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Harmon KA, Kimmerling KA, Mowry KC. Effect of amniotic suspension allograft in a rat destabilization of medial meniscus osteoarthritis model. J Orthop Res 2024. [PMID: 38779982 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Placental-derived allografts have been of interest as a potential nonsurgical treatment to reduce pain and improve function in knee osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of single and repeat injection of amniotic suspension allograft (ASA) on pain, function, and cytokine levels using a destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) rat model of OA. Post-DMM surgery, animals were treated with a single injection of either ASA, vehicle, or triamcinolone, or repeated injection of either ASA or vehicle. Behavioral testing including knee swelling, pain threshold, dynamic weight bearing (DWB), and gait analysis were evaluated during the in-life phase. Postsacrifice, histopathology and serum and synovial fluid analyses were evaluated. Significant improvements in both DWB differentials and pain threshold were seen in response to repeated injection of ASA, while a single injection of ASA and triamcinolone resulted in significant improvements in pain threshold. Histopathology analysis found no significant differences regardless of treatment compared to vehicle, except for an increase in synovitis following repeated injection of ASA. A single injection of ASA and triamcinolone resulted in increased anti-inflammatory cytokines; repeated ASA injection resulted in significant increases in several immune-modulating factors relevant to OA. When comparing the impact of single and repeat ASA treatments on behavioral testing, repeated injection provided significant additional improvements in both pain and function. This study provides evidence demonstrating the impact of a second injection while also providing additional data for evaluating the use of ASA as a nonsurgical treatment for knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A Harmon
- Department of Research and Development, Organogenesis, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kelly A Kimmerling
- Department of Research and Development, Organogenesis, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Katie C Mowry
- Department of Research and Development, Organogenesis, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Chan KM, Bowe MT, Allen KD. Recommendations for the analysis of rodent gait data to evaluate osteoarthritis treatments. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:425-434. [PMID: 36435413 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral assays of animal pain and disability can increase the clinical relevance of a preclinical study. However, pain and symptoms are difficult to measure in preclinical models. Because animals often alter their movement patterns to reduce or avoid joint pain, gait analysis can be an important tool for quantifying OA-related symptoms in rodents. Technologies to measure rodent gait continue to advance and have been the focus of prior reviews. Regardless of the techniques used, the analysis of rodent gait data can be complex due to multiple confounding variables. The goal of this review is to discuss recent advances in the understanding of OA-related gait changes and provide recommendations on the analysis of gait data. Recent studies suggest OA-affected animals reduce vertical loading through their injured limb while walking, indicating dynamic ground reaction forces are important data to collect when possible. Moreover, gait data analysis depends on accurately measuring and accounting for the confounding effects of velocity and other covariates (such as animal size) when interpreting shifts in various gait parameters. Herein, we discuss different statistical techniques to account for covariates and interpret gait shifts. In particular, this review will discuss residualization and linear mixed effects models, including how both techniques can account for inter- and intra-animal variability and the effects of velocity. Furthermore, this review discusses future considerations for using rodent gait analysis, while highlighting the intricacies of gait analysis as a tool to measure joint function and behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara M Chan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Markia T Bowe
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kyle D Allen
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Bowen CM, Ditmars FS, Gupta A, Reems JA, Fagg WS. Cell-Free Amniotic Fluid and Regenerative Medicine: Current Applications and Future Opportunities. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112960. [PMID: 36428527 PMCID: PMC9687956 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amniotic fluid (AF) provides critical biological and physical support for the developing fetus. While AF is an excellent source of progenitor cells with regenerative properties, recent investigations indicate that cell-free AF (cfAF), which consists of its soluble components and extracellular vesicles, can also stimulate regenerative and reparative activities. This review summarizes published fundamental, translational, and clinical investigations into the biological activity and potential use of cfAF as a therapeutic agent. Recurring themes emerge from these studies, which indicate that cfAF can confer immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and pro-growth characteristics to the target cells/tissue with which they come into contact. Another common observation is that cfAF seems to promote a return of cells/tissue to a homeostatic resting state when applied to a model of cell stress or disease. The precise mechanisms through which these effects are mediated have not been entirely defined, but it is clear that cfAF can safely and effectively treat cutaneous wounds and perhaps orthopedic degenerative conditions. Additional applications are currently being investigated, but require further study to dissect the fundamental mechanisms through which its regenerative effects are mediated. By doing so, rational design can be used to fully unlock its potential in the biotechnology lab and in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M. Bowen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- John Sealy School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Frederick S. Ditmars
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- John Sealy School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
- BioIntegrate, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
- South Texas Orthopaedic Research Institute (STORI Inc.), Laredo, TX 78045, USA
- Regenerative Orthopaedics, Noida 201301, UP, India
| | - Jo-Anna Reems
- Merakris Therapeutics, RTP Frontier 800 Park Offices Dr. Suite 3322, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Department of Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - William Samuel Fagg
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Regenerative Orthopaedics, Noida 201301, UP, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence:
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Liu N, Bowen CM, Shoja MM, Castro de Pereira KL, Dongur LP, Saad A, Russell WK, Broderick TC, Fair JH, Fagg WS. Comparative Analysis of Co-Cultured Amniotic Cell-Conditioned Media with Cell-Free Amniotic Fluid Reveals Differential Effects on Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Myofibroblast Activation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092189. [PMID: 36140291 PMCID: PMC9495976 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblast activation is a cellular response elicited by a variety of physiological or pathological insults whereby cells initiate a coordinated response intended to eradicate the insult and then revert back to a basal state. However, an underlying theme in various disease states is persistent myofibroblast activation that fails to resolve. Based on multiple observations, we hypothesized that the secreted factors harvested from co-culturing amniotic stem cells might mimic the anti-inflammatory state that cell-free amniotic fluid (AF) elicits. We optimized an amnion epithelial and amniotic fluid cell co-culture system, and tested this hypothesis in the context of myofibroblast activation. However, we discovered that co-cultured amniotic cell conditioned media (coACCM) and AF have opposing effects on myofibroblast activation: coACCM activates the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stimulates gene expression patterns associated with myofibroblast activation, while AF does the opposite. Intriguingly, extracellular vesicles (EVs) purified from AF are necessary and sufficient to activate EMT and inflammatory gene expression patterns, while the EV-depleted AF potently represses these responses. In summary, these data indicate that coACCM stimulates myofibroblast activation, while AF represses it. We interpret these findings to suggest that coACCM, AF, and fractionated AF represent unique biologics that elicit different cellular responses that are correlated with a wide variety of pathological states, and therefore could have broad utility in the clinic and the lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyou Liu
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Charles M. Bowen
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Mohammadali M. Shoja
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Laxmi Priya Dongur
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Antonio Saad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - William K. Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas Christopher Broderick
- Merakris Therapeutics, RTP Frontier, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Golden LEAF Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Fair
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - William Samuel Fagg
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Merakris Therapeutics, RTP Frontier, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(409)-772-2412; Fax: +1-(409)-747-7364
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