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Cleveland CA, Dallas TA, Vigil S, Mead DG, Corn JL, Park AW. Vector communities under global change may exacerbate and redistribute infectious disease risk. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:963-972. [PMID: 36847842 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne parasites may be transmitted by multiple vector species, resulting in an increased risk of transmission, potentially at larger spatial scales compared to any single vector species. Additionally, the different abilities of patchily distributed vector species to acquire and transmit parasites will lead to varying degrees of transmission risk. Investigation of how vector community composition and parasite transmission change over space due to variation in environmental conditions may help to explain current patterns in diseases but also informs our understanding of how patterns will change under climate and land-use change. We developed a novel statistical approach using a multi-year, spatially extensive case study involving a vector-borne virus affecting white-tailed deer transmitted by Culicoides midges. We characterized the structure of vector communities, established the ecological gradient controlling change in structure, and related the ecology and structure to the amount of disease reporting observed in host populations. We found that vector species largely occur and replace each other as groups, rather than individual species. Moreover, community structure is primarily controlled by temperature ranges, with certain communities being consistently associated with high levels of disease reporting. These communities are essentially composed of species previously undocumented as potential vectors, whereas communities containing putative vector species were largely associated with low levels, or even absence, of disease reporting. We contend that the application of metacommunity ecology to vector-borne infectious disease ecology can greatly aid the identification of transmission hotspots and an understanding of the ecological drivers of parasite transmission risk both now and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Cleveland
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS), Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Tad A Dallas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29205, USA.
| | - Stacey Vigil
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS), Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel G Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS), Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Joseph L Corn
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS), Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andrew W Park
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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McMillan JR, Olson MM, Petruff T, Shepard JJ, Armstrong PM. Impacts of Lysinibacillus sphaericus on mosquito larval community composition and larval competition between Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18013. [PMID: 36289303 PMCID: PMC9606275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectiveness of mosquito larvicide active ingredients (AI), such as Lysinibacillus sphaericus, varies between species, yet little is known regarding how differential effectiveness manifests in larval communities in applied settings. To examine how differential effectiveness of L. sphaericus influences larval community dynamics, we performed two experiments. We performed a field experiment in which containers were seeded with a standardized nutrient treatment, mosquitoes colonized the containers, and then containers received one of three L. sphaericus applications. We then performed competition assays between Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus in low nutrient environments using multiple interspecific ratios and the presence/absence of a low dose of L. sphaericus. Field results demonstrated elimination of Culex spp. from treated containers while container breeding Aedes spp. proliferated across all treatments. Lysinibacillus sphaericus did not influence competition between Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus, and the L. sphaericus application eliminated Cx. pipiens in all treatment replicates while survival of Ae. albopictus was similar between treated and untreated containers across interspecific ratios. Lysinibacillus sphaericus is an effective AI for control of Culex spp. However, different AIs should be utilized in habitats containing non-Culex genera while a mix of AIs should be utilized where coexistence of multiple genera is expected or confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R McMillan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St., Rm 212, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Michael M Olson
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tanya Petruff
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John J Shepard
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Philip M Armstrong
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
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