von Mises distributions and found that observations were consistent with three compartments, corresponding indoors to populations of early-night, late-night, and daytime-biting events. It is not known whether these populations of biting events correspond to spatiotemporal heterogeneities or also to distinct mosquito genotypes/phenotypes belonging consistently to each compartment. Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in nighttime- and daytime-biting mosquitoes was the same. As >50% of biting occurs in Bangui when people are unprotected, malaria control interventions outside the domiciliary environment should be envisaged.
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