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Ouédraogo JCRP, Ilboudo S, Bado P, Compaoré TR, Tougma A, Nitiéma M, Zouré AA, Belemnaba L, Ouédraogo S, Savadogo LGB. Estimating dengue burden among family contacts through cluster investigation around probable cases in 2022 and 2023 in the Central Region, Burkina Faso. Infect Dis Poverty 2024; 13:45. [PMID: 38867325 PMCID: PMC11167875 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-024-01212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2023, Burkina Faso experienced the largest dengue epidemic ever in Africa. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of symptomatic, subclinical, and asymptomatic dengue and determine the associated factors among adult contacts of dengue in the Central Region, Burkina Faso. METHODS This cross-sectional study included contacts of dengue probable cases through cluster sampling in 2022-2023. These suspected cases that tested positive were identified from the five health facilities (Pissy CMA, Saaba CM, Kossodo CMA, Samandin CM, and Marcoussis CSPS) that reported the highest number of cases in 2021 per district. All participants underwent dengue and malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDT). Samples positive for non-structural 1 protein antigen (AgNS1) and/or immunoglobulin M (IgM) were tested for serotype detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Binary logistic regression was done to identify the determinants of asymptomatic, subclinical, and symptomatic dengue among contacts of probable dengue cases. RESULTS A total of 484 contacts were included, mostly in 2023 (75.2%). Most participants were females (58.6%), residing (24.3%) and passing their daytime (23.1%) in Saaba. The overall prevalence of dengue was estimated at 15.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 12.0-18.6%], representing cases not seeking care in hospitals. Asymptomatic cases represented 2.9% (95% CI: 1.6-4.8%). Subclinical and symptomatic cases accounted for 6.0% (95% CI: 4.1-8.5%) and 6.2% (95% CI: 4.2-8.7%), respectively. Of the 58 samples tested by RT-PCR, 10 were confirmed for serotype 3 in 2023. Malaria cases were estimated at 5.6% (95% CI: 3.7-8.0%). After adjustment, participants claiming that a virus transmits dengue were likelier to have asymptomatic dengue [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 7.1, 95% CI: 2.4-21.0]. From the multivariable analysis, subclinical dengue was statistically associated with being included in the study in 2023 (aOR = 30.2, 95% CI: 2.0-455.5) and spending the daytime at Arrondissement 4 (aOR = 11.5, 95% CI: 1.0-131.0). After adjustment, symptomatic dengue was associated with living less than 50 m away from cultivated land (aOR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.1-6.9) and living less than 50 m from a stretch of water (aOR = 0.1, 95% CI: 0.0-0.6). CONCLUSIONS The overall burden of dengue among populations not seeking care in hospitals was quite high, with few asymptomatic cases. Efforts to manage dengue cases should also target non-hospital cases and raise population awareness. The 2023 epidemic could be due to dengue virus (DENV)-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Claude Romaric Pingdwindé Ouédraogo
- Drug Development Laboratory, African Centre of Excellence for Training, Research and Expertise in Drug Sciences, (LADME/CEA-CFOREM), Joseph Ki-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
- Phytomedicines and Medicines Research and Development Laboratory (LR-D/PM), Research Institute for Health Sciences (IRSS)/ CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
- International Research Laboratory - Environment, Health, and Societies (IRL 3189, ESS), CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Sylvain Ilboudo
- Drug Development Laboratory, African Centre of Excellence for Training, Research and Expertise in Drug Sciences, (LADME/CEA-CFOREM), Joseph Ki-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Phytomedicines and Medicines Research and Development Laboratory (LR-D/PM), Research Institute for Health Sciences (IRSS)/ CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- International Research Laboratory - Environment, Health, and Societies (IRL 3189, ESS), CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Prosper Bado
- Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Tegwindé Rebeca Compaoré
- Research Laboratory for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (LR/MIP), Research Institute for Health Sciences (IRSS)/ CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Alix Tougma
- International Research Laboratory - Environment, Health, and Societies (IRL 3189, ESS), CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Joseph KI-ZERBO University/University Centre of Ziniaré, Ziniaré, Burkina Faso
| | - Mathieu Nitiéma
- Phytomedicines and Medicines Research and Development Laboratory (LR-D/PM), Research Institute for Health Sciences (IRSS)/ CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- International Research Laboratory - Environment, Health, and Societies (IRL 3189, ESS), CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdou Azaque Zouré
- Research Laboratory for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (LR/MIP), Research Institute for Health Sciences (IRSS)/ CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lazare Belemnaba
- Drug Development Laboratory, African Centre of Excellence for Training, Research and Expertise in Drug Sciences, (LADME/CEA-CFOREM), Joseph Ki-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Phytomedicines and Medicines Research and Development Laboratory (LR-D/PM), Research Institute for Health Sciences (IRSS)/ CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sylvin Ouédraogo
