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Ablorde A, Kroidl I, Wieser A, Kudom AA. Impact of the exposure of sublethal dose of mosquito coil on the development of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38739009 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Mosquito coil is commonly used in many African households for protection against mosquito bites. The coil usually has semi-volatile pyrethroids as an active ingredient, which usually diffuse across open space, and the cloud either kills mosquitoes that are exposed, or mosquitoes can be exposed to sublethal doses of the insecticides. This study was conducted to assess the impact of sublethal doses of mosquito coil on the development of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti, a major vector for dengue fever and several other arboviral diseases. A laboratory colony of Ae. aegypti was exposed to sublethal doses of a meperfluthrin-based mosquito coil in a Peet-Grady chamber once per generation for 16 generations. The susceptibility of the exposed colony to a diagnostic dose of the mosquito coil as well as to three other insecticides was determined. Three different kdr mutations and five enzyme activities were evaluated in both the exposed and control colonies. After 16 generations of sublethal exposure to mosquito coils, the full diagnostic dose of the coil caused 68% mortality to the exposed colony compared to 100% mortality in the control colony. Mortality caused by deltamethrin (0.05%) was also significantly lower in the exposed colony. The frequency of 1016I kdr mutation as well as MFO and alpha esterase activities were higher in the exposed colony compared to the control colony. This study provides evidence of the development of pyrethroid resistance in an Ae. aegypti population due to sublethal exposure to mosquito coil for 16 generations. Given the large-scale use of mosquito coils in many African households, its role as a pyrethroid resistance selection source should be taken into consideration when designing resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikins Ablorde
- Vector Biology and Control Group, Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- CIHLMU Center for International Health, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Inge Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas A Kudom
- Vector Biology and Control Group, Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Abdulai A, Owusu-Asenso CM, Haizel C, Mensah SKE, Sraku IK, Halou D, Doe RT, Mohammed AR, Akuamoah-Boateng Y, Forson AO, Afrane YA. The role of car tyres in the ecology of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Ghana. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2024; 5:100176. [PMID: 38746755 PMCID: PMC11091510 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is an important vector of arboviral diseases including dengue and yellow fever. Despite the wide distribution of this mosquito species, there are limited data on the ecology of Ae. aegypti in Ghana. In this study, we report on the oviposition preference and the larval life tables of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in Accra, Ghana. The oviposition preference of the mosquitoes to three habitat types (car tyres, drums and bowls) was measured by setting up ovitraps. We recorded the presence and abundance of larvae every 3 days. Two-hour-old Ae. aegypti larvae were introduced and raised in three habitat types to undertake larval life tables. The number of surviving larvae at each developmental stage was recorded daily until they emerged as adults. Car tyres showed a higher abundance of Ae. aegypti larvae (52.3%) than drums (32.5%) and bowls (15.1%) (ANOVA, F(2,159) = 18.79, P < 0.001). The mean development time of Ae. aegypti larvae was significantly lower in car tyres (7 ± 1 days) compared to that of bowls (9 ± 0.0 days) and drums (12.6 ± 1.5 days) (P = 0.024). The differences in pupation rates and emergence rates were not significant across the habitat types; however, the highest pupation rate was observed in bowls (0.92 ± 0.17) and the emergence rate was highest in tyres (0.84 ± 0.10). The proportion of first-instar larvae that survived to emergence was significantly higher in car tyres (0.84 ± 0.10) compared to that of bowls (0.72 ± 0.20) and drums (0.62 ± 0.20) (P = 0.009). No mortalities were observed after 9 days in car tyres, 10 days in bowls and 15 days in drums. The results confirm that discarded car tyres were the preferred habitat choice for the oviposition of gravid female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and provide the best habitat conditions for larval development and survival. These findings are necessary for understanding the ecology of Ae. aegypti to develop appropriate strategies for their control in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Abdulai
- Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Christopher Mfum Owusu-Asenso
- Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Christodea Haizel
- Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Sebastian Kow Egyin Mensah
- Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Isaac Kwame Sraku
- Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Daniel Halou
- Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Richard Tettey Doe
- Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Abdul Rahim Mohammed
- Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Yaw Akuamoah-Boateng
- Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Akua Obeng Forson
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Asare Afrane
- Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Owusu-Akyaw M, Owusu-Asenso CM, Abdulai A, Mohammed AR, Sr IK, Boadu EN, Aduhene E, Attah SK, Afrane YA. Risk of Arboviral Transmission and Insecticide Resistance Status of Aedes Mosquitoes during a Yellow Fever Outbreak in Ghana. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4271509. [PMID: 38699327 PMCID: PMC11065086 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4271509/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Background In late 2021, Ghana was hit by a Yellow Fever outbreak that started in two (2) districts in the Savannah region and spread to several other Districts in (3) regions (Oti, Bono and Upper West). Yellow fever is endemic in Ghana. However, there is currently no structured vector control programme for the yellow vector, Aedes mosquitoes in Ghana. Knowledge of Aedes bionomics and insecticide susceptibility status is important to control the vectors. This study therefore sought todetermine Aedes vector bionomics and their insecticide resistance status during a yellow fever outbreak. Methods The study was performed in two yellow fever outbreak sites (Wenchi, Larabanga) and two non-outbreak sites (Kpalsogu, Pagaza) in Ghana. Immature Aedes mosquitoes were sampled from water-holding containers in and around human habitations. The risk of disease transmission was determined in each site using stegomyia indices. Adult Aedes mosquitoes were sampled using Biogents Sentinel (BG) traps, Human Landing Catch (HLC), and Prokopack (PPK) aspirators. Phenotypic resistance was determined with WHO susceptibility tests using Aedes mosquitoes collected as larvae and reared into adults. Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations were detected using allele-specific multiplex PCR. Results Of the 2,664 immature Aedes sampled, more than 60% were found in car tyres. Larabanga, an outbreak site, was classified as a high-risk zone for the Yellow Fever outbreak (BI: 84%, CI: 26.4%). Out of 1,507 adult Aedes mosquitoes collected, Aedes aegypti was the predominant vector species (92%). A significantly high abundance of Aedes mosquitoes was observed during the dry season (61.2%) and outdoors (60.6%) ( P < 0.001). Moderate to high resistance to deltamethrin was observed in all sites (33.75% to 70%). Moderate resistance to pirimiphos-methyl (65%) was observed in Kpalsogu. Aedes mosquitoes from Larabanga were susceptible (98%) to permethrin. The F1534C kdr, V1016I kdr and V410 kdr alleles were present in all the sites with frequencies between (0.05-0.92). The outbreak sites had significantly higher allele frequencies of F1534C and V1016I respectively compared to non-outbreak sites ( P < 0.001). Conclusion This study indicates that Aedes mosquitoes in Ghana pose a significant risk to public health, and there is a need for continuous surveillance to inform effective vector control strategies.
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Abdulai A, Owusu-Asenso CM, Haizel C, Mensah SKE, Sraku IK, Mohammed AR, Akuamoah-Boateng Y, Forson AO, Afrane YA. The Role of Car Tyres in the Ecology of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes in Ghana. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3286696. [PMID: 37693506 PMCID: PMC10491337 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3286696/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background The Aedes aegyptimosquito is an important vector of arboviral diseases including dengue and yellow fever. Despite the wide distribution of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, there is limited data on the ecology of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Ghana. In this study, we report on the oviposition preference and the larval life table of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Accra, Ghana. Methods The oviposition preference of Aedesmosquitoes to three habitat types (tyres, drums and bowls) was measured by setting up ovitraps. Ovitraps were checked for the presence of Aedes larvae every 3 days. The presence and number of larvae were recorded for each habitat type. Two-hour-old Aedes aegypti larvae were introduced into and raised in these three habitat types to undertake larval life tables. The number of surviving larvae at each developmental stage was recorded daily until they emerge as adults. Results Car tyres showed a high abundance of Aedeslarvae (52.33%) than drums (32.49%) and bowls (15.18%) (ANOVA, F _ 18.79, df _ 2, 159, P < 0.001). The mean development time of Ae. aegypti larvae was significantly lower in car tyres (7 ± 1 days) compared to that of bowls (9 ± 0.0 days) and drums (12.6 ± 1.5 days) (H (2) = 7.448, P = 0.024). The differences in pupation rates and emergence rates were not significant across the habitat types, however, the highest pupation rate was observed in bowls (0.92) and the emergence rate was highest in tyres (0.84). The proportion of first-instar larvae that survived to adults was significantly higher in tyres with a shorter survival time (0.84; 9 days) compared to that of bowls (0.72; 10 days) and drums (0.62 ± 0.2; 13 days) (H (2) = 2.822, P= 0.009). Conclusion The results confirm that discarded car tyres were the preferred habitat choice for the oviposition of gravid female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and provide the best habitat condition for larval development and survival. These findings are necessary for understanding the ecology of Aedes mosquitoes to develop appropriate strategies for their control in Ghana.
