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Li Y, Zhang P, Sun Z, Li H, Ge R, Sheng X, Zhang W. Peroxygenase-Catalyzed Selective Synthesis of Calcitriol Starting from Alfacalcidol. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061044. [PMID: 35739941 PMCID: PMC9220053 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitriol is an active analog of vitamin D3 and has excellent physiological activities in regulating healthy immune function. To synthesize the calcitriol compound, the concept of total synthesis is often adopted, which typically involves multiple steps and results in an overall low yield. Herein, we envisioned an enzymatic approach for the synthesis of calcitriol. Peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO) was used as a catalyst to hydroxylate the C-H bond at the C-25 position of alfacalcidol and yielded the calcitriol in a single step. The enzymatic reaction yielded 80.3% product formation in excellent selectivity, with a turnover number up to 4000. In a semi-preparative scale synthesis, 72% isolated yield was obtained. It was also found that AaeUPO is capable of hydroxylating the C-H bond at the C-1 position of vitamin D3, thereby enabling the calcitriol synthesis directly from vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanying Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.L.); (R.G.); (X.S.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.L.); (R.G.); (X.S.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.L.); (R.G.); (X.S.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.L.); (R.G.); (X.S.)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Ran Ge
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.L.); (R.G.); (X.S.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xiang Sheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.L.); (R.G.); (X.S.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.L.); (R.G.); (X.S.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-22-8486-6462
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Radial BMD and serum CTX-I can predict the progression of carotid plaque in rheumatoid arthritis: a 3-year prospective cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:258. [PMID: 34641970 PMCID: PMC8513174 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are almost twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD) as those without. However, traditional CVD risks have been shown to underperform in RA patients; thus, we aimed to identify new surrogate risk factors to better reflect their atherosclerotic burden. METHODS A total of 380 RA patients with carotid atherosclerosis data were analyzed in this prospective cohort study. The primary outcome was carotid plaque progression over the 3-year follow-up period. Risk parameters assessed for the progression of carotid plaque were categorized as demographics, traditional CVD risks, RA-related risks, and bone parameters. RESULTS The progression of carotid plaque was associated with the level of rheumatoid factor (p = 0.025), serum C-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen (CTX-I) (p = 0.014), and femur and distal radius bone mass density (BMD) (p = 0.007 and 0.004, respectively), as well as traditional CVD risk factors. In multivariable analyses, the bone parameters of serum CTX-I and distal radius BMD proved to be independent predictors of the progression of carotid plaque along with hyperlipidemia, smoking, and baseline carotid plaque (all, p < 0.05). Adding both serum CTX-I and distal radius BMD increased the carotid plaque progression prediction model's percentage of explained variance from 24 to 30%. CONCLUSION High serum CTX-I and lower radius BMD, reflecting high bone turnover, were independent risk factors for the progression of carotid plaque in RA patients, implicating the direct or indirect role of bone metabolism on the atherosclerotic burden.
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Al-Ishaq RK, Kubatka P, Brozmanova M, Gazdikova K, Caprnda M, Büsselberg D. Health implication of vitamin D on the cardiovascular and the renal system. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021; 127:195-209. [PMID: 31291127 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1628064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D regulates the calcium and phosphorus balance in the body. The activated form of vitamin D (1 α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) binds to vitamin D receptor which regulates genes that control cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In the cardiovascular system, the vitamin D receptor is present in cardiomyocytes and the arterial wall. A clear correlation between vitamin D level and cardiovascular diseases is established. Vitamin D deficiency affects the renin-angiotensin system leading to ventricular hypertrophy and eventually to stroke. While clinical trials highlighted the positive effects of vitamin D supplements on cardiovascular disease these still need to be confirmed. This review outlines the association between vitamin D and cardiovascular and renal disease summarising the experimental data of selective cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
- Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Martina Brozmanova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Gazdikova
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Professional Health Studies, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak
| | - Martin Caprnda
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia (GIH) is an important complication to be managed by rheumatologists as it can affect morbidity and mortality of patients. Before administration of glucocorticoids, risk for the development of GIH should be assessed in every patient. A meta-analysis identified male gender, older age, family history of diabetes mellitus, current smoking history, past history of hypertension, higher body mass index, higher fasting plasma glucose (PG) and higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels as risk factors for GIH. Then, rheumatologists need to carefully monitored PG levels including 2-h after meals because glucocorticoids particularly affect postprandial glucose metabolism. Fasting PG level ≥ 126 mg/dL and/or post-meal PG level ≥ 200 mg/dL are considered as GIH regardless of HbA1c level. Treatment strategy for GIH should center on insulin injection since the effectiveness of oral hypoglycemic agents for GIH has been uncertain. But, rheumatologists may try oral hypoglycemic agents in advance of insulin therapy for mild GIH, whereas diabetologists should be consulted in case of intractable GIH. More strict control of GIH could be possible using intensive insulin protocol. Rheumatologists are encouraged to be interested in the management of GIH for providing patients superior care, working closely with diabetologists.
