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Friedman-Klabanoff DJ, Adu-Gyasi D, Asante KP. Malaria prevention in children: an update. Curr Opin Pediatr 2024; 36:164-170. [PMID: 38299986 PMCID: PMC10932812 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Malaria cases and deaths decreased from 2000 to 2015 but remain increased since 2019. Several new developments and strategies could help reverse this trend. The purpose of this review is to discuss new World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and recent research on malaria prevention in children. RECENT FINDINGS Fifteen countries have now rolled out seasonal malaria chemoprophylaxis (SMC) in children at highest risk for severe malaria, and new WHO recommendations provide more flexibility for SMC implementation in terms of target age groups, geographic region, and number of cycles. Recent studies confirm that malaria burden in school aged children, and their contribution to transmission, is high. New guidelines permit expanded chemoprevention options for these children. Two vaccines have been approved for use in malaria endemic countries, RTS,S/AS01 E and R21/Matrix-M. Additionally, pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr bed nets are being deployed to combat resistant mosquitoes. SUMMARY While challenges remain in malaria control towards elimination, new guidelines and recently approved vaccines offer hope. Monitoring for continued vaccine and chemoprevention effectiveness, and for possible epidemiologic shifts in severe malaria presentation and deaths as additional prevention efforts roll out will be paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeAnna J Friedman-Klabanoff
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis Adu-Gyasi
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Bono East Region, Ghana
- Centre for Research in Applied Biology, School of Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Bono Region, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Bono East Region, Ghana
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Bationo C, Cissoko M, Katilé A, Sylla B, Ouédraogo A, Ouedraogo JB, Tougri G, Kompaoré SCB, Moiroux N, Gaudart J. Malaria in Burkina Faso: A comprehensive analysis of spatiotemporal distribution of incidence and environmental drivers, and implications for control strategies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290233. [PMID: 37703223 PMCID: PMC10499254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of malaria cases worldwide has increased, with over 241 million cases and 69,000 more deaths in 2020 compared to 2019. Burkina Faso recorded over 11 million malaria cases in 2020, resulting in nearly 4,000 deaths. The overall incidence of malaria in Burkina Faso has been steadily increasing since 2016. This study investigates the spatiotemporal pattern and environmental and meteorological determinants of malaria incidence in Burkina Faso. METHODS We described the temporal dynamics of malaria cases by detecting the transmission periods and the evolution trend from 2013 to 2018. We detected hotspots using spatial scan statistics. We assessed different environmental zones through a hierarchical clustering and analyzed the environmental and climatic data to identify their association with malaria incidence at the national and at the district's levels through generalized additive models. We also assessed the time lag between malaria peaks onset and the rainfall at the district level. The environmental and climatic data were synthetized into indicators. RESULTS The study found that malaria incidence had a seasonal pattern, with high transmission occurring during the rainy seasons. We also found an increasing trend in the incidence. The highest-risk districts for malaria incidence were identified, with a significant expansion of high-risk areas from less than half of the districts in 2013-2014 to nearly 90% of the districts in 2017-2018. We identified three classes of health districts based on environmental and climatic data, with the northern, south-western, and western districts forming separate clusters. Additionally, we found that the time lag between malaria peaks onset and the rainfall at the district level varied from 7 weeks to 17 weeks with a median at 10 weeks. Environmental and climatic factors have been found to be associated with the number of cases both at global and districts levels. CONCLUSION The study provides important insights into the environmental and spatiotemporal patterns of malaria in Burkina Faso by assessing the spatio temporal dynamics of Malaria cases but also linking those dynamics to the environmental and climatic factors. The findings highlight the importance of targeted control strategies to reduce the burden of malaria in high-risk areas as we found that Malaria epidemiology is complex and linked to many factors that make some regions more at risk than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Bationo
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, ISSPAM, SESSTIM, UMR1252, Marseille, France
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mady Cissoko
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, ISSPAM, SESSTIM, UMR1252, Marseille, France
- Malaria Research and Training Center—Ogobara, Doumbo (MRTC-OD), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoulaye Katilé
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, ISSPAM, SESSTIM, UMR1252, Marseille, France
- Malaria Research and Training Center—Ogobara, Doumbo (MRTC-OD), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Bry Sylla
- Direction des Systèmes d’Information en Santé, Ministère de la Santé du Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Ambroise Ouédraogo
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé du Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean Baptiste Ouedraogo
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé du Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Gauthier Tougri
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé du Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sidzabda C. B. Kompaoré
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé du Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicolas Moiroux
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean Gaudart
- Malaria Research and Training Center—Ogobara, Doumbo (MRTC-OD), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako Mali, Bamako, Mali
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, ISSPAM, SESSTIM, UMR1252, APHM, Hop Timone, BioSTIC, Biostatistic & ICT, Marseille, France
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Xu M, Hu YX, Lu SN, Idris MA, Zhou SD, Yang J, Feng XN, Huang YM, Xu X, Chen Y, Wang DQ. Seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Africa and China's upgraded role as a contributor: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:63. [PMID: 37403183 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children under five are the vulnerable population most at risk of being infected with Plasmodium parasites, especially in the Sahel region. Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) recommended by World Health Organization (WHO), has proven to be a highly effective intervention to prevent malaria. Given more deaths reported during the COVID-19 pandemic than in previous years due to the disruptions to essential medical services, it is, therefore, necessary to seek a more coordinated and integrated approach to increasing the pace, coverage and resilience of SMC. Towards this end, fully leverage the resources of major players in the global fight against malaria, such as China could accelerate the SMC process in Africa. METHODS We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase for research articles and the Institutional Repository for Information Sharing of WHO for reports on SMC. We used gap analysis to investigate the challenges and gaps of SMC since COVID-19. Through the above methods to explore China's prospective contribution to SMC. RESULTS A total of 68 research articles and reports were found. Through gap analysis, we found that despite the delays in the SMC campaign, 11.8 million children received SMC in 2020. However, there remained some challenges: (1) a shortage of fully covered monthly courses; (2) lack of adherence to the second and third doses of amodiaquine; (3) four courses of SMC are not sufficient to cover the entire malaria transmission season in areas where the peak transmission lasts longer; (4) additional interventions are needed to consolidate SMC efforts. China was certified malaria-free by WHO in 2021, and its experience and expertise in malaria elimination can be shared with high-burden countries. With the potential to join the multilateral cooperation in SMC, including the supply of quality-assured health commodities, know-how transfer and experience sharing, China is expected to contribute to the ongoing scale-up of SMC. CONCLUSIONS A combination of necessary preventive and curative activities may prove beneficial both for targeted populations and for health system strengthening in the long run. More actions are entailed to promote the partnership and China can be one of the main contributors with various roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Xuan Hu
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shen-Ning Lu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shu-Duo Zhou
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Ning Feng
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Mu Huang
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Xu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Duo-Quan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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