- Phytomedicines and Medicines Research and Development Laboratory (LR-D/PM), Research Institute for Health Sciences (IRSS)/ CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Ouédraogo WM, Zanré N, Rose NH, Zahouli JZB, Djogbenou LS, Viana M, Kanuka H, Weetman D, McCall PJ, Badolo A. Dengue vector habitats in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2020: an unintended consequence of the installation of public handwashing stations for COVID-19 prevention. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e199-e200. [PMID: 38245111 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendegoudi M Ouédraogo
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Ministère de la Santé, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicolas Zanré
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Noah H Rose
- Department of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Julien Z B Zahouli
- Centre d'Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luc S Djogbenou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Mafalda Viana
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hirotaka Kanuka
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Philip J McCall
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
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Peña-García VH, Desiree LaBeaud A, Ndenga BA, Mutuku FM, Bisanzio DA, Mordecai EA, Andrews JR. Non-household environments make a major contribution to dengue transmission: Implications for vector control. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.08.24301016. [PMID: 38260355 PMCID: PMC10802645 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.08.24301016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Aedes-borne pathogens have been increasing in incidence in recent decades despite vector control activities implemented in endemic settings. Vector control for Aedes-transmitted arboviruses typically focuses on households because vectors breed in household containers and bite indoors. Yet, our recent work shows a high abundance of Aedes spp. vectors in public spaces. To investigate the impact of non-household environments on dengue transmission and control, we used field data on the number of water containers and abundance of Aedes mosquitoes in Household (HH) and Non-Household (NH) environments in two Kenyan cities, Kisumu and Ukunda, from 2019-2022. Incorporating information on human activity space, we developed an agent-based model to simulate city-wide conditions considering HH and five types of NH environments in which people move and interact with other humans and vectors during peak biting times. We additionally evaluated the outcome of vector control activities implemented in different environments in preventive (before an epidemic) and reactive (after an epidemic commences) scenarios. We estimated that over half of infections take place in NH environments, where the main spaces for transmission are workplaces, markets, and recreational locations. Accordingly, results highlight the important role of vector control activities at NH locations to reduce dengue. A greater reduction of cases is expected as control activities are implemented earlier, at higher levels of coverage, with greater effectiveness when targeting only NH as opposed to when targeting only HH. Further, local ecological factors such as the differential abundance of water containers within cities are also influential factors to consider for control. This work provides insight into the importance of vector control in both household and non-household environments in endemic settings. It highlights a specific approach to inform evidence-based decision making to target limited vector control resources for optimal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Peña-García
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Francis M Mutuku
- Department of Environmental and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
| | | | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Mackay AJ, Yan J, Kim CH, Barreaux AMG, Stone CM. Larval diet and temperature alter mosquito immunity and development: using body size and developmental traits to track carry-over effects on longevity. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:434. [PMID: 37993953 PMCID: PMC10666368 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimating arbovirus transmission potential requires a mechanistic understanding of how environmental factors influence the expression of adult mosquito traits. While preimaginal exposure to environmental factors can have profound effects on adult traits, tracking and predicting these effects remains challenging. METHODS Using Aedes albopictus and a structural equation modeling approach, we explored how larval nutrition and temperature jointly affect development rate and success, female body size, and whether these metrics capture carry-over effects on adult female longevity. Additionally, we investigated how larval diet and temperature affect the baseline expression of 10 immune genes. RESULTS We found that larval development success was primarily determined by diet, while temperature and diet both affected development rate and female body size. Under a low larval diet, pupal wet weight and wing length both declined with increasing temperature. In contrast, responses of the two morphometric measures to rearing temperature diverged when females were provided higher larval nutrition, with pupal wet weight increasing and wing length decreasing at higher temperatures. Our analyses also revealed opposing relationships between adult female lifespan and the two morphometric measures, with wing length having a positive association with longevity and pupal weight a negative association. Larval diet indirectly affected adult longevity, and the time to pupation was negatively correlated with longevity. The expression of eight immune genes from the toll, JAK-STAT and Imd pathways was enhanced in mosquitoes with higher nutrition. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight deficiencies from using a single body size measure to capture carry-over effects on adult traits. Further studies of larval development rate under varying environmental conditions and its potential for tracking carry-over effects on vectorial capacity are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Mackay