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Sapkota S, Baig S, Hess T, O'Connell AM, Menk J, Shyne M, Fazeli P, Ensrud K, Shmagel A. Vitamin D and bisphosphonate therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus patients who receive glucocorticoids: are we offering the best care? Lupus 2020; 29:263-272. [PMID: 31996109 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320903086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate management practices for glucocorticoid (GC)-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients using 2017 American College of Rheumatology guidelines as a gold standard. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a clinical database from the years 2011 to 2016. SLE cases with >90 days continuous prednisone use at doses of ≥7.51 mg daily were identified. Osteoporosis risk factors were assessed via chart review. The Fracture Risk Assessment (FRAX) score was estimated for patients > 40 years of age. Vitamin D, bisphosphonate prescriptions, and osteoporotic (OP) fractures were ascertained through chart review. A classification tree was used to identify the key patient-related predictors of bisphosphonate prescription. RESULTS A total of 203 SLE patients met the inclusion criteria. The recommended dose of vitamin D supplement was prescribed to 58.9% of patients < 40 years of age and 61.5% of patients ≥ 40 years of age. Among patients aged ≥ 40 years, 25% were prescribed bisphosphonates compared to 36% who met indications for bisphosphonates per the ACR guidelines. Another 10% were prescribed a bisphosphonate, despite not having indication per the ACR guidelines, which was considered as overtreatment. Among patients aged ≥ 40 years, older age and a higher FRAX score for major OP fracture and hip fracture predicted bisphosphonate prescription. In a classification tree analysis, patients with FRAX scores (for major OP fracture) of ≥ 23.5% predicted bisphosphonate prescription in this SLE population. Among patients who had OP fractures in the follow-up period, nine (6.50%) were inpatients receiving appropriate GIOP care versus 12 (13.6%) who were inpatients not receiving ACR-appropriate care (p = 0.098). CONCLUSIONS In clinical practice, fewer SLE patients with or at risk for GIOP are prescribed vitamin D and bisphosphonates than recommended by the 2017 ACR guidelines. Also, in this study, another 10% were prescribed a bisphosphonate, despite not having an indication per the ACR guidelines. Patients were most likely to receive a bisphosphonate prescription if they had a major OP FRAX score of > 23.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sapkota
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - S Baig
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - T Hess
- University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | - J Menk
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - M Shyne
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - P Fazeli
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - K Ensrud
- Department of Medicine and Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Center for Care Delivery and Outcome Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, USA
| | - A Shmagel
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Tang D, Liu W, Huang L, Cheng L, Xu Z. Efficient biotransformation of vitamin D 3 to 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 by a newly isolated Bacillus cereus strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:765-774. [PMID: 31776608 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
25-hydroxyvitamin D3 has attracted considerable attention due to its great medical value and huge market demand in animal husbandry. Microbial production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 has been recognized as an alternative superior to traditional chemical synthesis. In this study, a Gram-positive bacteria zju 4-2 (CCTCC M 2019385) was isolated from the soil using vitamin D3 as the sole carbon source and was identified as Bacillus cereus according to its physiological characteristics and 16S rRNA analysis, which also showed a relatively high capacity for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 production. Through systematic optimization of different catalytic conditions, the optimal solvent system of vitamin D3, vitamin D3 addition time and concentration, temperature, and pH were shown to be propylene glycol/ethanol (v/v = 9:1), early stationary phase, 2 g/L, 37 °C, and pH 7.2, respectively. With these optimal conditions, 796 mg/L of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was achieved after 48 h bioconversion with zju 4-2 at the shake flask level. Finally, up to 830 mg/L 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 with a yield of 41.5% was obtained in a 5 L fermentation tank. Our developed biotransformation process with this newly isolated strain provides a platform to produce 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 efficiently at industrialization scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Leming Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Zhinan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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Vitamin D in Neurological Diseases: A Rationale for a Pathogenic Impact. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082245. [PMID: 30065237 PMCID: PMC6121649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that vitamin D receptors have been found in neurons and glial cells, and their highest expression is in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus and subcortical grey nuclei, and substantia nigra. Vitamin D helps the regulation of neurotrophin, neural differentiation, and maturation, through the control operation of growing factors synthesis (i.e., neural growth factor [NGF] and glial cell line-derived growth factor (GDNF), the trafficking of the septohippocampal pathway, and the control of the synthesis process of different neuromodulators (such as acetylcholine [Ach], dopamine [DA], and gamma-aminobutyric [GABA]). Based on these assumptions, we have written this review to summarize the potential role of vitamin D in neurological pathologies. This work could be titanic and the results might have been very fuzzy and even incoherent had we not conjectured to taper our first intentions and devoted our interests towards three mainstreams, demyelinating pathologies, vascular syndromes, and neurodegeneration. As a result of the lack of useful therapeutic options, apart from the disease-modifying strategies, the role of different risk factors should be investigated in neurology, as their correction may lead to the improvement of the cerebral conditions. We have explored the relationships between the gene-environmental influence and long-term vitamin D deficiency, as a risk factor for the development of different types of neurological disorders, along with the role and the rationale of therapeutic trials with vitamin D implementation.
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