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Zisman D, Sabtan H, Rahat MM, Simanovich E, Haddad A, Gazitt T, Feld J, Slobodin G, Kibari A, Elias M, Rahat MA. Tofacitinib Regulates Endostatin via Effects on CD147 and Cathepsin S. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7267. [PMID: 39000375 PMCID: PMC11241738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is critical for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) progression. The effects of tofacitinib, a JAK-STAT inhibitor used for RA treatment, on angiogenesis in RA are unclear. We, therefore, evaluated the levels of angiogenic factors in two systems of a human co-culture of fibroblast (HT1080) and monocytic (U937) cell lines treated with tofacitinib and in serum samples from RA patients before and after six months of tofacitinib treatment. Tofacitinib reduced CD147 levels, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity, and angiogenic potential but increased endostatin levels and secreted proteasome 20S activity. In vitro, tofacitinib did not change CD147 mRNA but increased miR-146a-5p expression and reduced STAT3 phosphorylation. We recently showed that CD147 regulates the ability of MMP-9 and secreted proteasome 20S to cleave collagen XVIIIA into endostatin. We show here that tofacitinib-enhanced endostatin levels are mediated by CD147, as CD147-siRNA or an anti-CD147 antibody blocked proteasome 20S activity. The correlation between CD147 and different disease severity scores supported this role. Lastly, tofacitinib reduced endostatin' s degradation by inhibiting cathepsin S activity and recombinant cathepsin S reversed this in both systems. Thus, tofacitinib inhibits angiogenesis by reducing pro-angiogenic factors and enhancing the anti-angiogenic factor endostatin in a dual effect mediated partly through CD147 and partly through cathepsin S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devy Zisman
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel
| | - Hala Sabtan
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
| | - Maya M Rahat
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
| | - Elina Simanovich
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
| | - Amir Haddad
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel
| | - Tal Gazitt
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel
| | - Joy Feld
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel
| | - Gleb Slobodin
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel
- Rheumatology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 3339419, Israel
| | - Adi Kibari
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel
| | - Muna Elias
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
| | - Michal A Rahat
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
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Ghandour F, Kassem S, Simanovich E, Rahat MA. Glucose Promotes EMMPRIN/CD147 and the Secretion of Pro-Angiogenic Factors in a Co-Culture System of Endothelial Cells and Monocytes. Biomedicines 2024; 12:706. [PMID: 38672062 PMCID: PMC11047830 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular complications in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients increase morbidity and mortality. In T2DM, angiogenesis is impaired and can be enhanced or reduced in different tissues ("angiogenic paradox"). The present study aimed to delineate differences between macrovascular and microvascular endothelial cells that might explain this paradox. In a monoculture system of human macrovascular (EaHy926) or microvascular (HMEC-1) endothelial cell lines and a monocytic cell line (U937), high glucose concentrations (25 mmole/L) increased the secretion of the pro-angiogenic factors CD147/EMMPRIN, VEGF, and MMP-9 from both endothelial cells, but not from monocytes. Co-cultures of EaHy926/HMEC-1 with U937 enhanced EMMPRIN and MMP-9 secretion, even in low glucose concentrations (5.5 mmole/L), while in high glucose HMEC-1 co-cultures enhanced all three factors. EMMPRIN mediated these effects, as the addition of anti-EMMPRIN antibody decreased VEGF and MMP-9 secretion, and inhibited the angiogenic potential assessed through the wound assay. Thus, the minor differences between the macrovascular and microvascular endothelial cells cannot explain the angiogenic paradox. Metformin, a widely used drug for the treatment of T2DM, inhibited EMMPRIN, VEGF, and MMP-9 secretion in high glucose concentration, and the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin enhanced it. Thus, AMPK regulates EMMPRIN, a key factor in diabetic angiogenesis, suggesting that targeting EMMPRIN may help in the treatment of diabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fransis Ghandour
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
| | - Sameer Kassem
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Elina Simanovich
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
| | - Michal A. Rahat
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
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Rahat MM, Sabtan H, Simanovich E, Haddad A, Gazitt T, Feld J, Slobodin G, Kibari A, Elias M, Zisman D, Rahat MA. Soluble CD147 regulates endostatin via its effects on the activities of MMP-9 and secreted proteasome 20S. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1319939. [PMID: 38318187 PMCID: PMC10840997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1319939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
During progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), angiogenesis provides oxygen and nutrients for the cells' increased metabolic demands and number. To turn on angiogenesis, pro-angiogenic factors must outweigh anti-angiogenic factors. We have previously shown that CD147/extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) can induce the expression of the pro-angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) in a co-culture of the human HT1080 fibrosarcoma and U937 monocytic-like cell lines. However, whether CD147 influences anti-angiogenic factors was not known. We now show that relative to single cultures, the co-culture of these cells not only enhanced pro-angiogenic factors but also decreased the anti-angiogenic factors endostatin and thrombospondin-1 (Tsp-1), generally increasing the angiogenic potential as measured by a wound assay. Using anti-CD147 antibody, CD147 small interfering RNA (siRNA), and recombinant CD147, we demonstrate that CD147 hormetically regulates the generation of endostatin but has no effect on Tsp-1. Since endostatin is cleaved from collagen XVIII (Col18A), we applied different protease inhibitors and established that MMP-9 and proteasome 20S, but not cathepsins, are responsible for endostatin generation. MMP-9 and proteasome 20S collaborate to synergistically enhance endostatin generation, and in a non-cellular system, CD147 enhanced MMP-9 activity and hormetically regulated proteasome 20S activity. Serum samples obtained from RA patients and healthy controls mostly corroborated these findings, indicating clinical relevance. Cumulatively, these findings suggest that secreted CD147 mediates a possibly allosteric effect on MMP-9 and proteasome 20S activities and can serve as a switch that turns angiogenesis on or off, depending on its ambient concentrations in the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya M. Rahat
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hala Sabtan
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Amir Haddad
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tal Gazitt
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joy Feld
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gleb Slobodin
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Rheumatology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Adi Kibari
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Muna Elias
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Devy Zisman
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal A. Rahat
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Li F, Wang J, Yan YQ, Bai CZ, Guo JQ. CD147 promotes breast cancer migration and invasion by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1214. [PMID: 38066486 PMCID: PMC10709944 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD147, a transmembrane glycoprotein, has been implicated in various cancer-related processes but its role in breast cancer remains poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the expression of CD147 in different breast cancer cell lines and explored its functional roles, including migration, invasion, drug resistance and modulation of key proteins associated with cancer progression. METHODS The expression of CD147 was assessed in MCF-10 A, BT549, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines using qRT-PCR and Western blotting, following which lyposome transfections were performed, leading overexpression of CD147 in BT549 cells and knockdown of CD147 in MCF-7 cells. Scratch assays and Transwell invasion and were performed to evaluate the cells' migration and invasion abilities. Sensitivity to 5-FU was determined via CCK-8 assays, and the expression of Snail1, E-cadherin, Vimentin, MMP-9 and the MAPK/ERK pathway were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with normal beast epithelial cells, CD147 was highly expressed in all breast cancer cell lines, with the highest overexpression observed in MCF-7 cells and the lowest overexpression observed in BT549 cells. Overexpression of CD147 in BT549 cells increased, migration, invasion, viability and resistance to 5-FU of BT549 cells, while CD147 knockdown in MCF-7 cells reduced these properties of MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, CD147 influenced the expression of Snail1, Vimentin, E-cadherin, and MMP-9, suggesting its involvement in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulation. The MAPK/ERK pathway was activated by CD147 in BT549 cells, as indicated by increased p-MEK/MEK ratio and p-ERK/ERK ratio. In contrast, CD147 silencing in MCF-7 cells resulted in reduced p-MEK/MEK ratio and p-ERK/ERK ratio. CONCLUSION In summary, our findings suggest CD147 as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer treatment, particularly in cases where drug resistance and metastasis are concerns, worthy of further explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, PR China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, PR China