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
| | - Jiayue Yan
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Antoine M G Barreaux
- INTERTRYP (Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD), Montpellier, France
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris M Stone
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
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Dharmamuthuraja D, P. D. R, Lakshmi M. I, Isvaran K, Ghosh SK, Ishtiaq F. Determinants of Aedes mosquito larval ecology in a heterogeneous urban environment- a longitudinal study in Bengaluru, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011702. [PMID: 37939204 PMCID: PMC10659209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes-borne disease risk is associated with contemporary urbanization practices where city developing structures function as a catalyst for creating mosquito breeding habitats. We lack better understanding on how the links between landscape ecology and urban geography contribute to the prevalence and abundance of mosquito and pathogen spread. METHODS An outdoor longitudinal study in Bengaluru (Karnataka, India) was conducted between February 2021 and June 2022 to examine the effects of macrohabitat types on the diversity and distribution of larval habitats, mosquito species composition, and body size to quantify the risk of dengue outbreak in the landscape context. FINDINGS A total of 8,717 container breeding sites were inspected, of these 1,316 were wet breeding habitats. A total of 1,619 mosquito larvae representing 16 species from six macrohabitats and nine microhabitats were collected. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were the dominant species and significantly higher in artificial habitats than in natural habitats. Breeding preference ratio for Aedes species was high in grinding stones and storage containers. The Aedes infestation indices were higher than the WHO threshold and showed significant linear increase from Barren habitat to High density areas. We found Ae. albopictus breeding in sympatry with Ae. aegypti had shorter wing length. CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of larval habitats were man-made artificial containers. Landscape ecology drives mosquito diversity and abundance even at a small spatial scale which could be affecting the localized outbreaks. Our findings showed that sampling strategies for mosquito surveillance must include urban environments with non-residential locations and dengue transmission reduction programmes should focus on 'neighbourhood surveillance' as well to prevent and control the rising threat of Aedes-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Dharmamuthuraja
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, New InStem Building, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rohini P. D.
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, New InStem Building, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, India
| | - Iswarya Lakshmi M.
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, New InStem Building, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kavita Isvaran
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Farah Ishtiaq
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, New InStem Building, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, India
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Facchinelli L, Badolo A, McCall PJ. Biology and Behaviour of Aedes aegypti in the Human Environment: Opportunities for Vector Control of Arbovirus Transmission. Viruses 2023; 15:636. [PMID: 36992346 PMCID: PMC10053764 DOI: 10.3390/v15030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a ubiquitous vector of arboviruses mostly in urbanised areas throughout the tropics and subtropics and a growing threat beyond. Control of Ae. aegypti is difficult and costly, and no vaccines are available for most of the viruses it transmits. With practical control solutions our goal, ideally suitable for delivery by householders in affected communities, we reviewed the literature on adult Ae. aegypti biology and behaviour, within and close to the human home, the arena where such interventions must impact. We found that knowledge was vague or important details were missing for multiple events or activities in the mosquito life cycle, such as the duration or location of the many periods when females rest between blood feeding and oviposition. The existing body of literature, though substantial, is not wholly reliable, and evidence for commonly held "facts" range from untraceable to extensive. Source references of some basic information are poor or date back more than 60 years, while other information that today is accepted widely as "fact" is not supported by evidence in the literature. Many topics, e.g., sugar feeding, resting preferences (location and duration), and blood feeding, merit being revisited in new geographical regions and ecological contexts to identify vulnerabilities for exploitation in control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Facchinelli
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratoire d’Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Philip J. McCall
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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