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Husain F, Yadav A, Sah SK, Hayes JJ, Rustchenko E. Candida albicans Strains Adapted to Caspofungin Due to Aneuploidy Become Highly Tolerant under Continued Drug Pressure. Microorganisms 2022; 11:23. [PMID: 36677315 PMCID: PMC9866909 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a prevalent fungal pathogen of humans. Understanding the development of decreased susceptibility to ECN drugs of this microbe is of substantial interest, as it is viewed as an intermediate step allowing the formation of FKS1 resistance mutations. We used six previously characterized mutants that decreased caspofungin susceptibility either by acquiring aneuploidy of chromosome 5 (Ch5) or by aneuploidy-independent mechanisms. When we exposed these caspofungin-adapted mutants to caspofungin again, we obtained 60 evolved mutants with further decreases in caspofungin susceptibility, as determined with CLSI method. We show that the initial adaptation to caspofungin is coupled with the adaptation to other ECNs, such as micafungin and anidulafungin, in mutants with no ploidy change, but not in aneuploid mutants, which become more susceptible to micafungin and anidulafungin. Furthermore, we find that the initial mechanism of caspofungin adaptation determines the pattern of further adaptation as parentals with no ploidy change further adapt to all ECNs by relatively small decreases in susceptibility, whereas aneuploid parentals adapt to all ECNs, primarily by large decrease in susceptibilities. Our data suggest that either distinct or common mechanisms can govern adaptation to different ECNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elena Rustchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Multiple Genes of Candida albicans Influencing Echinocandin Susceptibility in Caspofungin-Adapted Mutants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0097722. [PMID: 36354349 PMCID: PMC9765025 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00977-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that causes invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals. Despite the high anticandidal activity among the echinocandins (ECNs), a first-line therapy, resistance remains an issue. Furthermore, many clinical isolates display decreased ECN susceptibility, a physiological state which is thought to lead to resistance. Determining the factors that can decrease susceptibility is of high importance. We searched for such factors genome-wide by comparing the transcriptional profiles of five mutants that acquired decreased caspofungin susceptibility in vitro in the absence of canonical FKS1 resistance mutations. The mutants were derived from two genetic backgrounds and arose due to independent mutational events, some with monosomic chromosome 5 (Ch5). We found that the mutants exhibit common transcriptional changes. In particular, all mutants upregulate five genes from Ch2 in concert. Knockout experiments show that all five genes positively influence caspofungin and anidulafungin susceptibility and play a role in regulating the cell wall mannan and glucan contents. The functions of three of these genes, orf19.1766, orf19.6867, and orf19.5833, were previously unknown, and our work expands the known functions of LEU42 and PR26. Importantly, orf19.1766 and LEU42 have no human orthologues. Our results provide important clues as to basic mechanisms of survival in the presence of ECNs while identifying new genes controlling ECN susceptibility and revealing new targets for the development of novel antifungal drugs.
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Sah SK, Hayes JJ, Rustchenko E. The role of aneuploidy in the emergence of echinocandin resistance in human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009564. [PMID: 34043737 PMCID: PMC8158998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sudisht Kumar Sah
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Joseph Hayes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Elena Rustchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Su S, Li X, Yang X, Li Y, Chen X, Sun S, Jia S. Histone acetylation/deacetylation in Candida albicans and their potential as antifungal targets. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1075-1090. [PMID: 32854542 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the incidence of invasive fungal infections has significantly increased. Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen that infects humans. The limited number of available antifungal agents and the emergence of drug resistance pose difficulties to treatment, thus new antifungals are urgently needed. Through their functions in DNA replication, DNA repair and transcription, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) perform essential functions relating to growth, virulence, drug resistance and stress responses of C. albicans. Here, we summarize the physiological and pathological functions of HATs/HDACs, potential antifungal targets and underlying antifungal compounds that impact histone acetylation and deacetylation. We anticipate this review will stimulate the identification of new HAT/HDAC-related antifungal targets and antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuyun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Children’s Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xinmei Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiman Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueqi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Jia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
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Transcriptional Regulation on Aneuploid Chromosomes in Divers Candida albicans Mutants. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1630. [PMID: 29374238 PMCID: PMC5786073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a diploid fungus and a predominant opportunistic human pathogen. Notably, C. albicans employs reversible chromosomal aneuploidies as a means of survival in adverse environments. We previously characterized transcription on the monosomic chromosome 5 (Ch5) that arises with adaptation to growth on the toxic sugar sorbose in the mutant Sor125(55). We now extend this analysis to the trisomic hybrid Ch4/7 within Sor125(55) and a diverse group of three mutants harboring a single Ch5. We find a similar pattern of transcriptional changes on either type of aneuploid chromosome within these mutants wherein expression of many genes follows chromosome ploidy, consistent with a direct mechanism to regulate genes important for adaptation to growth. In contrast, a significant number of genes are expressed at the disomic level, implying distinct mechanisms compensating for gene dose on monosomic or trisomic chromosomes consistent with maintaining cell homeostasis. Finally, we find evidence for an additional mechanism that elevates expression of genes on normal disomic Ch4 and Ch7 in mutants to levels commensurate with that found on the trisomic Ch4/7b in Sor125(55). Several of these genes are similarly differentially regulated among mutants, suggesting they play key functions in either maintaining aneuploidy or adaptation to growth conditions.
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Wakabayashi H, Tucker C, Bethlendy G, Kravets A, Welle SL, Bulger M, Hayes JJ, Rustchenko E. Correction to: NuA4 histone acetyltransferase activity is required for H4 acetylation on a dosage-compensated monosomic chromosome that confers resistance to fungal toxins. Epigenetics Chromatin 2017; 10:52. [PMID: 29115969 PMCID: PMC5674758 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-017-0161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hironao Wakabayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Christopher Tucker
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gabor Bethlendy
- Roche Diagnostics Corporation, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Parabase Genomics, Dorchester, MA, USA
| | - Anatoliy Kravets
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Stephen L Welle
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Biochemical Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael Bulger
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Biochemical Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Hayes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Elena Rustchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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