| | - Yu-Qiong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Chong-Zhi Bai
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030012, PR China
| | - Ji-Qiang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, PR China
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Kiliç Y, Guzel Erdogan D, Baykul M, Nas K. Examining the functions of the vascular endothelial growth factor/hypoxia-inducible factor signaling pathway in psoriatic arthritis. Arch Rheumatol 2023; 38:579-589. [PMID: 38125055 PMCID: PMC10728743 DOI: 10.46497/archrheumatol.2023.9898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The present study aimed to examine the roles of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Patients and methods In this cross-sectional study conducted between November 2020 and May 2021, 64 patients (43 female, 21 male; mean age: 43.2±10.4 years; range, 22 to 60 years) with active PsA were included in the patient group, and 64 healthy volunteers (43 female, 21 male; mean age: 42.8±10.5 years; range, 23 to 61 years) were included in the control group. The demographic features of all cases were recorded. The following indices were used to assess the activity of PsA: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), and Visual Analog Scale. Additionally, Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA) and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) were used to evaluate the patients. The biochemical parameters of the patients were calculated. The serum levels of VEGF, HIF, and HO-1 were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results When the molecule levels and clinical features of the groups were evaluated, it was found that the VEGF and HIF-1 levels were higher in the patient group compared to the control group (p<0.05). No difference was observed in the comparison of the HO-1 levels of the patient group and the control group (p<0.05). A positive correlation was found between VEGF, HIF-1, and HO-1 (p<0.05). A positive relationship was found between VEGF and HIF-1 and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, DAPSA score, and PASI score (p<0.05). It was also determined that there was a positive relationship between the HIF molecule and DAS28 (p<0.05). Conclusion According to the results obtained in the present study, VEGF and HIF play a role in the etiology of PsA, and the observation of intermolecular correlation suggests that these molecules move together in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Kiliç
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Vocational School of Health Services, Sakarya, Türkiye
| | - Derya Guzel Erdogan
- Department of Physiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Türkiye
| | - Merve Baykul
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Türkiye
| | - Kemal Nas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Türkiye
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Zisman D, Safieh M, Simanovich E, Feld J, Kinarty A, Zisman L, Gazitt T, Haddad A, Elias M, Rosner I, Kaly L, Rahat MA. Tocilizumab (TCZ) Decreases Angiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Through Its Regulatory Effect on miR-146a-5p and EMMPRIN/CD147. Front Immunol 2021; 12:739592. [PMID: 34975837 PMCID: PMC8714881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis is a major contributor to the development of inflammation during Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as the vascularization of the pannus provides nutrients and oxygen for the infiltrating immune cells and proliferating synoviocytes. Tocilizumab (TCZ) is an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody that is used in the treatment of RA patients, and has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. However, its effects on angiogenesis are not fully elucidated, and the molecular mechanisms regulating this effect are unknown. Methods We evaluated the concentrations of several pro- and anti-angiogenic factors and the expression levels of several microRNA molecules that are associated with RA and angiogenesis in serum samples obtained from 40 RA patients, before and 4 months after the initiation of TCZ treatment. Additionally, we used an in vitro co-culture system of fibroblasts (the HT1080 cell line) and monocytes (the U937 cell line) to explore the mechanisms of TCZ action. Results Serum samples from RA patients treated with TCZ exhibited reduced circulating levels of EMMPRIN/CD147, enhanced expression of circulating miR-146a-5p and miR-150-5p, and reduced the angiogenic potential as was manifested by the lower number of tube-like structures that were formed by EaHy926 endothelial cell line. In vitro, the accumulation in the supernatants of the pro-angiogenic factors EMMPRIN, VEGF and MMP-9 was increased by co-culturing the HT1080 fibroblasts and the U937 monocytes, while the accumulation of the anti-angiogenic factor thrombospondin-1 (Tsp-1) and the expression levels of miR-146a-5p were reduced. Transfection of HT1080 cells with the miR-146a-5p mimic, decreased the accumulation of EMMPRIN, VEGF and MMP-9. When we neutralized EMMPRIN with a blocking antibody, the supernatants derived from these co-cultures displayed reduced migration, proliferation and tube formation in the functional assays. Conclusions Our findings implicate miR-146a-5p in the regulation of EMMPRIN and propose that TCZ affects angiogenesis through its effects on EMMPRIN and miR-146a-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devy Zisman