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Abdulai A, Owusu-Asenso CM, Akosah-Brempong G, Mohammed AR, Sraku IK, Attah SK, Forson AO, Weetman D, Afrane YA. Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in southern and northern Ghana. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:135. [PMID: 37072865 PMCID: PMC10111668 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of Aedes-borne arboviral diseases are becoming rampant in Africa. In Ghana, there is no organized arboviral control programme with interventions restricted to mitigate outbreaks. Insecticide application is a crucial part of outbreak responses and future preventative control measures. Thus, knowledge of the resistance status and underlying mechanisms of Aedes populations is required to ensure optimal insecticide choices. The present study assessed the insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti populations from southern Ghana (Accra, Tema and Ada Foah) and northern Ghana (Navrongo) respectively. METHODS Phenotypic resistance was determined with WHO susceptibility tests using Ae. aegypti collected as larvae and reared into adults. Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations were detected using allele-specific PCR. Synergist assays were performed with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to investigate the possible involvement of metabolic mechanisms in resistance phenotypes. RESULTS Resistance to DDT was moderate to high across sites (11.3 to 75.8%) and, for the pyrethroids deltamethrin and permethrin, moderate resistance was detected (62.5 to 88.8%). The 1534C kdr and 1016I kdr alleles were common in all sites (0.65 to 1) and may be on a trajectory toward fixation. In addition, a third kdr mutant, V410L, was detected at lower frequencies (0.03 to 0.31). Pre-exposure to PBO significantly increased the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti to deltamethrin and permethrin (P < 0.001). This indicates that in addition to kdr mutants, metabolic enzymes (monooxygenases) may be involved in the resistance phenotypes observed in the Ae. aegypti populations in these sites. CONCLUSION Insecticide resistance underpinned by multiple mechanisms in Ae. aegypti indicates the need for surveillance to assist in developing appropriate vector control strategies for arboviral disease control in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Abdulai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christopher Mfum Owusu-Asenso
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gabriel Akosah-Brempong
- African Regional Postgraduate Program in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdul Rahim Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Kwame Sraku
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Simon Kwaku Attah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Akua Obeng Forson
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yaw Asare Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Agha SB, Tchouassi DP. Urbanization of Aedes mosquito populations and evolution of arboviral disease risk in Africa. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 54:100988. [PMID: 36332839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The arboviral diseases dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever are re-merging and gaining a foothold in Africa, with a significant threat of large outbreaks in urban areas. Although their emergence is intimately linked to the primary vector Aedes aegypti, which thrives in urban environments, the risk of these diseases remains substantially heterogeneous in different geographic areas. Range expansion of invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus, and colonization of urban habitats by sylvatic and peridomestic Aedes vectors, are likely to alter the diseases' epidemiology. We discuss how a network of different vector species and perhaps vector subpopulations could interact with associated serotypes/genotypes/lineages of the causative viruses of these diseases potentially impacting transmission risk in urban landscapes with implications for disease surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila B Agha
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - David P Tchouassi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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