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mirna Safieh
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Joy Feld
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amalia Kinarty
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liron Zisman
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tal Gazitt
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amir Haddad
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Muna Elias
- Department of Rheumatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Itzhak Rosner
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Rheumatology Unit, Bnei Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lisa Kaly
- Rheumatology Unit, Bnei Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal A. Rahat
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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Qi Y, Xu J, Lin Z, Tao Y, Zheng F, Wang Y, Sun Y, Fu S, Wang W, Xie C, Zhang Y, Gong F. The Network of Pro-Inflammatory Factors CD147, DcR3, and IL33 in the Development of Kawasaki Disease. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6043-6053. [PMID: 34824540 PMCID: PMC8610753 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s338763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile systemic vasculitis, but the etiology remains unknown. We studied serum levels of CD147, DcR3, and IL33 in different stages of KD to explore the value of CD147, DcR3, and IL33 in the pathophysiology of KD. METHODS We measured serum levels of CD147, DcR3, and IL33 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at different stages with 71 KD patients and 66 healthy control children. We apply for network tools GeneMANIA and Cytoscape APP to analyze the functions of these pro-inflammatory factors at the gene and protein level. RESULTS Serum levels of CD147, DcR3, and IL33 were significantly increased in KD patients before IVIG treatment. Serum levels of CD147, DcR3, and IL33 gradually decreased over time after the treatment of IVIG. Eight cases were IVIG non-responders, while nine KD patients got CALs, but they did not overlap. And there were no statistical differences between group IVIG responders and IVIG non-responders or between groups without CALs and with CALs. We explored the functions of CD147, DcR3, and IL33 from GeneMANIA and Cytoscape APP and found these third pro-inflammatory factors were coexpressed, physical interactions, genetic interactions with other KD-related factors. CONCLUSION CD147, DcR3, and IL33 are involved in the pathophysiology of KD, which provides novel evidence for diagnosing and treating KD with their inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yijing Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenglei Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yameng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songling Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangqi Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People’s Republic of China
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Carvalho AL, Hedrich CM. The Molecular Pathophysiology of Psoriatic Arthritis-The Complex Interplay Between Genetic Predisposition, Epigenetics Factors, and the Microbiome. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:662047. [PMID: 33869291 PMCID: PMC8047476 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.662047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a symmetric autoimmune/inflammatory disease that primarily affects the skin. In a significant proportion of cases, it is accompanied by arthritis that can affect any joint, the spine, and/or include enthesitis. Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis are multifactor disorders characterized by aberrant immune responses in genetically susceptible individuals in the presence of additional (environmental) factors, including changes in microbiota and/or epigenetic marks. Epigenetic changes can be heritable or acquired (e.g., through changes in diet/microbiota or as a response to therapeutics) and, together with genetic factors, contribute to disease expression. In psoriasis, epigenetic alterations are mainly related to cell proliferation, cytokine signaling and microbial tolerance. Understanding the complex interplay between heritable and acquired pathomechanistic factors contributing to the development and maintenance of psoriasis is crucial for the identification and validation of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers, and the introduction of individualized effective and tolerable new treatments. This review summarizes the current understanding of immune activation, genetic, and environmental factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis. Particular focus is on the interactions between these factors to propose a multifactorial disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Carvalho
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christian M Hedrich
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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